DOCSLIB.ORG

Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications Journal of Nanomaterials Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications Journal of Nanomaterials Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications Journal of Nanomaterials Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications Guest Editors: Donglu Shi and Hongchen Gu Nanomaterials Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications Journal of Nanomaterials Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications Guest Editors: Donglu Shi and Hongchen Gu Copyright © 2008 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in volume 2008 of “Journal of Nanomaterials.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editor-in-Chief Michael Z. Hu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA Advisory Board James H. Adair, USA Ed Ma, USA Enge Wang, China C. Brinker, USA Alon V. Mccormick, USA Alan Weimer, USA Taeghwan Hyeon, South Korea Gary L. Messing, USA N. Xu, China Nathan Lewis, USA Zhonglin Wang, USA Jackie Ying, USA Associate Editors Xuedong Bai, China Burtrand Lee, USA Sherine Obare, USA John Bartlett, Australia S. J. Liao, China Maryam Tabrizian, Canada Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc, USA Gong-Ru Lin, Taiwan Theodore T. Tsotsis, USA Michael Harris, USA Jun Liu, USA Michael S. Wong, USA Wanqin Jin, China Sanjay Mathur, Germany Do Kyung Kim, South Korea Nobuhiro Matsushita, Japan Editorial Board Donald A. Bansleben, USA Justin Holmes, Ireland BohuaSun,SouthAfrica C. Brosseau, France David Hui, USA Xiaogong Wang, China Siu Wai Chan, USA Rakesh K. Joshi, USA Y. Wang, USA Sang-Hee Cho, South Korea Alan K. T. Lau, Hong Kong Ching Ping Wong, USA C. Cui, China Burtrand I. Lee, USA Ping Xiao, UK Ali Eftekhari, Iran Jun Li, Singapore Zhili Xiao, USA Claude Estournes, France J.-Y.Liu,USA Doron Yadlovker, Israel Alan Fuchs, USA Songwei Lu, USA Kui Yu, Canada Lian Gao, China P. Panine, France Hongchen Gu, China Donglu Shi, China Contents Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications, Donglu Shi and Hongchen Gu Volume 2008, Article ID 529890, 2 pages Fibronectin Adsorption to Nanopatterned Silicon Surfaces, I. Salakhutdinov, P. VandeVord, O. Palyvoda, H. Matthew, G. Tatagiri, H. Handa, G. Mao, G. W. Auner, and G. Newaz Volume 2008, Article ID 543170, 5 pages Field Emission from Self-Assembled Arrays of Lanthanum Monosulfide Nanoprotrusions, V. Semet, Vu Thien Binh, M. Cahay, K. Garre, S. Fairchild, L. Grazulis, J. W. Fraser, D. J. Lockwood, S. Pramanik, B. Kanchibotla, and S. Bandyopadhyay Volume 2008, Article ID 682920, 4 pages 3+ Mesoporous Silica Coated CeF3:Tb Particles for Drug Release, Deyan Kong, Piaoping Yang, Zhenling Wang, Ping Chai, Shanshan Huang, Hongzhou Lian, and Jun Lin Volume 2008, Article ID 312792, 7 pages Nanostructural Organization of Naturally Occurring Composites—Part I: Silica-Collagen-Based Biocomposites, Hermann Ehrlich, Sascha Heinemann, Christiane Heinemann, Paul Simon, Vasily V. Bazhenov, Nikolay P. Shapkin, Rene´ Born, Konstantin R. Tabachnick, Thomas Hanke, and Hartmut Worch Volume 2008, Article ID 623838, 8 pages On the Complexity of Electrostatic Suspension Stabilization of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles for Biotargeting and Imaging Applications, Lotta Bergman, Jessica Rosenholm, Anna-Brita Ost,¨ Alain Duchanoy, Pasi Kankaanpa¨a,¨ Jyrki Heino, and Mika Linden´ Volume 2008, Article ID 712514, 9 pages Atomic Layer Thermopile Materials: Physics and Application,P.X.ZhangandH.-U.Habermeier Volume 2008, Article ID 329601, 12 pages The Role of Filler-Matrix Interaction on Viscoelastic Response of Biomimetic Nanocomposite Hydrogels, Alireza S. Sarvestani, Xuezhong He, and Esmaiel Jabbari Volume 2008, Article ID 126803, 9 pages Effect of Carbon Nanofiber-Matrix Adhesion on Polymeric Nanocomposite Properties—Part II, Khalid Lafdi, William Fox, Matthew Matzek, and Emel Yildiz Volume 2008, Article ID 310126, 8 pages Low-Temperature Preparation of Amorphous-Shell/Nanocrystalline-Core Nanostructured TiO2 Electrodes for Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Dongshe Zhang, Hengyao Hu, Laifeng Li, and Donglu Shi Volume 2008, Article ID 271631, 4 pages Nanostructural Organization of Naturally Occurring Composites—Part II: Silica-Chitin-Based Biocomposites, Hermann Ehrlich, Dorte Janussen, Paul Simon, Vasily V. Bazhenov, Nikolay P. Shapkin, Christiane Erler, Michael Mertig, Rene´ Born, Sascha Heinemann, Thomas Hanke, Hartmut Worch, and John N. Vournakis Volume 2008, Article ID 670235, 8 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2008, Article ID 529890, 2 pages doi:10.1155/2008/529890 Editorial Nanostructured Materials for Biomedical Applications Donglu Shi1, 2, 3 and Hongchen Gu3 1 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA 2 The Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 3 Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China Correspondence should be addressed to Donglu Shi, [email protected] Received 9 September 2008; Accepted 9 September 2008 Copyright © 2008 D. Shi and H. Gu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Current developments in nanostructured materials and nan- This special issue summarizes the most recent research otechnology will have profound impact in many areas such and development s in nanostructured materials and their as energy technologies and