Open Geospatial Consortium
Submission Date: 2014-11-26
Approval Date: 2014-12-05
Publication Date: 2015-01-21
External identifier of this OGC® document: http://www.opengis.net/doc/WP/smart-cities-sif
Internal reference number of this OGC® document: 14-115
Category: OGC® White Paper
Editor: George Percivall
OGC Smart Cities Spatial Information Framework
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Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium To obtain additional rights of use, visit http://www.opengeospatial.org/legal/.
Warning
This document is not an OGC Standard. This document is an OGC White Paper and is therefore not an official position of the OGC membership. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an OGC Standard. Further, an OGC White Paper should not be referenced as required or mandatory technology in procurements.
Document type: OGC® White Paper Document stage: Approved for Public Release Document language: English
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2 Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Contents
1. A Spatial Information Framework for Smart Cities? ...... 5
2. Smart City Information Enterprise ...... 6 2.1 What’s so smart about Smart Cities? ...... 6 2.2 Indicators for city services and quality of life ...... 7 2.3 Smart City Applications ...... 9 2.4 Smart City Enterprise framework ...... 10
3. Spatial Information and Smart Cities ...... 11 3.1 Spatial information is pervasive and primary ...... 11 3.2 CityGML and IndoorGML ...... 12 3.3 LandXML and InfraGML ...... 15 3.4 Building Information Models ...... 16
4. Interoperability Services for Smart Cities ...... 17 4.1 Geospatial Services Architecture ...... 17 4.2 Sensor Web Enablement and SensorThings ...... 17 4.3 Data Access Services ...... 18 4.4 Processing Services ...... 18 4.5 Catalogue Services ...... 19 4.6 Workflow ...... 19 4.7 Context Document and GeoPackage ...... 19 4.8 Visualization and Augmented Reality ...... 20
5. Development of Spatial Information Framework for Smart Cities ...... 21 5.1 Spatial Information Architecture for Smart Cities ...... 21 5.2 OGC Smart City Interoperability Initiatives – Testbeds, Pilots etc...... 21 5.3 Deploying the Spatial Information Framework for Smart Cities ...... 22
Annex A. Open Standards Coordination for Smart Cities ...... 27 A.1 OGC coordination with other Standards Developing Organizations ...... 27 A.2 International Standards activities on Smart Cities ...... 28 A.3 National Standards Activities ...... 30 A.4 Others organizations' standards activities ...... 32
3 Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Abstract
This White Paper supports development of a Smart Cities Spatial Information Framework based on these themes: K Smart Cities are high-density generators of innovation and information. K Location information is a major enabler of Smart City technology benefits. K Benefits of smart technology must be judged by benefits to residents. K Reuse and repurpose is vital to urban resilience K Open standards are needed for interoperability, efficiency, application innovation and cost effectiveness.
Discussion of these themes and this white paper will occur at the OGC Smart Cities Location Powers Summit in Tokyo on December 2, 2014,1 the co-located OGC Technical Committee meeting, and in many other forums in the future. As described in this paper, there are many standards initiatives that focus on Smart Cities. Most Smart Cities use cases in some way involve indoor and/or outdoor location, and thus communication about location is an issue that cuts across the work programs most of the standards organizations that are involved with Smart Cities.
This white paper builds on the OGC - Directions Magazine webinar: “Making Location Work for Smart Cities – the Case for Location Standards”2.
Keywords ogcdoc, OGC documents, smart cities, recreation, energy, renewable energy, citygml, indoorgml, landinfra, infragml. bim, wfs, wcs, sos, sensorml, sensorthings, o&m, kml, wms, sld, wmts, arml, iso, jtc1, din
Submitters of this document
All questions regarding this white paper should be directed to the editor or the submitters:
Name Affiliation George Percivall OGC Carsten Rönsdorf Ordnance Survey Steve Liang University of Calgary Denise McKenzie OGC Lance McKee OGC
1 http://www.locationpowers.net/ 2 http://www.directionsmag.com/articles/making-location-work-for-smart-cities-the-case-for-location- standards/421359
4 Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium 1. A Spatial Information Framework for Smart Cities?
