Appendix A. List of Nuclear Projects in Spain Since 1959 to Present

Appendix A. List of Nuclear Projects in Spain since 1959 to Present

© The Author(s) 2017 249 M.d.Mar Rubio-Varas, J. De la Torre (eds.), The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59867-3 250 Appendix A. List of Nuclear Projects in Spain since 1959 to Present ) continued ( Date connection to grid 1968 1971 – 1972 1982 1985 1986 Date construction began 1965 1966 – 1966 1973 1974 1975 Main creditor & authorization date (1st credit) Eximbank 27/8/1964 Eximbank 29/6/1967 – France/EDF 2/2/1967 Eximbank 27/1/1972 Eximbank 3/2/1972 Eximbank 16/4/1973 Pre- 9/8/63 27/3/63 21/4/67 21/4/72 21/4/72 11/11/66 29/10/71 authorization (government) Application dates Utilities’ application 1/2/62 1/11/59 1/7/65 2/10/64 1/11/70 15/6/70 15/6/70 Capacity MWe 153 460 500 480 930 930 930 Manufacturer & Reactor Type W-PWR GE-BWR W-PWR-3 L EDF-GCR W-PWR-3 L W-PWR-3 L W-PWR-3 L Iberduero Hidrola Hidrola Sevillana FECSA Ownership on application 100% UEM 50% 50% Viesgo 100% 25% EDF 23% FECSA 23% HECSA 23% ENHER 6% FHS 33% 33% UEM 33% 100% 40% FECSA 40% ENHER 15% HEC 5% FHS (Zorita) Name of nuclear power plant José Cabrera Garoña Irta Vandellós I Vandellós Almaraz I Ascó I Ascó II Appendix A. List of Nuclear Projects in Spain since 1959 to Present 251 ) continued ( Date connection to grid 1984 S-1981/M-1983 S-1981/M-1983 1985 M-1983 1988 A-1982 M-1983 Date construction began 1974 1973 1973 1975 1980 1975 1975 1975 Wiederaufbau (KfW) Main creditor & authorization date (1st credit) Eximbank 27/1/1972 Eximbank 20/1/1972 Eximbank 20/1/1972 Eximbank 10/5/1973 Kreditanstalt für 18/11/1975 Eximbank 18/12/1975 Eximbank 15/9/1975 Pre- 4/9/75 4/9/75 4/9/75 4/9/75 23/5/72 13/11/72 23/5/1972 23/5/1972 (12/2/1969) (12/2/1969) authorization (government) Application dates Utilities’ application 2/12/71 (4/1/1968) 9/12/1971 (4/1/1968) 9/12/1971 1971 10/5/72 10/5/72 27/11/73 28/5/74 Capacity MWe 930 (500) 930 (500) 930 975 1030 1030 1000 1000 3 L 3 L PWR- PWR- Manufacturer & Reactor Type W-PWR-3 L W-PWR-3 L W-PWR-3 L GE-BWR/6 KWU- KWU- W-PWR GE-BWR/6 Hidrola Sevillana Iberduero Iberduero Hidrola Iberduero Sevillana Hidrola Ownership on application 33% 33% UEM 33% 100% 100% 100 % 60% UEM 20% ERZ* 20% EIA* 60% UEM 20% ERZ* 20% EIA* 100% 50% 50% ** I Name of nuclear power plant Almaraz II Lemóniz I Lemóniz II Cofrentes Trillo I Trillo Trillo II Trillo Sayago Valdecaballeros Valdecaballeros 252 Appendix A. List of Nuclear Projects in Spain since 1959 to Present ) continued ( Date connection to grid M-1983 1988 A-1979 A-1982 A-1978 A-1978 A-1978 A-1978 A-1978 Date construction began 1975 1976 – 1979 1975 1975 1975 – – intent) 1976 Main creditor & authorization date (1st credit) Eximbank 15/9/1975 Eximbank 6/7/1976 Eximbank (PC 3845) 1976 Eximbank (Letter of Eximbank 18/12/1975 Pre- 4/9/75 2/8/76 27/2/76 27/2/76 authorization (government) Application dates Utilities’ application 28/5/74 2/5/74 2/5/74 10/11/73 9/4/73 27/9/73 27/9/73 27/9/73 27/9/73 Capacity MWe 1000 930 930 900 930 930 930 1000 1000 3 L PWR- Manufacturer & Reactor Type GE-BWR/6 W-PWR-3 L W-PWR-3 L KWU- GE-BWR W-PWR – – – Sevillana Hidrola FECSA FENOSA Viesgo Iberduero Iberduero Iberduero Iberduero Ownership on application 50% 50% ** 54% ENHER 28% HEC 10% FHS 8% FECSA 100% 60% 20% Viesgo 20% HIC 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% II (Xove) (Deba) (Deba) (Bergara) I(Orguella) Name of nuclear power plant Valdecaballeros Valdecaballeros Vandellós II Vandellós Vandellós III Vandellós Regodola Santillan Punta Endata I Punta Endata II Tudela Tudela Ea-Ispaster Appendix A. List of Nuclear Projects in Spain since 1959 to Present 253 ) continued ( Date connection to grid A-1978 A-1979 A-1979 A-1979 A-1979 A-1978 A-1978 A-1979 A-1982 Date construction began – – – – 1975 – – – 1977 Main creditor & authorization date (1st credit) Eximbank 8/4/1977 Pre- authorization (government) Application dates Utilities’ application 27/9/73 5/12/73 5/12/73 5/12/73 20/12/73 22/12/73 22/12/73 4/1/74 7/3/74 Capacity MWe 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 1000 930 Manufacturer & Reactor Type – W-PWR-3 L W-PWR-3 L – GE-BRW – – – W-PWR-3 L Iberduero Sevillana Sevillana Sevillana Hidrola Sevillana ENDESA ENHER Ownership on application 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 25% ERZ 25% EIA 25% FECSA 25% UEM 25% ERZ 25% EIA 25% FECSA 25% UEM 100% 37.5% 37.5% 25% ERZ II(Orguella) (Bolonia) (Bolonia) (Almonte) (Aguilas) (Aragon) (Aragon) (Almonte) Name of nuclear power plant Ea-Ispaster Tarifa II Tarifa Tarifa I Tarifa Asperillo I Cabo Cope Sástago I La Zaida Asperillo II Escatrón I 254 Appendix A. List of Nuclear Projects in Spain since 1959 to Present ) 7 Date connection to grid A-1982 A-1978 A-1978 A-1978 Date construction began 1977 – – – (No. 103, 1976, pp. 390–1), and in this volume. Main creditor & authorization date (1st credit) Eximbank (PC 3331) 1976 7 and 6 , 5 Pre- Revista Energía Nuclear authorization (government) Application dates Utilities’ application 7/3/74 7/3/74 2/5/74 25/3/75 26/3/75 Capacity MWe 930 900 900 1000 1000 Manufacturer & Reactor Type W-PWR-3 L BRW BRW BRW – ENDESA FECSA FECSA ENDESA ENDESA Ownership on application 50% EHNER 50% 100% 100% 50% EHNER 50% 50% EHNER 50% Nuclenor. Financial data from Eximbank Archives and Chaps. Nuclenor. (Leon) (Bajo Cinca) Memorias Hidrolla on their own Energía e Industria Aragonesas, S.A; ENDESA: Empresa Nacional de Electricidad; ENHER: Hidroelectrica del Ribargozana; ERZ: Electricas Reunidas de Zaragoza; Eximbank: Export Import Bank of the United States; FECSA: Fuerzas Electricas de Cataluña, S.A.; FENOSA: Fuerzas del Norte, GCR: gas cooler reactor; GE: General Electric; Hidrola: Hidroelectrica Española; KWU: Kraftwerk Union AG; PWR: pressurised water reactor; UEM: Electrica Madrileña; W: Westinghouse Name of nuclear power plant Escatrón II L’Ametlla II L’Ametlla L’Ametlla I L’Ametlla El Páramo I Chalamera In italics are dates that require further investigation Sources: Application and pre-authorization dates compiled from, BOE, Notes: EZR and EIA entering the project right before authorization (see Chap. * Originally only UEM applied for the project of Trillo. leaving Sevillana and I and II but renounced to concentrate on Trillo, ** Originally UEM participated in Valdecaballeros Abbreviations: S: suspended; A: abandoned; M: moratorium; BWR: boiling water reactor; EDF: Electricite de France; EIA: Appendix B. Spanish Nuclear Industry (2011)