biomedical applications. These applications in a variety of applications. The articles in include solar cells, energy storage, environmental control, this issue address the critical problems in nanomateri- tissue engineering, bioprobe, biomarking, cancer diagnosis, als synthesis, structure, and properties. The special issue cancer therapy, and drug delivery. Many critical issues in devotes several articles to various aspects of nanomate- nanostructured materials, particularly their applications in rials and biomedical applications. Detailed experimental biomedicine must be addressed before clinical applications. procedures are presented in conjunction with biomedical Some of the key issues in biomedicine, deal with bioactivity, considerations. Importantly, these articles give overviews compatibility, toxicity, and nano-bio interfacial properties. of nanoscience and technology and the basic information In the biomedical applications, traditional materials science relevant to the synthesis of nanomaterials. As nanoscience and engineering face new challenges in the synthesis and advances rapidly, extensive research activities have been microstructure development since the requirements for gen- emphasized on the design and development of new nano- eral materials must be based on special medical needs. The materials. Due to special requirements in both engineering most fascinating development in nano-biomedicine is to be and biomedicine, the materials developments have been found in biomedical diagnosis and treatment, and involves directed to solving key problems that are different from those the direct use of nanomaterials within a biological system. of traditional materials. For instance, medical diagnosis Today, in vivo imaging by fluorescent nanoparticles such as requires multifunctionality such that imaging and drug quantum dots is progressing rapidly; and cell targeting via delivery are preferred to take place at the same time. surface functionalized nanoparticles is undergoing animal Therefore, novel nanomaterials and technologies are needed tests and should be ava ilable within a few years. Localized for dealing with specific medical issues. Another critical issue drug delivery for tumor treatment by specially designed deals with the nano- and biointerfaces involving nanoparticle nanoscale systems is also being tested. Up to now, inves- surface functionalization. This is particularly important in tigators have attempted to develop particular nanoscaled nano-biocomposites. Functional groups must be deposited systems with surface functionalized groups that are able to on the nanoparticles surfaces in order to conjugate biological conjugate with a variety of biological molecules including molecules for purpose of targeting, virus detection, and drug DNA, RNA, and viruses. These new technologies will also delivery. have significant potential in environmental monitoring, We intend this special issue of Journal of Nanomaterials bio-probe, and quantitative virus detection. The challenge to provide up-to-date information in the field of nanos- for future nano-biomedicine concerns how nanoparticles tructured materials and applications in nano-biomedince. interface with biological systems with high biodegradability The focus of the special issue is on the basic concepts and and minimum toxicity. We need to know how to design and recent developments in nanomaterials and related fields. synthesize nanoscale structures for a variety of medical and This special issue covers a wide range of nanomaterials biological applications. research for a variety of applications including biomedicine. 2 Journal of Nanomaterials Fundamental understanding of basic mechanisms on nanos- tructures and biomedical processes related to the unique nanoscale properties of the materials will be the highlight of this special issue. All authors are prominent researchers and have extensive research experience in diverse fields of materials and biomedical sciences.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tabachnickia Nom. Nov., a New Name for the Preoccupied Sponge Genus Platella Tabachnick, 1988 (Porifera: Hexactenellida)
    _____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2010__________ 297 SCIENTIFIC NOTE TABACHNICKIA NOM. NOV., A NEW NAME FOR THE PREOCCUPIED SPONGE GENUS PLATELLA TABACHNICK, 1988 (PORIFERA: HEXACTENELLIDA) Hüseyin Özdikmen* * Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E- mail: [email protected] [Özdikmen, H. 2010. Tabachnickia nom. nov., a new name for the preoccupied sponge genus Platella Tabachnick, 1988 (Porifera: Hexactenellida). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5 (1): 297-298] Family HYALONEMATIDAE Genus TABACHNICKIA nom. nov. Platella Tabachnick, 1988. In Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Structural and functional researches of the marine benthos. