Endangered Species UPDATE
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U PDATE IncludingEndangered a Reprint Species of theTechnical latest USFWS Bulletin THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ? School of Natural Resources i April 1990 Vo1 . 7 No. 6 In this issue: Mount Graham Red Austin Regional Squirrel Controversy Habitat conservation Plan Mercury Contamina- tion Threatens Florida Bald Eagle Status To Panther Be Reviewed Endangered Arizona Ecosystem Threatened by Telescope Development: The Mount Graham Red Squirrel Controversy by Paul Hirt An endangexed species controversy an elevation of 10,700 feet, towering unique and rare biotic communities and has been raging in hnafor the past more than a vertical mile above the Gila associations of plants and animals five years pitting astronomers against River Valley of southeastern hna. which reach the limits of their northem biologists, and spawning a U.S. General It is part of the Coronado National For- or southern distributions on Mt. Gra- Accounting Office (GAO) investiga- est, which, as a whole, possibly hosts ham. The mountain also hosts at least 17 tion, congressional oversight hearings the greatest diversity of plant and ani- species that have protected status under (scheduled for June 26,1990), and a Si- mal species of any unit in the National state and federal endangered species erra Club Legal programs, Defense Fund with more (SCLDF) law- undergoing suit The con- 7 TELESOPE SITE study. Mt. troversy has Graham has alsoledtothe QUIRREL REFUGIUM been called a creation of an CRITICAL HABITAT "museum of environmental evolutionn protection coa- similar in lition of un- character to precedented %.* the Galapa- 3,- proportions. uu---* gos Islands. Superficially YT GRAHAM SIUDV AREA In addi- Anrocas 5kyltbndr- viewed as 7- tion to these "squirrels vs. ecological 'scopes" be- characteris- cause an endan- tics, the gered sub-spe- 1 Kn mountain has cies of red qualities at- squirrel has helped to block construc- Forest system.' The spruce-fir forest is tractive to astronomers: dark skies and a tion of a massive obsematory complex, a relict from the Pleistocene Era and is relatively arid climate. The Steward the controversy entered the national separated by a sea of desert from other Observatory at the University of spotlight recently when Secretary of similar forests found in the Rocky Arizona (UA) in Tucson has coveted Interior Manual Lujan remarked in ref- Mountains and high plateau areas of the Mt. Graham as a potential astrophysical erence to it, "Do we really have to save West. Many of the plants and mi- site since the early 1980s. The UA has every subspecies?" and "Nobody's told mals associated with this 700 acre Ca- telescopes on four other mountain me the difference between a red squir- nadian-type habitat have evolved in peaks surrounding Tucson, three on rel, a black one, or a brown one." What isolation from other related gene pools Coronado National Forest land already, is this issue that has spurred so much since the retreat of the last Ice Age yet they desire to develop Mt Graham national attention and contention? approximately 11,000 years ago. Three as an additional site. Since 1984, the The battle is over a small pocket of mammals are endemic to the mountain UA has been trying to clear the way for spruce-fir forest at the highest - including the now famous Mt. Gra- approval of an observatory composed elevations of a "sky-island" mountain ham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus of at least seven telescopes and support range in the desert Southwest Called hudsonicus grahamensis)- as well as a facilities. Approval was delayed and "Mount Graham," or the "Pinaleno dozen or more plants and invertebrates. limited, and now conslruction has been Mountains," this rugged range attains Besides endemic species, there are stalled, due to concerns raised by fed- 'A 1978 USFWS report identifled southeast Ariumr as having the greatest density of mammal species (species density not population density) in the United Staten. The report also identified eight "unique and nationally significant wildlife emsystems" in Arizona, and all but one of them occurred in the southeast pat of the state (Unique Wildlife EcarysIem of Arizona, Albuquerque: Region 2,1978). The Forest Senice says, "The diversity d plants and animals found on the Comnrdo is unique in the National Forest system." They have identifled 576 vertebrate species, including 321 birds, 1 13 mammals, 90 reptiles, 33 fishes, and 19 unphibirnr. As of 1986.61 of these species were classified as threatened or endangered by federal or state agenaes (Finol EIS, Cotonado Na~wnal For& Plan, Albuquerque: Swthwestern Region, 1986, pp. 5,54,68). 