Date Merge Classification Firms 1828 Engineering & Bureau Veritas Services 1883 1891 (1998) Engineering & ABB SA (ASEA & Brown Boveri) Services 1886 2007 Engineering & Westinghouse Electric Spain SAU Services 1892 2007 Engineering & GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy Services International Ltd 1895 Engineering & Siemens SA Services 1901 1907, 1944, Electrical IBERDROLA SA 1992 Utilities 1912 1943, 1969, Electrical Gas Natural Fenosa SA 1992, 2009 Utilities 1920 Engineering & Konecranes Ausió SLU Services 1935 Engineering & Grupo Dominguis Services 1937 1996 Engineering & Applus SLU (Carlyle Group) Services (continued)

© The Author(s) 2017 255 M.d.Mar Rubio-Varas, J. De la Torre (eds.), The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59867-3 256 Appendix B. Spanish Nuclear Industry (2011)

Date Merge Classification Firms 1941 Nuclear Instalaciones Inabensa SA Equipment 1944 Electrical ENDESA, SA Utilities 1944 Lobby UNESA, Asociación Española de la Industria Eléctrica 1956 Engineering & SENER SA Services 1956 Engineering & Tamoin Services 1957 Engineering & IDOM.Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Services Consultoría 1957 Engineering & TECNATOM SA Services 1957 Lobby SEOPAN Asociación de Empresas Constructoras y Concesionarias de Infraestructuras 1958 Engineering & Areva Services 1959 Engineering & Grupo COPISA Services 1959 Engineering & Técnicas Reunidas SA Services 1960 Engineering & Grupo Eulen Services 1962 Lobby Foro de la Industria Nuclear Española 1964 Lobby SERCOBE Asociación Española de Fabricantes de Bienes de Equipo 1968 NNP José Cabrera/Zorita (pre-dismantled) 1971 Engineering & Empresarios Agrupados (EA) AIE Services 1971 NPP Santa María de Garoña, Nuclenor SA 1972 NNP ENUSA Industrias Avanzadas SA 1973 Nuclear Equipos Nucleares SA (ENSA) Equipment 1976 Electrical HC ENERGÍA, GRUPO EDP Utilities 1976 Engineering & Virlab SA (Grupo Urbar Ingenieros SA) Services 1981 NPP Almaraz I and II 1982 Engineering & Global Energy Services Siemsa sa Services (continued) Appendix B. Spanish Nuclear Industry (2011) 257

Date Merge Classification Firms 1984 Engineering & PROINSA Cª Internacional de Services Protección, Ingeniería y Tecnología SAUGr Eulen 1984 NNP Ascó I and II 1985 NNP Cofrentes, Iberdrola SA 1988 NNP Trillo 1988 NNP Vandellós II 1989 Engineering & SOCOIN SA (gas Natural Fenosa) Services 1994 Engineering & Iberdrola Ingeniería y Construcción Services SAU 1995 Engineering & Grupo Automatismos, Montajes y Services Servicios SL (AMS) 1996 Engineering & Medidas Ambiantales SL Services (50%Nuclenor50%GrupoEulen) 1997 Engineering & COAPSA Control SL Services 1997 Lobby ANCI Asociación Nacional de Consultores Independientes 2000 Nuclear Ringo Válvulas SL Equipment 2002 Nuclear Vector & Wellheads Engineering SL Equipment Source: Foro de la Industria Nuclear Española, 2011. ICEX, Madrid. Editors’s elaboration Bibliography