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow: 52. (Porifera: Hexactenellida: Amphidiscophora: Amphidiscosida: Hyalonematidae). Preoccupied by Platella Coryell & Fields, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 956, 3. (Crustaceae: Ostracoda: Podocopa: Platycopida: Platycopina: Cytherelloidea: Cytherellidae). Remarks on nomenclatural change: Tabachnick (1988) described a monotypic genus Platella for a sponge with the type species Platella polybasalia Tabachnick, 1988 by the original designation from Central Pacific. It is stil used as a valid genus name (e.g. Tabachnick & Menshenina, 2002). Unfortunately, the generic name was already preoccupied by Coryell & Fields (1937), who had described the genus Platella for a fossil ostracod with the type species Platella gatunensis Coryell & Fields, 1937 from Panama. Then Puri (1960) described a new species in the genus as Platella mulleri Puri, 1960. It was assigned to Cytherellidae by Benson et al. (1961); and to Platycopida by Sepkoski (2002). Thus, the genus name Platella Tabachnick, 1988 is a junior homonym of the genus name Platella Coryell & Fields, 1937. So I propose a new replacement name Tabachnickia nom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unique Skeleton of Siliceous Sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) That Evolved first from the Urmetazoa During the Proterozoic: a Review” by W
    Biogeosciences Discuss., 4, S262–S276, 2007 Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/4/S262/2007/ BGD Discussions c Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed 4, S262–S276, 2007 under a Creative Commons License. Interactive Comment Interactive comment on “The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review” by W. E. G. Müller et al. W. E. G. Müller et al. Received and published: 3 April 2007 3rd April 2007 Full Screen / Esc From : Prof. Dr. W.E.G. Müller, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Ange- wandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz; GERMANY. tel.: Printer-friendly Version +49-6131-392-5910; fax.: +49-6131-392-5243; E-mail: [email protected] To the Editorial Board Interactive Discussion MS-NR: bgd-2006-0069 Discussion Paper S262 EGU Dear colleagues: BGD Thank you for your email from April 2nd informing me that our manuscript entitled: 4, S262–S276, 2007 The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review by: Werner E.G. Müller, Jinhe Li, Heinz C. Schröder, Li Qiao and Xiaohong Wang Interactive Comment which we submit for the Journal Biogeosciences must be revised. In the following we discuss point for point the arguments raised by the referees/reader. In detail: Interactive comment on “The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hex- actinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Pro- terozoic: a review” by W. E. G. Müller et al. By: M.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrative Systematic Framework Helps to Reconstruct Skeletal
    Dohrmann et al. Frontiers in Zoology (2017) 14:18 DOI 10.1186/s12983-017-0191-3 RESEARCH Open Access An integrative systematic framework helps to reconstruct skeletal evolution of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) Martin Dohrmann1*, Christopher Kelley2, Michelle Kelly3, Andrzej Pisera4, John N. A. Hooper5,6 and Henry M. Reiswig7,8 Abstract Background: Glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida) are important components of deep-sea ecosystems and are of interest from geological and materials science perspectives. The reconstruction of their phylogeny with molecular data has only recently begun and shows a better agreement with morphology-based systematics than is typical for other sponge groups, likely because of a greater number of informative morphological characters. However, inconsistencies remain that have far-reaching implications for hypotheses about the evolution of their major skeletal construction types (body plans). Furthermore, less than half of all described extant genera have been sampled for molecular systematics, and several taxa important for understanding skeletal evolution are still missing. Increased taxon sampling for molecular phylogenetics of this group is therefore urgently needed. However, due to their remote habitat and often poorly preserved museum material, sequencing all 126 currently recognized extant genera will be difficult to achieve. Utilizing morphological data to incorporate unsequenced taxa into an integrative systematics framework therefore holds great promise, but it is unclear which methodological approach best suits this task. Results: Here, we increase the taxon sampling of four previously established molecular markers (18S, 28S, and 16S ribosomal DNA, as well as cytochrome oxidase subunit I) by 12 genera, for the first time including representatives of the order Aulocalycoida and the type genus of Dactylocalycidae, taxa that are key to understanding hexactinellid body plan evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unique Skeleton of Siliceous Sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) That Evolved first from the Urmetazoa During the Proterozoic: a Review