Today, urban population accounts for 54 percent of the total global population (World Health Organization 2014) with a trend to more urbanization. Effective integration of human, physical, and digital systems operating in the built environment holds the promise of improving the quality of life of urban residents, improving the governance of cities and making cities prosperous, inclusive, sustainable and resilient. Location is a primary method for organizing Smart City services. Communicating anything about location requires standards. This paper addresses the open information technology standards framework that is critical to achieving the benefits of spatial communication for Smart Cities.
Temperature: 29 C ! Humidity: 29%! Windspeed: 11 km/h! CO: 0.23 ppm! NO: 0.22 ppm!
Temperature: 29 C ! Humidity: 29%! Windspeed: 11 km/h!
CO: 0.23 ppm! Temperature: 29 C ! Temperature: 29 C ! Humidity: 29%! NO: 0.22 ppm! Windspeed: 11 km/h! CO: 0.23 ppm! Humidity: 29%! Temperature: 29 C ! Temperature: 29 C ! NO: 0.22 ppm! Humidity: 29%! Windspeed: 11 km/h! Windspeed: 11 km/h! Humidity: 29%! CO: 0.23 ppm! Temperature: 29 C ! Temperature: 29 C ! NO: 0.22 ppm! CO: 0.23 ppm! Windspeed: 11 km/h! Humidity: 29%! Humidity: 29%! Windspeed: 11 km/h! Windspeed: 11 km/h! NO: 0.22 ppm! Temperature: 29 C ! CO: 0.23 ppm! CO: 0.23 ppm! CO: 0.23 ppm! Humidity: 29%! NO: 0.22 ppm! NO: 0.22 ppm! NO: 0.22 ppm! Windspeed: 11 km/h! CO: 0.23 ppm! NO: 0.22 ppm! Temperature: 29 C ! Temperature: 29 C ! Humidity: 29%! Humidity: 29%! Windspeed: 11 km/h! Windspeed: 11 km/h! CO: 0.23 ppm! CO: 0.23 ppm! NO: 0.22 ppm! NO: 0.22 ppm!
Temperature: 29 C ! Humidity: 29%! Windspeed: 11 km/h! CO: 0.23 ppm! NO: 0.22 ppm!
Figure 1. A Smart City uses location as an organizing principal to benefit residents, visitors, and " businesses of all types. (Graphic from Steve Liang, University of Calgary) This White Paper provides a draft spatial information framework for Smart Cities. The document is structured using an architectural approach for defining information systems organized as a set of viewpoints. The set of viewpoints used here are based on ISO/IEC 10746, Information Technology — Open Distributed Processing — Reference Model. Section 2 of the report provides an Enterprise Viewpoint, including a definition of a Smart City, the Indicators for assessing the value of deploying the technology, and an overall set of components for the information system of a Smart City. Section 3 provides an Information Viewpoint, outlining the spatial information and data that is needed in a Smart City. Section 4 outlines the computational Services Viewpoint including interfaces and workflows pertinent to a achieve interoperability using a service oriented architecture for a Smart City. Section 5 provides a Deployment Viewpoint, identifying approaches for deploying the Spatial Information Framework in cities. An Annex provides a summary of standardization activities regarding Smart Cities. The architecture in the main body of the white paper aims to build on and contribute back to the activities of those SDOs.
5 Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium 2. Smart City Information Enterprise
2.1 What’s so smart about Smart Cities?
A Smart City provides effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens3.
While the focus in this white paper is on technology, implementing smart cities must consider social policy and the benefits of technology to humans. Much of the Smart City technology has focused on command and control approaches for emergency response and resource management. Command and control is a requirement but the smart city technology and standards must also enable and enhance citizen access to the smart city resources. This emphasis recalls Jane Jacobs’s revolution in urban planning4 some decades ago, which focused on the value of community life and social networks.
In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs said, “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.” Physical city architect Jan Gehl recalls that “fifty years ago Jacobs said – go out there and see what works and what doesn’t work, and learn from reality. Look out of your windows, spend time in the streets and squares and see how people actually use spaces, learn from that, and use it.5” Applied to smart city information development Jacob’s ideas point to “Open Information ” and “Iterative Development.