Archives and Libraries

Archives d’Électricité de France [AEDEF] Archives du Ministère français des Affaires Étrangères [AMAE-F] Archives Nationales, France-Centre des Archives Contemporaines [ANCAC] Archives of Federal Reserve Bank of New York [AFRBNY] Archivo Alfonso Álvarez-Miranda [AAAM] Archivo Histórico de la Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales [ASEPI] Archivo Histórico del Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria [AHBVVA] Archivo Histórico del Banco de España [AHBE] Archivo Linz de la Transición Española [ALTE] Archivo Municipal de Trillo [AMT] Archivo Municipal de Vandellòs i l’L’Hospitalet de l’Infant [AMVHI] Berliner Stadtsbibliothek Biblioteca de la Universidad Pública de Navarra (Servicio Préstamo interbibliotecario) Biblioteca Nacional de España Bibliothèque Nationale de France Elmer Holmes Bobst Library New York University [BLNYU] Export-Import Bank Archives [EXIM] Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe [GLA] Historisches Konzernarchiv-KfW [HKKfW]

© The Author(s) 2017 259 M.d.Mar Rubio-Varas, J. De la Torre (eds.), The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59867-3 260 Bibliography

Library and Archives Senator John Heinz History Center [LASHHC] Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts [PA AA] Service d’Archives du Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique [SACEA] Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin The National Archives and Records Administration [NARA] The National Archives of United Kingdom [NAUK]

Periodicals, Newspapers and Magazines

ABC Actualidad Económica Boletín Oficial de Cortes (BOC) Boletin Oficial del Estado (BOE) El Noticiero Universal El País El Plural La Vanguardia Mundo New York Times Nuclear Engineering Revista de Ciencia Aplicada World Nuclear News

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A Akokan uranium mine, 172 Accidents Akouta uranium mine, 172 fire in the turbines, xiv, 165, 166 Algeria, 157 International Nuclear Event Scale, Alkem, 205 182n45, 234 Allende, José, 51 Vandellos, accident, xiv, 43 Almaraz NPP, 130 See also Accidents, fire in the Alonso Santos, Agustín, 204 turbines Alsthom, 47, 158, 159, 163, 171, ADN news agency, 196 181n38, 185n74 Advisory Commission for Industrial Altos Hornos de Vizcaya SA, 40 Reactors (CADRI), 74, 76, America, 76, 128 90n27 American Chamber of Commerce, AEG, 191, 192, 197–199, 213n55 73 Africa, vi, 9 American Congress, 70, 120 Aguas y Saltos del Zadorra SA, 82 American Congress of the Aguirre Gonzalo, José María, 205 Association of Manufacturers, Ailleret, Pierre, 164 94n69 Air Liquide, 158 Andalusia, 52, 77

1 Note: Page Numbers followed by ‘n’ denote notes.

Andújar, 30n64 B Antinuclear, vii, viii, x, xiv, 2, 52, Babcock & Wilcox, 40, 83, 93n56, 95n88, 138, 161 95n90, 128, 158 Antinuclear movements, vii, viii, x, Babcock & Wilcox Española de 52, 138, 161 Construccione, 46 Aragón, 52, 134, 215n79 Babcok-Brown Boveri Reaktor Arbi reactor, xiii, 105 GmbH (BBR), 192 Areilza, José M., 163 Balance of payments, 35, 53, 202 Argentina, vi, 12, 29n60, 65n83, Balogh, Brian, 23n6, 26n21, 30n62 89n16, 197 Banca March, 142 Argonne, 73 Banco Central, 79 Argos reactor, xiii, 105 Banco de Crédito Industrial, 167 Armenia, 12 Banco de España, 30n63, 147n33 Ascó NPP, 133, 201, 202 Banco de Santander, 129 ASEA, 213n55 Banco Español de Crédito, 142 ASELÉCTRICA, 172 Banco Hipotecario de España, 79 Asfaltos y Portland Asland, 167 Banco Hispano-Americano, 126 Asia, vi, 10 Banco Ibérico, 171 Asturias, 221, 222 Banco Urquijo, xiii, 59n17, 84, 142, Ateliers et Forges de la Loire, 181n38 167, 205, 219, 220, 225 Atomic Energy Act, 71, 89n12 Bank of Vizcaya, 70, 81–87, 92n48, Atomic Energy Control Act, 70 93n58, 93n61, 95n87, 95n90 Atomic Industrial Forum, 39 Bankinter, 167 Atomic optimism, x, 35 Barcelona, xiii, 80, 88n5, 99, 108, Atomics International, 192, 195 137, 164, 221, 222, 242 Atoms for Peace, Conference Barthelt, Klaus, 211n41 (Geneva), 37, 70, 71, 191 Basque Country, 52, 138 Atucha NPP, 197 Bayer AG, 193 Austria, 9, 27n29, 91n33 Belgium, 12, 127, 145n5, 146n9, Autarkic plans, 39 185n77, 190 Autarkist policy, 42 Berlin Wall, 9 Autarky, 35, 36, 39, 40, 113, 125, Betchel Engineering, 131 156, 218, 227 Biblis A NPP, 205 Authorizations, xiii, 94n73, 126, Bilbao, xiii, 39, 40, 73, 79–83, 130, 132, 133, 141–143, 92n45, 92n48, 129, 137, 142, 147n21, 149n56, 200, 204, 150n69, 242 240 Bismarck, 6 Auxiesa, 47, 61n43, 131, 185n74 Bonet Castellana, Antoni, 170, 184n65 Index 281

Bonn, 195, 196 Caro, Rafel, 69, 116n25, 116n30, Borssele NPP, 205 116n31, 177n7 Boston, 131 Carrero Blanco, Luis, 102 Boyer, Miguel, 56, 64n79 Cartagena, 80 Brandt, Willy, 196 Cassey, W. J., 49 Brazil, vi, 6, 12, 37, 89n16, 205, 231 Castejon thermal plant, 131 Breakdown, ix Castilla-León, 52 See also Failure or fault Catalonia, 52, 77, 85, 133, 162 Bretton Woods, 5, 8, 156, 202 Catalana de Gas y Electricidad, 79 Britain, 192 Cementos Hontoria, 82 British Nuclear Design and Centrales Nucleares del Norte S.A. Construction Ltd (BNDC), (Nuclenor), 39, 41, 44, 125, 213n55 128, 129, 221, 222 British Nuclear Fuel Ltd (BNFL), Centrales Nucleares SA (Cenusa), 193 39, 41, 44, 45, 221 British Nuclear Policy, 77 Centralized Temporary Storage, 174 Brown Boveri/Krupp Reaktorbau Centro de Investigaciones GmbH (BBK), 192 Energéticas, Medioambientales Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC), 205 y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 105 Bulgaria, vi, 12 Cervera, J., 90n27 Burns & Row, 47 Chalamera project, 166 Chantiers de l’Atlantique, 181n38 Chase Manhattan Bank, 126, 150n65 C Chernobyl accident, v, 2, 9–11, 144, Cabrera, Blas, 99 161 Cabrera, José, 125, 193, 243n7, Chicago, 37, 89–90n18, 106, 131 247n50 Chicago University, 1 Cadarache, research centre, 163 Chile, 202 Calder Hall, 6, 75 China, vi, 9, 11, 12, 15, 157, 161 California, 106, 192 Chinon 1, 2 and 3 NPPs, 158 Cambridge, 75 Chooz NPP, 158 Campenon-Bernard, 181n38 Ciudad Rodrigo, 196 Canadian AECL, 121 Civil uses Cantabria, 52, 221, 222 medicine, 21 Capital and foreign business of nuclear energy, 36, 41, 71, organizations, 125 90n21 Careaga, Pedro de, 86 radioactive isotopes in Carle, Rémy, 178n10 pharmacology, 200 282 Index

