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EUROSCEPTICISM in TURKEY the Discursive Construction of Europe

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EUROSCEPTICISM in TURKEY the Discursive Construction of Europe Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2014 Euroscepticism in Turkey : The discursive construction of Europe and european integration Büyükbay, Can Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135281 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Büyükbay, Can. Euroscepticism in Turkey : The discursive construction of Europe and european inte- gration. 2014, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. EUROSCEPTICISM IN TURKEY The Discursive Construction of Europe and European Integration Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Zurich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Can Büyükbay Accepted in the Autumn Term 2013 on the Recommendation of the Doctoral Committee: Prof. Dr. Josette Baer (main advisor) and Prof. Dr. Frank Schimmelfennig Zürich, 2014 Declaration of Authorship I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree in the Department of Political Science at University of Zurich is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright for this thesis is held by the author. Quotation from it is permitted provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my knowledge, infringe on the rights of any third party. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... i Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Illustrations .............................................................................................................................. iii Tables ...................................................................................................................................... Figures ..................................................................................................................................... List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Euroscepticism ............................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................ 10 2.1.2 Origins, Definitions and Types of Euroscepticism .............................................. 12 2.1.3 Explaining Euroscepticism .................................................................................. 17 . 2.1.4 Euroscepticism in Turkey .................................................................................... 20 2.2 Occidentalism: The Constructions and Use of the West ................................................ 37 2.2.1 Origins and Definitions of Occidentalism ........................................................... 38 2.2.2 Occidentalism in Turkey: A Dual Meaning of the West ..................................... 42 2.3 Civil Society .................................................................................................................... 46 2.3.1 Gramsci`s Approach to Civil Society .................................................................. 50 2.3.2 Civil Society in the Turkish EU Accession Process and Gramsci ...................... 51 2.3.3 Categories of CSOs and Case Selection .............................................................. 59 2.4 Towards a Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 63 3. Research Design and Methodology .................................................................................. 67 3.1 Process of Data Collection and Case Selection ............................................................. 67 3.2 Process of Data Analysis ............................................................................................... 74 3.2.1 Qualitative Content Analysis .............................................................................. 75 3.2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ................................................................................ 75 3.2.3 Research Tradition of the Study ......................................................................... 81 4. Empirical Analysis ............................................................................................................ 83 4.1 Referential/Nomination and Predication Strategies ........................................................ 83 4.2 Argumentation Strategies ................................................................................................ 89 4.2.1 Occidentalism: Dual Perceptions of the West and Europe .................................... 89 4.2.2 Strategic Use of the EU Accession Process and Euroscepticism Through Domestic Lenses ........................................................................................................... 114 4.2.3 Eurocynicism: Scepticism and Overconfidence ................................................... 147 4.2.4 The EU as a Neoliberal Project ............................................................................ 172 5. Classification of the Discourses........................................................................................185 6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 190 Appendix A: .......................................................................................................................... 209 Appendix B: .......................................................................................................................... 210 Appendix C: ........................................................................................................................... 215 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 220 ABSTRACT This PhD thesis aims to contribute to the discourse of Euroscepticism in Turkish civil society by examining the underlying dynamics of the phenomenon. Although the different conceptualizations, perceptions and evaluation patterns of civil society actors regarding European integration and the European Union (EU) have significant value in Turkey’s accession process, little scholarly attention has been paid to this topic. This thesis examines the construction of Eurosceptic discourse in civil society discourse focusing on Turkey`s possible EU membership, ongoing political struggles between different political camps in Turkey and general Western discourse. Methodologically, semi-structured qualitative interviews with and surveys of Civil Society Organisation (CSO) leaders and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) are applied. The discourses are categorized based on Kopecky and Mudde’s (2002) four-fold typology, which divides Euroscepticism into Euroenthusiasts, Eurosceptics, Eurorejectionists and Europragmatists. The most important objective of this thesis is to analyse the discursive strategies of civil society leaders and the construction of civil-society-based Euroscepticism. This study focuses on five analytical categories based on CDA: referential/nomination strategies, argumentation strategies, predication strategies, as well as perspectivation and mitigation strategies. By drawing on Occidentalism to clarify general Western attitudes and on the Gramscian approach to civil society, this dissertation seeks to explain the underlying reasons for Euroscepticism in Turkish civil society. In other words, the following thesis assesses how CSO leaders’ attitudes towards the EU are shaped by these two theoretical frameworks. Occidentalism as a theory provides a cultural and historical framework to understand their attitudes towards the West and reveals the power dimension of attitudes towards Europe. Turkish civil society is analysed using the Gramscian theoretical framework to understand the hegemonic struggles going on in Turkey and their effects on perceptions of the EU and European Integration. The analysis shows that the most important argumentative strategy for Euroscepticism in civil society discourse is the conviction of the misuse of the EU integration process by the ruling AKP party (Justice and Development Party) by anti-AKP groups and Eurocynicism by pro-AKP groups, as a combination of overconfidence and scepticism towards the EU. KEYWORDS: Occidentalism, Euroscepticism, Civil Society, Gramsci, Europe, European Integration, Turkish politics, Discourse analysis i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am first and foremost indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Josette Baer, who was always ready and willing to provide me with the support and input that I needed throughout this 3-year venture. I am extremely grateful to her for that. Her
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