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El Cómputo En Los Cursos De La Facultad De Ciencias, UNAM

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El Cómputo En Los Cursos De La Facultad De Ciencias, UNAM El Cómputo en los Cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM Antonio Carrillo Ledesma y Karla Ivonne González Rosas Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM http://academicos.fciencias.unam.mx/antoniocarrillo Una copia de este trabajo se puede descargar de la página: http://132.248.182.159/acl/Textos/ Verano 2019, Versión 1.0 1 1El presente trabajo está licenciado bajo un esquema Creative Commons Atribución CompartirIgual (CC-BY-SA) 4.0 Internacional. Los textos que compo- nen el presente trabajo se publican bajo formas de licenciamiento que permiten la copia, la redistribución y la realización de obras derivadas siempre y cuando éstas se distribuyan bajo las mismas licencias libres y se cite la fuente. ¡Copiaeste libro! ... Compartir no es delito. El Cómputo en los Cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM Índice 1 Introducción 5 1.1 Software Propietario y Libre ................... 5 1.1.1 Software Propietario ................... 6 1.1.2 Software Libre ....................... 7 1.2 El Cómputo en las Carreras de Ciencias ............ 9 1.2.1 Algunos Cursos que Usan Cómputo ........... 12 1.3 Paquetes de Cómputo de Uso Común .............. 15 1.3.1 Sistemas Operativos ................... 19 1.3.2 Paquetes de Cálculo Numérico .............. 19 1.3.3 Paquetes de Cálculo Simbólico .............. 20 1.3.4 Paquetes Estadísticos ................... 21 1.3.5 Paquetes O…máticos ................... 22 1.3.6 Lenguajes de Programación y Entornos de Desarrollo . 22 1.3.7 Otros Programas de Cómputo .............. 22 2 Paquetes de Cálculo Numérico 24 2.1 MATLAB ............................. 27 2.2 Octave ............................... 28 2.3 FreeMat .............................. 28 2.4 Scilab ............................... 30 2.5 Julia ................................ 31 2.6 Scipy ................................ 33 2.7 Ventajas, Desventajas y Carencias ................ 34 2.8 Desde la Nube ........................... 37 3 Paquetes de Cálculo Simbólico 39 3.1 Mathematica ........................... 42 3.2 Maple ............................... 46 3.3 Maxima .............................. 48 3.4 Ventajas, Desventajas y Carencias ................ 50 3.5 Desde la Nube ........................... 51 4 Paquetes Estadísticos 52 4.1 SPSS ................................ 54 4.2 R .................................. 55 4.3 SAS ................................ 55 [email protected] 1 Antonio Carrillo Ledesma, Et alii El Cómputo en los Cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM 4.4 Ventajas, Desventajas y Carencias ................ 57 4.5 Desde la Nube ........................... 58 5 Paquetes O…máticos 59 5.1 Hojas de Cálculo ......................... 60 5.2 Bases de Datos .......................... 62 5.3 Herramientas de Presentación y Multimedia .......... 64 5.4 Procesamiento de Imágenes ................... 65 5.5 Procesamiento de Textos ..................... 66 5.6 Desde la Nube ........................... 68 6 Lenguajes de Programación y Entornos de Desarrollo 69 6.1 Java ................................ 69 6.2 C y C++ ............................. 74 6.3 Python ............................... 81 6.4 Herramientas de Programación ................. 95 6.5 Programando Desde la Nube ................... 100 7 Otros Programas de Cómputo 103 7.1 Otros Programas Matemáticos .................. 103 7.2 Programas de Visualización y Gra…cación ............ 104 7.3 Navegadores Web ......................... 106 7.4 Compresores y Descompresores de Archivos .......... 107 7.5 Virtualización ........................... 109 7.6 Desde la Nube ........................... 110 8 Consideraciones y Comentarios Finales 111 8.1 Integración del Cómputo en las Carreras de Ciencias ..... 112 8.2 Ventajas, Desventajas y Carencias del Software Libre ..... 113 8.3 Comentarios Finales ....................... 114 9 Apéndice A: Cómputo en Instituciones Educativas 117 10 Apéndice B: Software Libre y Propietario 121 10.1 Software Libre ........................... 121 10.1.1 Tipos de Licencias .................... 124 10.2 Software Propietario ....................... 126 10.3 Implicaciones Económico-Políticas ................ 128 [email protected] 2 Antonio Carrillo Ledesma, Et alii El Cómputo en los Cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM 11 Apéndice C: Máquinas Virtuales 132 11.1 Tipos de Máquinas Virtuales ................... 133 11.2 Técnicas de Virtualización .................... 133 11.3 ¿Qué Necesito para Crear y Usar una Máquina Virtual? .... 134 11.4 ¿Cómo Funciona una Máquina Virtual? ............. 135 11.5 Aplicaciones de las Máquinas Virtuales de Sistema ....... 139 11.6 Ventajas y Desventajas ...................... 140 11.6.1 Ventajas .......................... 