Civil War, 38, 80, 98, 99, 104, 107, Conseil Européen pour la Recherche 155 Nucléaire (CERN), 107, 111, Climate change, v, 10 112, 114, 190 Coal, 6, 25n18, 53, 74, 77, 194, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones 223, 227, 230, 233, 235, 237 Científicas (CSIC), 72, 89n13, Cofrentes NPP, 133 98, 99, 104, 106, 112 Cold War, x, 3, 9, 12, 50, 72, 156, Conservative governments, 50 159 Construcciones Nucleares SA Colin, Claude, 163 (CONUSA), 40 Colino, Antonio, 90n27 Constructora Pirenaica (COPISA), Columbia, 89n16, 232 165 Combustion Engineering (CE), 131, Consultancies, 39, 40 209n18 Controls, 38 Comité franco-espagnol d’Échanges Coral I reactor, 171 Techniques, 163 Costa Morata, Pedro, 51, 63n62 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cowles Foundation report, 223 (CEA), 13, 29n56, 158–164, Crédit National, 167 166, 168–172, 175, 177n9 Cuba, 8 Compagnie de Constructions Czech Republic, 12 Mécaniques Procédés Sulzer, 181n38 Compagnie d’Entreprises Électriques D Mécaniques et de Travaux De la Torre, Joseba, 1, 29n57, Publics, 181n38 29n58, 29n60, 30n61, 30n63, Compagnie Electro-Mécanique, 32n72, 33–57, 69, 87n1, 181n38 88n3, 88–89n6, 89n9, 91n30, Compagnie Générale d’Electricité, 92n46, 119–152, 207n3, 158, 181n38 213n57, 220, 244n17, 247n51 Compagnie Générale des Matières Degrémont, 165 Nucléaires (COGEMA), 172 Degussa, 191, 192, 194–196 Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie Demag AG, 192 Sans Fil, 181n38 Democracy, transition period, viii, Compagnie Industrielle de Travaux, 49, 51, 52, 157, 173, 207 181n38 Denmark, 89n16 Confederation of Small and Developmentalism, 40–45, 53, 197, Medium-Sized Enterprises 229 (CEPYME), 54 Development Plan, 20, 45, 60n28, Congo, 101 201 Index 283

Development Plan, the Fifth, 167 Electric utilities Diplomatic services, 196 electrical-banking oligopoly, 67 See also Economic diplomacy electrical-banks, 80 Dirección General de Energía electrical companies, 73–76, 132 Nuclear (General-Directorate electrical engineering, 197 of Nuclear Energy), 222 electrical networks, 13 Dollar electric lobby, 69, 70, 77, 224 appreciation, 140 electro-nuclear lobby, ix, 57 devaluation, 8, 10 lobbying electricity, 19 devaluation of the Peseta, 174 Électricité de France (EDF), 158 exchange rate of, 5, 140 Electricity suspension of the convertibility, 135 electrical restrictions, 38, 78 DON project, 111 electricity demand, 6, 12, 14, 17, Douro, river, 52 53, 217, 218, 222, 224, 242 Dragados y Construcciones SA, 79 electricity interconnection lines, Duran Farell, Pere, 164 87 Düsseldorf, 191, 209n19 electricity utilities, privatization, 9 electrification, 4, 227 El Páramo project, 133 E Eltwiller Program (the first five-year Eastern Europe, 9, 10, 27n31, 123 nuclear programme), 191 East Germany, 12, 20, 121 Empresa Nacional de Electricidad SA Ebasco, 47 (ENDESA), 78, 90n19, Ebro river, 44, 52, 125 95n87, 133, 134, 145, Economic assistance programme, 73 152n91, 172 Economic crises, 8, 125, 138, 139 Empresa Nacional de Residuos Economic diplomacy, ix, 48, 125–138 Radiactivos SA (ENRESA), 166 Economies of scale, 13 Empresa Nacional del Uranio SA Edison Electric Institute, 131 (ENUSA), 21, 46, 47, 49, 55, EEC Memorandum (European 172, 202, 213n61, 231, 233 Economic Community Empresa Nacional Hidroeléctrica del Memorandum), 206 Ribagorzana (ENHER), 134, Egypt, vi, 9 162, 164, 167, 180n26, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1, 19, 23n1, 181n33, 185n74 37, 71, 89n11 Empresarios Agrupados S.A., 21, 47, Eléctrica del Viesgo, 39 171, 205 Eléctricas Reunidas de Zaragoza, S.A Energía e Industria Aragonesas, S.A. (ERZ), 134, 206, 215n79 (EIASA), 195, 206 284 Index