1 Endangered SpecrpecresUPDATE Vol. 7 No. 6 edand state wildlife agencies and a di- Graham red squirrel v. Clayton Yeut- verse coalition of opponents. The coali- ter, et tion includes most of the "Big Tenu Another aspect of the issue which Endan~redSpecks national environmental organizations has attracted attention is the fact that UPDATE (Sierra Club, Audubon Society, Na- Congress passed a special authorization A form for ;Ifmion exchange a tional Wildlife Federation, etc.) as well for the observatory in October of 1988 urdongered spsciw iuvu as such odd bedfellows as animal rights - attached as a rider to the Arizona- A@ 1990 groups, rod and gun clubs, Earth First! Idaho Conservation Act (AICA) - Vd. 7 No. 6 and an international group of over six mandating that the first phase of the dozen Ph.D.s in the natural sciences project pmd. The authorization was Suzanne Jones............ Editor which call themselves "Scientists for designed to cut short the formal envi- Dr. Tvry Rod ............Fdy Advisor the FVeservation of Mt. Graham." ronmental review process which had The issue has attained national and thus far denied approval of the observa- even international auention through tory proposal. Complaining that fur- Imtructhfor Auth: news stories in the Wall Street Journal, ther "&laysu would cause their col- New York Times, Sun Francisco Chron- laborators to seek out alternate sites, the The EadPngered Species UPDATE UA succeeded in convincing the welcomes uticler related to @ed icle, Denver Post, High Country News, ~oamawiderangeofwin- U.SA. Today, West Germany's news Arizona delegation to legislatively duding but not limited to: redand magazine Stern, other periodicals in preempt the federal agencies' authori- managanent activitier for mdanged Italy and Great Britain, and on National ties and allow immediate construction species. thddappmeches to of the first three telescopes. species mnrervatioa, and habii protec- Public Radio. Arizona reporters have tion and pruerve design. Book reviews, called this the most controversial and The rider, Title VI of the AICA, editorial canmcn~,and mouncanentr acrimonious environmental debate in "satisfied" National Environmental of current events and publications .re the state's history. At the present time, Policy Act (NEPA) requirements, even dw welcome. the SCLDF is suing the U.S. govern- though the Forest Service had yet to Rdersinclude a broad range of ment for violations of the Endangered write a Final Environmental Impact professionals in both scientific and Species Act (ESA), the Senate has Statement (EIS). It also eliminated or policy fields. Adcler Wdbe wri- called for a GAO investigation, and the delayed implementation of certain m an easily understandable style faa knowledgeable audience. House has scheduled oversight hear- USFWS required mitigation measures, Manuscrips should be 10-12 double ings. The main scandal involves allega- and have exempted the first phase spaced typed pager. For further tions that two key U.S. Fish and Wild- of the project from some of the provi- information please contact Suzanne life Service (USFWS) biologists were sions of the ES A. There are conflicting Jones at the number listed below. ordered to alter their findings in order to opinions about the degree to which the Subscription IIlformotion: justify a "predetermined intent" to ap- rider exempted the first three telescopes The Endangered Species UPDATE is prove observatory development within from further application of Section 7 of published approximately ten times per the critical habitat of the endangered the ES A dealing with biological consul- year by the School of Natural Resouma at The Univasity of Michigan. Annul Mt. Graham red squirrel. These allega- tation. That issue is being litigated now rates are $23 for regular cru-m, tions were made by the two federal bi- and will be a topic of discussion at the and $18 for studmu and senior atkm ologists last year in sworn depositions oversight hearings in June. (add $5 fapostage outside the U.S.). Graham Students please mclm advisu's submitted during the SCLDF lawsuit in This rider distinguishes Mt. signature on university letterhead; senior U.S. District Court in Tucson (Mount as another example of the recent grow- citizens enclose poof of age. Send check a money order (made payable to 'In a deposition dated Janua~yl l. 1990, USFWS Arizona field office head Sam Spiller wps questioned The University of Michigan) to: regarding his office's development of two drafts and a final Biological Opinion (BO) on the impact of the proposed observatory on the ML Graham red squirrel. On pages 93 and 94, Spiller was asked about Endangered Species UPDATE a "no jeopardy" decision m one of the earlier drafts regarding construction of four telescopes on ML School of Natural Resources Graham's "High Peak." Here is an excerpt of the interngation: Q: "Did he [the regional director] direct The University of Michigan you to