141 11.6.2 Desventajas ........................ 143 11.6.3 Consideraciones Técnicas y Legales de la Virtualización 144 11.7 Máquinas Virtuales en la Educación, Ciencias e Ingeniería .. 145 12 Apéndice D: Creación, Uso y Optimización de Máquinas Vir- tuales Usando QEMU/KVM 148 12.1 Tipo de Virtualización Soportado por la Máquina Huésped .. 151 12.2 Salida Grá…ca de la Virtualización Usando VNC ........ 155 12.3 Usando un Sistema Operativo Live como una Máquina Virtual 157 12.4 Usando un Archivo ISO como una Máquina Virtual ...... 158 12.5 Creación de Máquinas Virtuales ................. 158 12.6 Uso de Virtualización Dentro de Otra Virtualización ...... 162 12.7 Manipulación del Estado de la Máquina Virtual ........ 163 12.8 Optimización de Imágenes .................... 163 12.8.1 Trabajar con una Imagen Virtual sin que se Altere .. 164 12.8.2 Aumento de Desempeño ................. 164 12.9 Uso de Máquinas Virtuales de VirtualBox en KVM/QEMU .. 168 12.10Conversión de Máquinas Virtuales a KVM/QEMU ...... 169 12.11Comunicación de las Máquinas Virtuales con el Sistema An- …trión e Internet ......................... 173 12.12Signi…cado de las Banderas de /proc/cpuinfo .......... 177 13 Apéndice E:Sistemas Operativos 183 13.1 Windows .............................. 185 13.2 Mac OS .............................. 186 13.3 Android .............................. 188 13.4 Linux ............................... 191 13.4.1 Sistema de Archivos y Estructura de Directorios .... 193 13.4.2 Trabajando con Linux .................. 198 13.4.3 Interprete de Órdenes de Consola BASH ........ 219 [email protected] 3 Antonio Carrillo Ledesma, Et alii El Cómputo en los Cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM 13.4.4 Compresores y Descompresores de Archivos ...... 227 13.4.5 Copiar Archivos entre Equipos .............. 233 13.4.6 Linux «Seguros» ..................... 237 13.4.7 Linux Desde la Nube ................... 245 13.4.8 Instalar Debian GNU/Linux ............... 249 13.5 Otros ................................ 259 14 Bibliografía 261 [email protected] 4 Antonio Carrillo Ledesma, Et alii El Cómputo en los Cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM 1 Introducción La Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México es una institución de educación superior que tiene como misión formar cientí…cos en las áreas de biología, física y matemáticas; realizar investigación y su difusión; hacer la divulgación que permita elevar sustancialmente la cultura cientí…ca del país; y propiciar la vinculación con los sectores de la sociedad. El Departamento de Matemáticas de la Facultad de Ciencias atiende a las carreras de Actuaría, Ciencias de la Computación, Matemáticas, Matemáti- cas Aplicadas y los cursos de Matemáticas de las demás carreras de la Fa- cultad (véase [1]), preparando alumnos que estudian, plantean, formulan y aplican modelos de contenido matemático, con el …n de proveer información para la planeación, previsión y la toma de decisiones, para resolver problemas Económicos, Sociales y de Ciencias e Ingenierías. Por lo anterior, un eje fundamental de desarrollo, es el que se re…ere a la formación en cómputo. Ante los retos que el vertiginoso y dinámico cambio enfrenta el mundo global en que vivimos, ante las exigencias de la sociedad de la información se requiere el manejo de las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC) por ello, el modelo educativo de cualquier ca- rrera universitaria y en particular las carreras en la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM, tiene la necesidad imperiosa de atender una formación computa- cional como parte integral de una formación omnilateral de los educandos; por ello, la Facultad de Ciencias cuenta, para lograr este objetivo, con asig- naturas que hacen uso de Laboratorios y Talleres de cómputo para ponerse al día en el manejo de esta importante herramienta. Los Laboratorios y Talleres de cómputo de los Edi…cios Tlahuizcalpan, Yelizcalli, Amoxcalli y en el Nuevo Edi…cio cuentan con el equipo y programas de cómputo que permiten estar a la vanguardia y que facilitan el trabajo académico en las materias que cursan los estudiantes. 1.1 Software Propietario y Libre Con el constante aumento de la comercialización de las computadoras y su relativo bajo costo, las computadoras se han convertido en un objeto om- nipresente, ya que estas se encuentran en las actividades cotidianas de mi- llones de usuarios, en formas tan diversas como teléfonos celulares, tabletas, computadoras portátiles y de escritorio, etc. Las computadoras por si solas no resuelven los problemas para los que [email protected] 5 Antonio Carrillo Ledesma, Et alii El Cómputo en los Cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM los usuarios las compran. El Software — Sistema operativo y los programas de aplicaciones— son los que realmente generan las soluciones al interactuar
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