Energy Europe, 6, 9, 27n29, 44, 51, 52, dependency of fossil fuels, 6, 7, 100, 101, 114, 123, 128, 168, 221 172, 198, 205 crisis, 10, 53, 56, 224 European Association of Nuclear energy growth, 4, 229 Scientists, 37 energy industry, 26n26, 68, 224 European Atomic Energy Society energy mix, 22, 218, 234, 236, (EAES), 190, 200 237, 245n21 European Atomic Forum (Foratom), energy planning, 4, 13, 217–247 190 energy policy, 3, 8, 22, 34, 35, 39, European Economic Community 49, 53, 56, 68, 229, 236, 237 (EEC), 157, 168, 206 energy supply, 224 European Nuclear Energy Agency external energy dependence, 218, (ENEA), 5, 29n56, 190 227, 229, 230, 234, 242 European Treaty of Rome, 5 primary consumption, 5, 225, European Union (EU), v, 5, 9 228, 229 Euskadi ta Askatuna (ETA), xiv, See also Oil crisis xxvii, 53, 138, 157 England, 41, 75, 81, 93n62 Experimental reactor, xiii, 40, 83, 158 Entrecanales y Tavora, 165 Experts, viii, ix, 3, 16, 33, 34, 38, Entrepeñas, Buendía and Bolarque, 45, 48, 50, 60n26, 63n65, 78, 201 94n73, 111, 163, 171, 173 Entrepose, 165 Export Credit Agreements (ECAs), 17 Environment and Development, Export-Import Bank (Eximbank), ix, United Nations Conference, 10 xiii, 9, 37, 48, 49, 68, 120, Environmentalism, 8 124, 126–129, 132, 136–138, Eptisa, 47, 199, 205 140–144, 164, 167, 201, 202, Equipamientos Nucleares SA, 47 205, 232, 233 Equipos Nucleares S.A. (ENSA), xvi, Exporting nuclear facilities, 124 21, 46, 47, 95n90, 171, 202, Extremadura, 52 206, 233 Erice, José Sebastián, 91n33 Escatron thermal plant, 132, 133, F 136 Failure, 14, 55, 157, 161, 193, 203, Escombreras, thermal plant, 92n40 224 Essen, 202 See also Breakdown Euratom, 5, 45, 77, 127, 171, 190 Federal Ministry for Scientific Eurochemic project, 190 Research (West Germany), Eurodif, 55, 172, 173, 213n61 189, 199 Eurokopter, 203 Fessenheim NPP, 159, 160, 179n16 Index 285

Fierro Group, 171 Foro Atomico Espanol (FAE), 40, Financial and military agreements of 59n14, 64n75, 86 1953, 125 Framatome Proyectos Industriales Financial Protocol, French-Spanish, S.A., 171 163 Franc devaluation, 174 Financial rescue, xiv, 57, 144 France, vi, ix, x, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, Financing 20, 26n20, 37, 48, 61n34, amortizations, 138, 141, 143 62n52, 100, 145n5, 146n9, costs, external, 17, 124, 141–143 189, 190, 198, 231, 238, 243 credit terms, 59n22, 124, 140 Franco-Américaine de Constructions financing agreements, 188 Atomiques (Framatome), 160 financial assistance, 113, 136, Franco, Francisco, 78, 184n61 195, 201, 203 Franco’s dictatorship, xiii, 146n15, financial conditions, 164, 167, 184n68, 202 201 Franco-Américaine de Constructions financial credit, 17, 33, 129, 143, Atomiques (Framatome), 160 144, 201, 233 Francoism, 38, 49 financial facilities, 17, 68, 120–124 Francoist policy, 73 financial limitations, 42, 69, 141, French National Assembly, 161 195 French Nuclear Programme, 103, financing agreements, 80, 125 104 financing of nuclear power French Technological Exposition, 163 plants, 3 French Treasury, 167 financing of nuclear power Frewer, Hans, 187, 188 projects, 17 Friedman, Milton, 9 nuclear budgets, 55, 189, 190 Fuel imports, 73 repayment, 129, 138–145 Fuel production cycle, 202 subsidized loans, 9 See also Integral fuel production Finland, 8, 12, 124 cycle Fives-Cail-Babcock, 171 Fuentes Quintana, Enrique, 54, Fives-Lille-Cail, 158 63n66 Fluido Eléctrcio SA, 79 Fuerzas Eléctricas de Cataluña Ford, Gerald, 48, 231 (FECSA), 133, 134, 162, 164, Foreign capital, 38, 41, 126, 156 165, 167, 180n26 Foreign currency, 40, 41, 59n22, 80, Fuerzas Eléctricas del Noroeste SA 202, 223 (FENOSA), 134, 135 Foreign technology, vii, 41, 44 Fuerzas Eléctricas del Segre S.A., Forges et Ateliers du Creusot, 180n26 181n38 Fukushima, accident, v 286 Index

G Gesellschaft zur Wiederaufarbeitung Galicia, 52 von Kernbrennstoffen mbH Gallego Málaga, Martín, 56, 57, (GWK), 193 64n80, 65n82, 80, 138, 139, Ghesa, 47, 205 151n76, 151n78, 151n85, Gibbs& Hill Inc., 47, 128, 205 152n91 Goded, F., 90n27 García Vinuesa, A., 90n27 Golden age, viii, 5–8, 10 Garnica Echevarría, Pablo, 93n61 Goldschmidt, Bertrand, 90n22, Garoña, Santa María de NPP, xiv, 43, 177n9 44, 47, 48, 128, 129, 133, Gómez-Mendoza, Antonio, 69, 89n7 162, 164, 166, 167, 182n42, Gortázar, Manuel, 83, 90n27, 197, 222, 247n50 95n90 Gas, 6, 25n18, 25–26n20, 159, 227, Gösgen-Däniken NPP, 205 237 Göttingen, 104, 106, 190, 193 Gaulle, Charles de, 156, 158, 159, Graphitwerk Kropfmühl AG, 194 166, 190, 192, 193 Great Depression, 5, 8 Gaviría, Mario, 51, 63n62 Greece, 231 Gaztelu, José María, 86 Groupement Atomique Alsacienne- Gelsenberg AG, 193 Atlantique (GAAA), 158, General Agreement on Tariffs and 181n38 Trade (GATT), 5, 146n16 Groupement pour les Neutrons General Electric Company, 37 Rapides, 171 General Electric Technical Services Grundremmingen NPP, 197 (Getsco), 129 Grupo Interuniversitario de Física General Eléctrica Española, 83 Teórica (GIFT), 108, 111, Generations of nuclear power, 43, 112, 114 45, 132 Guipúzcoa, 221, 222 Geneva, 29n56, 39, 70, 71 Gutiérrez-Cortines, Manuel, 41, 42, Geological and Mining Institute of 92n42, 222, 223 Spain, 193 Gutiérrez Jodrá, Luis, 71, 90n18, German Atomic Commission, 191 106 German consortium, 137 Germany, v, vi, ix, x, 6, 13, 15, 21, 48, 61n34, 62n52, 68, H 100, 129, 157, 171, 173, Harrisburg, accident, 3, 55 174, 185n77, 187, 231, Harwell, NPP, 73, 75 233 Hayek, Friedrich, 9 German Institute for Reactor Safety, Heisenberg, Werner Karl, 104, 105, 204 191 Index 287

Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, The, Ibernuclear SA, 199, 200 236, 237 IMI for SELNI, 127 Hernández Rubio, Julio, 199, 202, Import Substitution Industrialization 205, 206 (ISI), 13, 37 Hetch, Gabrielle, 2 Indatom, 158, 181n38 HIC, 134, 135 India, vi, 12, 14, 15, 29n57, 49, Hidroeléctrica de Cataluña S.A. 145n5, 147n23 (HECSA), 162 Industrial Atomic Institution, 83 Hidroeléctrica del Chorro, 82 Industrial engineers, 36, 39 Hidroeléctrica Española (Hidrola), INI Economic Studies Service, 56 39, 52, 82, 83, 130, 197, 221 Installing nuclear reactors Hidro-Nitro SA, 90n19 (localization), 51 High-voltage grid, 54 Institute for Reactor Safety (West Hiroshima, 100, 114n1 Germany), 204 Hispanic-German meeting on Institute of Nuclear Power nuclear safety, 203 Operations (INPO), 10 Hispano-Francesa de Energía Instituto de Crédito a Medio y Largo Nuclear S.A. (HIFRENSA), Plazo, 167 164, 165, 184n64 Instituto de Física Teórica de Altas Hoechst, 191, 193 Energías, FTAE, 110 Hoechst AG, 193, 208n12 Instituto Energía Nuclear (IEN), Holland, 205 107, 108 Horowitz, Jules, 159 Instituto Español de Moneda Huesca, 195 Extranjera (Foreing Currency Human capital, training, 103–109, Institute, IEM), 59n14 112, 113 Instituto Nacional de Industria See also Learning by doing (National Institute of Industry Hungary, vi, 12 (INI), 101, 172 Hydro-electrical resources, 73 Interatom (Internationale Hydrological production, 180n28 Atomreaktorbau GmbH), 192, 195, 203, 205, 210n29 International Atomic Energy Agency I (IAEA), vi, 5, 23n2, 108, Iberdrola, 89n7, 172 182n45, 190 Iberduero SA, 30n66, 39, 45, 72, International banks, 142, 144 81–85, 90n20, 95n87, 129, International General Electric Co., 131, 133, 134, 138, 148n33, 92n47 148n47, 149n59, 210n30, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 221 5, 125, 146n16 288 Index

Iran, 12, 48, 146n9, 185n77, 205, Karlsruhe, 210n25 231 Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre Iron Curtain, 2, 8, 124 (Kernforschungszentrum Irta NPP, xiii, 44, 52, 130, 135, 198 Karlsruhe, KFK), 187, 191 Islero, Project, 114n1, 116n31, KECO, 127 184n62 Kindelan, Juan Manuel, 65n82 Israel, 12, 89n16 Kissinger, Henry, 136 Italy, 27n36, 37, 89n16, 103, 104, Know-how, vi, 192, 207, 239, 243 115n3, 121, 141, 145n5, Kraftwerk Union AG (KWU AG), 146n9, 157, 178n10, 185n77, 187 198, 231 Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), 201, 206

J Japan, vi, 2, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 29n55, L 37, 50, 62n52, 100–102, 113, La Hague nuclear fuel reprocessing 121, 122, 129, 145n5, 178n10, plan, 169 198, 231, 236 La Latina NPP, 178n10 JAPC, 127 Laboratorio de Investigaciones JEN-1 reactor, 105 Físicas, 99 JEN-2 reactor, 105 Latin America, 9, 13, 171 Jeumont-Schneider, 181n38 Learning by doing, 7, 126, 165, 239 Júcar-Turia project, 203 learning curve, 44 Jülich, 196 learning effects, 14 Jülich Research Centre learning process for technicians, (Kernforschungsanlage 36, 47 Jülich, KFA), 191 process of globalization of Junta de Energía Nuclear (Board of knowledge-based services, 204 Nuclear energy, JEN), 40, training course, 37, 107, 108 58n4, 103, 163, 189, 193, training programmes, 105 210n23, 215n77 training school, 175 Junta para Ampliación de Estudios training staff and workforces, 137 (JAE), 98, 99 training technicians, 72, 113, 194 Juzbado factory, 21, 233 Lebanon, 89n16 Lemoniz NPP, 45, 47, 53, 57, 130, 133, 137, 140, 148n47, 173, K 201 Kahl am Rhein NPP, 191, 197 Les Floristán, Alfredo, 202, 206 Kansai Eletric Power Co., 127 Les Verts Ecologist Party, 161 Index 289