    Biogeosciences, 4, 219–232, 2007 www.biogeosciences.net/4/219/2007/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review W. E. G. Muller¨ 1, Jinhe Li2, H. C. Schroder¨ 1, Li Qiao3, and Xiaohong Wang4 1Institut fur¨ Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany 2Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, 266071 Qingdao, P. R. China 3Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China 4National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, 100037 Beijing, P. R. China Received: 8 January 2007 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 6 February 2007 Revised: 10 April 2007 – Accepted: 20 April 2007 – Published: 3 May 2007 Abstract. Sponges (phylum Porifera) had been considered an axial filament which harbors the silicatein. After intracel- as an enigmatic phylum, prior to the analysis of their genetic lular formation of the first lamella around the channel and repertoire/tool kit. Already with the isolation of the first ad- the subsequent extracellular apposition of further lamellae hesion molecule, galectin, it became clear that the sequences the spicules are completed in a net formed of collagen fibers. of sponge cell surface receptors and of molecules forming the The data summarized here substantiate that with the find- intracellular signal transduction pathways triggered by them, ing of silicatein a new aera in the field of bio/inorganic chem- share high similarity with those identified in other metazoan istry started.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Giant Spicules in the Deep-Sea Hexactinellid Monorhaphis Chuni (Schulze 1904): Electron-Microscopic and Biochemical Studies
    Cell Tissue Res (2007) 329:363–378 DOI 10.1007/s00441-007-0402-x REGULAR ARTICLE Formation of giant spicules in the deep-sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis chuni (Schulze 1904): electron-microscopic and biochemical studies Werner E. G. Müller & Carsten Eckert & Klaus Kropf & Xiaohong Wang & Ute Schloßmacher & Christopf Seckert & Stephan E. Wolf & Wolfgang Tremel & Heinz C. Schröder Received: 25 November 2006 /Accepted: 19 February 2007 / Published online: 4 April 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract The siliceous sponge Monorhaphis chuni (Hexa- spicules; it harbors the axial filament and is surrounded by ctinellida) synthesizes the largest biosilica structures on an axial cylinder (100–150 μm) of electron-dense homo- earth (3 m). Scanning electron microscopy has shown that geneous silica. During dissolution of the spicules with these spicules are regularly composed of concentrically hydrofluoric acid, the axial filament is first released arranged lamellae (width: 3–10 μm). Between 400 and 600 followed by the release of a proteinaceous tubule. Two lamellae have been counted in one giant basal spicule. An major proteins (150 kDa and 35 kDa) have been visualized, axial canal (diameter: ~2 μm) is located in the center of the together with a 24-kDa protein that cross-reacts with antibodies against silicatein. The spicules are surrounded by a collagen net, and the existence of a hexactinellidan Carsten Eckert was previously with the Museum für Naturkunde, collagen gene has been demonstrated by cloning it from Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. Aphrocallistes vastus. During the axial growth of the The collagen sequence from Aphrocallistes vastus reported here, viz., spicules, silicatein or the silicatein-related protein is [COL_APHRO] APHVACOL (accession number AM411124), has been deposited in the EMBL/GenBank data base.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Marine Macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19 An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch November 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic Papers NMFS and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor* Administrator Richard Langton National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology Economics and Social Analysis Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub- lished by the Scientific Publications Of- *Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the fice, National Marine Fisheries Service, scientific editing and preparation of this report. NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. The Secretary of Commerce has The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original determined that the publication of research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora and fauna studies, and data- this series is necessary in the transac- intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, engineering, and economics. tion of the public business required by law of this Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with Descriptions of Five New Species
    Zootaxa 4664 (1): 047–082 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4664.1.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4434E866-7C52-48D1-9A6B-1E6220D71549 Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species KONSTANTIN TABACHNICK1, JANE FROMONT2,5, HERMANN EHRLICH3 & LARISA MENSHENINA4 1P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow 117997, Russia. E-mail:[email protected] 2Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Institute of Electronic and Sensor materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 4Biophysical department, Physical Faculty, MSU-2, b.2 Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia. 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida) are described from the Perth Canyon in the eastern Indian Ocean, resulting in 10 genera being recorded, including 11 species, five of which are new to science. In addition, the study resulted in two new records for Australia, Pheronema raphanus and Monorhaphis chuni, and one new record for the Indian Ocean, Walteria flemmingi. A second species of Calyptorete is described over 90 years after the genus was first established with a single species. A significant difference was noted between the condition of sponges collected on the RV Falkor, which used an ROV, and the earlier RV Southern Surveyor expedition, which used sleds and trawls.
