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India: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Delhi and Madurai Written by National Institute of Urban Affairs

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India: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Delhi and Madurai Written by National Institute of Urban Affairs India: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Delhi and Madurai Written by National Institute of Urban Affairs Type Research Report Authors Debolina Kundu Arvind Pandey Pragya Sharma Research Assistance Sweta Bhusan Biswajit Mondal Baishali Lahiri T.C Sharma Sangeeta Vijh Date 31|10|18 Cover photo: Busy market streets near Jama Masjid in New Delhi, India Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................v List of Figures .................................................................................... vii Acronyms .......................................................................................... ix Data Notes ...................................................................................... xiii Technical Notes .............................................................................. xiii Executive Summary ........................................................................ xvi 1 National policy framework India ................................................1 1.1 Urban policies and development ..........................................................1 1.1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Urbanisation in India: a macro level analysis ............................................ 3 1.1.3 Trend of demography in urban India ......................................................... 8 1.1.4 Migration pattern in urban India ............................................................... 10 1.1.5 Urban policy framework in India ............................................................... 15 1.1.6 National, state and local-level spatial planning systems ...................... 20 1.1.7 Type of landownership in India .................................................................. 26 1.1.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 30 1.2 Health in urban India: overview of policies, programmes and current status 32 1.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 32 1.2.2 Institutional framework ................................................................................ 33 1.2.3 Public-private provisioning of healthcare in India .................................. 36 1.2.4 Public health expenditure in India ............................................................ 41 1.2.5. Health policies in India .................................................................................... 45 1.2.6 Current health scenario in India ................................................................ 50 1.2.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 61 1.3 Education in urban India: overview of policies, programmes and current status 62 1.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 62 1.3.2 Institutional mapping of education in India ............................................ 62 i 1.3.3 Education in India: constitutional provisions and policy focus in plan periods 63 1.3.4 Status of education in India ....................................................................... 68 1.3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 83 2 City Profile: Delhi ...........................................................................................86 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................86 2.2 Historical evolution of Delhi ..................................................................87 2.3 Trends in the demographics of Delhi ...................................................88 2.3.1 Regional pattern of urbanisation in Delhi ................................................ 88 2.3.2 Demographic composition of Delhi ......................................................... 89 2.4 Migration scenario in Delhi ...................................................................90 2.4.1 Trends ............................................................................................................ 90 2.4.2 Streams of migration ................................................................................... 90 2.5 Spatial growth of the city ......................................................................91 2.6 Economy of Delhi ...................................................................................94 2.6.1 Gross Domestic Product ............................................................................. 94 2.6.2 Workforce participation rate and the proportion of non-workers in Delhi 95 2.6.3 Structure of employment in urban Delhi .................................................. 96 2.6.4 Nature of employment and rate of unemployment in urban Delhi .... 96 2.6.5 Poverty Rates in urban Delhi ...................................................................... 97 2.7 Education in Delhi ..................................................................................98 2.7.1 Institutional structure and the role of the public and private sector ... 98 2.7.2 Literacy and school education in Delhi ................................................... 99 2.7.3 Infrastructural facilities in Delhi ................................................................. 101 2.7.4 Higher education in Delhi ......................................................................... 102 2.7.5 Major welfare programmes in education sector .................................. 103 2.8 Health scenario in Delhi ......................................................................104 2.8.1 Institutional framework of health sector in Delhi ................................... 105 2.8.2 Health infrastructure in Delhi .................................................................... 105 2.8.3 Investment in health care sector and per capita expenditure .......... 105 2.8.4 Innovative health programmes in Delhi ................................................. 107 ii 2.8.5 Performance of Delhi on health indicators ............................................ 108 2.8.6 Challenges ................................................................................................. 109 2.9 Urban governance, development and service delivery .................109 2.9.1 Urban governance .................................................................................... 109 2.9.2 Urban development.................................................................................. 110 2.9.3 Service delivery .......................................................................................... 112 2.9.4 State of housing ......................................................................................... 113 2.9.5 Slums in Delhi .............................................................................................. 115 2.10 Urban Finance in Delhi ........................................................................116 2.10.1 State Finance ............................................................................................. 116 2.10.2 Municipal finance ..................................................................................... 118 2.11 Conclusion ............................................................................................119 3 . City Profile: Madurai .................................................................................120 3.1 Background ..........................................................................................120 3.2 Historical evolution of Madurai ...........................................................121 3.3 Trends in the demography of Madurai ..............................................122 3.3.1 Age-sex composition ................................................................................ 125 3.4 Migration scenario in Madurai ...........................................................125 3.4.1 Trends .......................................................................................................... 125 3.4.2 Reasons for migration ............................................................................... 126 3.4.3 Streams of migration ................................................................................. 127 3.5 Spatial growth of the city ....................................................................127 3.5.1 Land use planning ..................................................................................... 128 3.5.2 Land use land cover changes ................................................................. 129 3.6 Economy of Madurai city ....................................................................131 3.6.1 Gross District Domestic Product: absolute and per-capita ................. 131 3.6.2 Work participation rate and the structure of employment ................. 132 3.6.3 Sectoral distribution of employment ....................................................... 134 3.6.4 Nature of employment and rate of unemployment in Madurai ........ 134 3.6.5 Poverty rate ................................................................................................ 136 3.7 State of education in Madurai ............................................................137 iii 3.7.1 Education under Five Year Plans ............................................................
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