Leybold, 194 Marcoule nuclear complex, 158, Libya, 8 163, 169, 174, 179n17 Lithuania, 12 Martín-Artajo, José Ignacio, 58n2, Load of fuel, 167 102 LOCA, 204 Massachusets Institute of Technology Local authorities, 54 (MIT), 107 Local opposition, 51, 170 Massip, José María, 90n21 Lodge, John Davis, 73 Max Planck Institute for Physics Loire River, 168 (West Germany), 190 López Bravo, Gregorio, 34, 40, Mecánica de la Peña SA, 46 42–45, 60n26, 163–165, Mediterranean Sea, 44 181n35, 196, 198, 211n42, Mendoza, Carlos, 85, 86 212n43 Merlin et Guerin, 181n38 López de Letona, José María, 45 Mertz & McLean, 47 Lugano, 200 Messmer Plan, 160 Mestre, Carmen, 56, 57, 64n80 Metallgesellschaft AG, 192 M Mexico, 12, 65n83 Mac Veigh, Jaime, 41, 42, 59n22, Middle East, 171 86, 219–221, 224, 225, Military uses 243n7 learning curve, 44, 45, 128 Madrid, xiii, xiv, 26n26, 43, 49, 51, learning effects, 14 72, 86, 93n49, 99, 104, 105, learning process for technicians, 111, 112, 125, 136, 137, 128 148n36, 150n68, 150n70, process of globalization of 150n71, 171, 189, 193, 194, knowledge-based services, 204 196, 199, 203, 211n38, training course, 104 212n43, 212n44, 214n64, training programmes, 104 214n67, 221, 222, 231, 238, training school, 105, 128 242 training staff and workforces, 137 Magaña, Luis, 56, 63n65 training technicians, 37 Magnox reactors, 121, 178n10 Moderators, 25–26n20, 159, 191 Manchester, 75 Mol, 190 Mandel, Heinrich, 192, 208n12 Moncloa facilities, xiii, 203 Manhattan project, 1, 36, 100 Moncloa Pacts, xxvi, 53, 54, 63n66 Manzanares, incident, xiv, 51 Monetary fluctuations, 202 See also Accidents Monopsony, 15 Maquinista Terrestre y Marítima SA, Moreno, Andrés, 93n49 47 Muguruza, Ignacio, 81 290 Index

Multinationals, ix, 6, 41, 44–49, Not-perfectly-competitive-market, 15 165, 202 NPP, xiii, xiv, 27n36, 136 Municipalities, 51, 52, 162, 170, NRG, 205 205 Nuclear business, ix, 67–96, 121 Muñoz Grandes, Agustín, 184n61 Nuclear ecosystem, 3, 189–193 Muñoz, Juan, 64n74, 70, 89n10, Nuclear Energy Law, 43 225 Nuclear exceptionalism, 2 Murcia, 52 Nuclear fuel reload market, 232 MZFR, 197 Nuclear industry, vii, xiii, 13, 14, 37, 43, 92n37, 108, 120, 150n64, 151n80, 156, 157, 161, 165, N 190, 193–197, 207, 219, 240 Nagasaki, 100, 114n1 Nuclear legislation (WG), 191 Narcea coal plant, 232 Nuclear management National defence, 101 bidders, 128, 131 National Electricity Plan, The First, bidding process, 130, 136, 137, 130, 224 171 National electricity plans, xiv, 18, bidding Trillo, 136 60n28, 131, 200 decision-making process, ix, 4, 5, National Energy Plans, 54, 224, 225, 12, 17, 34, 206 246n42 delays, 14, 49, 55, 77, 132, 217, Nationalization of the electric sector, 218 78 domestic industrial participation, Nationalization of the high-voltage 132 line, 54 engineering services, 33, 199, 239 Navarra, xiv marketing of plants, 203 Neutron economy, 189, 200 nuclear cluster, 240–242 New York, 39, 131 public nuclear budget, 3, 189 New York Times, The, 93n49 Nuclear moratorium, vii, xiv, 21, 22, Neyrpic, 163, 181n38 33, 55, 57, 76, 120, 144, 173, Niederaichbach NPP, 197 226 Niger, 157, 172 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Nixon, Richard, 48 (NPT), xiv, 49, 169, 196, 207 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Nuclear optimism, 219–227 (NATO), 90n21, 160 Nuclear pessimism, 2 North Korea, 12 Nuclear pioneering countries, 13 Not in my backyard, 50 Nuclear Power Group of England, See also Antinuclear movements 128 Index 291

Nuclear programs, vi–x, xiii, 2, 6, NUCLENOR, 39, 44, 78, 84–86, 10, 13, 17–23, 29n60, 33, 125, 128, 129 65n83, 67–70, 75, 76, 86, 87, See also Centrales Nucleares del 89n6, 119–121, 125, 132, Norte 135, 137, 140, 142, 189–191, Nucleocrats, 161 193–196, 198–200, 202, NUCNET, v 218–221, 229, 239, 242, 243 Nukem, 192, 193, 195 Nuclear reactors boiling light water reactors (BWR or SWR), 26n20, 159, 192 O boiling-water reactors, 121 Oak Ridge, facilities, 37 gas-cooled reactors, 120, 128 Obninsk NPP, 6 heavy water reactor (HWR) Obrigheim NPP, 197 (Schwerwassereaktor), 192, Oil crisis, 202, 224, 227, 230, 235 196, 197 Oil prices, v, 8, 135 light water reactor, 7, 26n20, 43, Oliart, Alberto, 54, 63n65, 64n70 120, 121, 125, 169, 192 Oligopoly, 15, 16, 40, 55, 67 moderators for the reactors, 191 Organisation for Economic pressurized water reactors (PWR Cooperation and Development or DWR ), 159, 166, 171, 192 (OECD), 29n56, 190 Rapsodie fast-breeder, 161 Organisation for European sodium cooled fast breeder, 198 Economic Co-operation swimming-pool reactor, 194 (OEEC), 5, 24n9, 29n56, 37 test reactor, 191, 194, 195 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Nuclear Regulatory Commission Countries (OPEC), 8 (NRC), 205–207, 214n75 Oriol y Urquijo, José Mª, 64n78 Nuclear Research Society, 203 Orsay, research centre, 163 Nuclear Safety Council (Consejo de Ortiz Fornaguera, Ramón, 105, 106 Seguridad Nuclear (CSN), xiv, Ostpolitik, 202 55 Otero y Navascués, José Mª, 31n67, See also Spanish regulatory agency 36, 58n3, 58n4, 102, 104–107, Nuclear Suppliers Group, 48–49 110, 113, 115n15, 115n16, Nuclear technology, expansion of 115n17, 116n21, 116n22, western countries, 120 116n29, 163, 180–181n30, Nuclear weapons, 12, 49, 91n35, 193, 196, 210n23, 210n25, 184n63 210n29, 213n58 See also Military uses Outlier, 18 Nuclear-powered nations, 11, 12 Oyster Creek, facilities (NJ), 7, 121 292 Index