    [Show full text]
  • Hexactinellida After 132 Years of Study -- What's New?
    Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 68: 71-84, 2003 (2004) 71 HEXACTINELLIDA AFTER 132 YEARS OF STUDY -- WHAT’S NEW? HENRY M. REISWIG Biology Department, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 Stn. CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 3N5, and Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum, P.O. Box 9815 Stn. Prov. Govt., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 8W 9W2 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The presently used taxonomic arrangement of Hexactinellida has been reached through a series of modifications introduced at 10-year intervals. The place of Hexactinellida within the Porifera remains controversial in spite of advances in knowledge of soft-tissue structure and several molecular sequence studies. New observations on development of Oopsacas minuta confirm classic work on Farrea sollasi, and conclude that early cleavage is complete, suggesting hexactinellids are primary cellular organisms. Analysis of postlarval and juvenile skeletal formation is expected to be useful for unraveling phyletic relationships, and an example of Leucopsacas scoliodocus is explored. Hexactinellid species populations are generally thought to be sparsely distributed over fairly large geographic ranges. Historic early dredging and recent photographic sled and submersible surveys show dense hexactinellid populations of single- or multi-species communities extending over several kilometers. Factors conducive to large patch development and maintenance are under investigation. KEY WORDS Hexactinellida, phylogeny, larvae, post-larval development, high-density populations. INTRODUCTION Present understanding of the poriferan class Hexactinellida is that group of sponges, numbering slightly more than 500 known Recent species, which build a supporting skeleton of siliceous spicules of six-rayed (hexactine) symmetry, or in alternative interpretation, of ‘cubic’ symmetry since each ray intersects the center of a side of a bounding cube.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomarker Chemotaxonomy of Hexactinellid Sponges
    Naturwissenschaften (2002) 89:60–66 DOI 10.1007/s00114-001-0284-9 SHORT COMMUNICATION Volker Thiel · Martin Blumenberg · Jens Hefter Thomas Pape · Shirley Pomponi · John Reed Joachim Reitner · Gert Wörheide · Walter Michaelis A chemical view of the most ancient metazoa – biomarker chemotaxonomy of hexactinellid sponges Received: 15 December 2000 / Accepted: 24 October 2001 / Published online: 10 January 2002 © Springer-Verlag 2002 Abstract Hexactinellid sponges are often considered to Introduction be the most ancient metazoans. Lipid biomarkers from 23 species were studied for information on their phylo- It is now well established that the Porifera (sponges) are genetic properties, particularly their disputed relation to true animals. Their basic mode of organization and their the two other sponge classes (Demospongiae, Calcarea). biochemical properties place them at the very base of the The most prominent lipid compounds in the Hexactinel- kingdom Metazoa. A characterization as ancestral organ- lida comprise C28 to C32 polyenoic fatty acids. Their isms seems particularly valid for the 450–500 species of structures parallel the unique patterns found in demo- the class Hexactinellida (see Hooper 2000). These spong- sponge membrane fatty acids (‘demospongic acids’) and es are considered to be an early branch within the Porif- strongly support a close phylogenetic association of the era, characterized by ‘hexactine’ siliceous spicules and a Demospongiae and the Hexactinellida. Both taxa also unique mode of soft body organization. Much of their tis- show unusual mid-chain methylated fatty acids sue consists of multinucleate cytoplasm (‘choanosyncy- (C15–C25) and irregular C25- and C40-isoprenoid hydro- tium’) comprising collared bodies, sharing a common nu- carbons, tracers for specific eubacteria and Archaea, re- cleus and linked together by plasmic bridges (Reiswig spectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification and Phylogeny of Hexactinellida (Porifera)1
    195 REVIEW / SYNTHÈSE Classification and phylogeny of Hexactinellida (Porifera)1 H.M. Reiswig Abstract: Development of the present classification scheme of the class Hexactinellida was delayed because authors of the early species descriptions did not figure their specimens and few of them had access to compound microscopes necessary to visualize characters important in determining relationships. When microscopic information on spicule sym- metry became available, Wyville Thomson in 1868 recognized the distinctive triaxial symmetry of the group and named it Vitrea. Schmidt’s 1870 name, Hexactinellidae, was without the contamination associated with Thomson’s Vitrea, and gained widespread support. Through a series of proposals and refinements, the present scheme recognizes two main lineages, Amphidiscophora and Hexasterophora, differing in shape and type of their microscleres. Since these structures are generally not retained in fossil material, paleontologists have long had an independent classification for hexactinellids, but the trend to unify the systems is now nearly complete. Hypotheses on phylogeny of the group re- main virtually dependent upon scarce paleontological information, pending data from nucleic acid and protein sequence analyses that are not yet available for unravelling relationships among hexactinellids. Résumé : L’élaboration du schéma actuel de classification de la classe des Hexactinellida a été retardée parce que les descripteurs des espèces plus anciennes n’ont pas fourni d’illustrations de leurs spécimens et parce que peu d’entre eux avaient accès aux microscopes nécessaires pour voir les caractères importants dans l’établissement des relations. En 1868 au moment où ilyaeudesrenseignements sur la structure microscopique de la symétrie des spicules, Wyville Thomson a reconnu la symétrie triaxiale caractéristique du groupe qu’il a nommé Vitrea.
    [Show full text]
  • Silicon Isotopes of Deep Sea Sponges: New Insights Into Biomineralisation and Skeletal Structure
    Biogeosciences, 15, 6959–6977, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6959-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Silicon isotopes of deep sea sponges: new insights into biomineralisation and skeletal structure Lucie Cassarino1, Christopher D. Coath1, Joana R. Xavier2,3, and Katharine R. Hendry1 1University of Bristol, School of Earth Sciences, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK 2CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal 3Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway Correspondence: Lucie Cassarino ([email protected]) Received: 6 July 2018 – Discussion started: 10 July 2018 Revised: 24 October 2018 – Accepted: 26 October 2018 – Published: 21 November 2018 Abstract. The silicon isotopic composition (δ30Si) of deep 1 Introduction sea sponges’ skeletal element – spicules – reflects the sili- cic acid (DSi) concentration of their surrounding water and 1.1 Introduction to the Porifera world can be used as natural archives of bottom water nutrients. In order to reconstruct the past silica cycle robustly, it is essen- Sponges (phylum Porifera) are one of the most primitive tial to better constrain the mechanisms of biosilicification, metazoans and have likely occupied ocean sea floors since which are not yet well understood. Here, we show that the the Precambrian period as indicated by molecular fossil apparent isotopic fractionation (δ30Si) during spicule forma- records from the end of the Marinoan glaciation 635 Myr ago tion in deep sea sponges from the equatorial Atlantic ranges (Love et al., 2009) and Mongolian silica spicules dating from from −6.74 ‰ to −1.50 ‰ in relatively low DSi concentra- 545 million years ago (Antcliffe et al., 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Arrangement and Properties of Spicules in Glass Sponges
    International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Materials Science Volume 2011, Article ID 535872, 8 pages doi:10.5402/2011/535872 Research Article Structural Arrangement and Properties of Spicules in Glass Sponges Anatoliy L. Drozdov1 and Alexander A. Karpenko2 1 A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690041, Russia 2 Fareastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia Correspondence should be addressed to Anatoliy L. Drozdov, [email protected] Received 1 April 2011; Accepted 22 May 2011 Academic Editors: K. Hokamoto and S. Sombra Copyright © 2011 A. L. Drozdov and A. A. Karpenko. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The morphology, chemical composition, and optical properties of long monoaxonic spicules were studied in several species of marine deep-sea hexactinellid sponges of different orders and families: Asconema setubalense (Hexasterophora, Lyssacinosida) and Monorhaphis chuni Schulze (Monorhaphiidae). Their macrostructural organization is a system of thin layers laid around the central cylinder containing a square canal filled with organic matter. A significant role in spicule organization is played by the organic matrix. The macrostructural of organization of the spicule in Monorhaphis chuni is a system of the “cylinder-within-a-cylinder” type. However the spicule surface is covered with ridges. They penetrate a few layers into the spicule. Analysis of the elemental composition of the basalia spicule of Monorhaphis chuni demonstrates a heterogeneous allocation of C, O, Si on the spicule surface, subsurface layers, and on ridges. All studied spicules have the properties of anisotropic crystals and they demonstrate a capability to the birefrigence.
    [Show full text]