P Private Funding Corporation Pacific ocean, 50 (PEFCO), 150n65 Pakistan, vi, 12, 14, 65n83, 202 Pro-market, 6 Palewski, Gaston, 163, 182n48 Propaganda, 35, 50, 51, 190 Palomares, bombs, xiii, 51 Proyectos Industriales S.A., 171 See also Accidents Public opinion, 41, 49, 56, 162 Paris Treaty, 190 Public opposition, 14, 139 Participation of Spanish industry, 20, Public trust, 138 77, 164, 165, 167 Pueyo, Javier, 58n11, 69, 89n7, Pascual Martínez, Francisco, 206, 207 210n30 Patents, 16, 71, 160, 165, 172 Punta Endata NPP, 132, 140, Peacefull uses, agreements for 149n59 co-operation in, 12, 19, 91n35 Pyrenees, 163, 172, 174 Péchiney, 158, 181n38 Peñíscola, 52 Pennsylvania, 44, 106 R Petroleum, 26n26, 74, 139, 218, Radioactive isotopes, 200 227, 230, 234–237 See also Civil uses Peyrefitte, Alain, 163, 181n34, Radioactive water, accident, xiv, 51 183n55 See also Manzanares, incident Phénix fast-breeder reactor, 161, 171 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 98, 99 Philippines, 17 Rapsodie experimental fast-breeder Pierrelatte isotope separation plant, reactor, 161 159 Raw material, 26n26, 72, 76, 159 Pinay, Antoine, 163 Reactor Safety Commission, 191 Pioneers, vi, 18, 22, 35, 48 Reactors manufacturers, 15, 16, 20, Pittsburgh, 37, 62n50 125, 128, 149n61 Planell, Joaquín, 36, 37, 42, 72, 73, Reaktor-Brennelement Union 76–78 (RBU), 205 Plettner, Bernhard, 212n47 Red Eléctrica de España, 163 Plumer, Brad, 16, 28n46, 28n49 Redonet, José Luis, 90n27 Plural Left coalition, 162 Regodola NPP, 137, 173 Poblat d’Hifrensa, 184n65 Regulations, xiv, 8, 14, 91n36, 189, Poland, vi, 9 206, 233 Pompidou, Georges, 159 Reloads, 182n47, 233 Portugal, 14, 131, 166, 231 nuclear fuel reload market, 232 Pre-authorized projects, vii, 18, 128, Rheinisch-Westfälisches 130, 132, 133, 135 Elektrizitätswerks AG Pretsch, Joachim (Dr), 195 (RWE), 191, 192 Index 293

Rio de Janeiro, 10 Sánchez, Luis, 63n62, 69, 87n1, Rio Tinto Zinc Co, 192 88n4, 95n87, 95n88 Rockefeller Foundation, 99 Sánchez-Sánchez, Esther M., 30n66, Rodríguez Sahagún, Agustin, 64n71 69, 89n8, 176n4, 176n5, Romania, 12 177n8, 180n27, 181n31, Romero Ortiz de Villacián, José, 181n32, 182n40, 185n80, 193, 210n26 208n4 Rotaeche, Jesús María, 83 Santander, 105, 129 Rubí–La Gaudière interconnection Santillan NPP, 136 line, 169 Sayago NPP, 140 Rubio, Ricardo, 72 Scandone, Francesco, 102 Rubio-Varas, M.d. Mar, 1–23, Schimmelbusch, Heinz, 193–195, 25n12, 29n57, 29n58, 29n60, 210n25, 210n29, 213n58 30n61, 30n63, 32n72, 62n55, Schneider group, 160 69, 87n1, 88n3, 88n6, 89n9, Schnell-Brüter-Kernkraftwerks 91n30, 92n46, 119, 217, 220, Gesellschaft mbH (SBK), 244n17, 244n19, 246n41, 202 246n46, 247n51 Schnurr, Wahlter, 202 School of Industrial Engineering of Bilbao (EIIB), 78, 84, 94n73 S Schwartz-Hautmont, 165 Saclay, research centre, 163 Scientific system, 2, 50, 98 Safety, v, 40, 43, 48, 149n56, 162, Second World War, 36, 100, 113 170, 197, 198, 200, 203, 204, Segura river, 201 207, 242 Sener, 47, 65n83 radioactive waste, 160 Sercobe, 44, 47 radioactivty, 50, 101, 182n45 Serrano, Ángel, 64n74, 70, 89n10, risks, 2, 55 225 waste issues, 16 Sevillana de Electricidad SA, 39, Saint Gobain Nucléaire, 158 90n19, 130, 149n52, 221 Saint Gobain Techniques Nouvelles, Seville, 80, 108 172, 181n38 shippingport facilities, 6, 44 Saint Laurent des Eaux 1 and 2, Siemens, 62n51, 188, 192, 197, 199, NPPs, 158, 168 201, 205, 213n55 Salamanca, 21, 233 Siemens Industria Eléctrica, 62n51, Salomon Brothers Agency, 57 188, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, San Francisco, 131 213n55 Sánchez del Río, Carlos, 90n18, 105, Siemens, Peter von, 205 106, 193 Siemens-AEG, 131, 188, 199 294 Index

Siemens-Schuckerwerke AG (SSW), Spanish Confederation of 212n47 Entrepreneurs'Organizations Simons Ltd, 47 (CEOE), 54, 152n88 Slovakia, 12 Spanish reactors, vii, 21, 73, 126, Slovenia, 12 136, 179n17 Smith & Barney C, 167 Spanish regulatory agency (CSN), Socialist government, vii, 56, 144 234 Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Spanish-French Nuclear Conference, Obrero Español, PSOE), 50 163 Sociedad Ibérica de Construcciones Spent fuel, v, 126, 172, 174 Eléctricas, 82 Stabilization plan, 125 Société d'Etudes et d'Entreprises Standard Eléctrica, 93n55 Nucléaires (SEEN), 158 Standardization, 14, 15, 17 Société Hispano-Alsacienne, 181n38 State intervention, 6, 15, 38 Société Industrielle Delattre-Levivier, State owned enterprises (SOE), 9 181n38 Stein & Roubaix, 95n90, 158, Société Parisienne pour l’Industrie 181n38 Electrique, 181n38 Stein & Roubaix Española SA, 47 Société pour l'Industrie Atomique Stoltenberg, Gerhard, 196, 198, (SOCIA), 164, 165 209n13, 211n42, 212n43 Society for the Study of Physics Strauss, Franz Josef, 191, 193 (Physialische Suanzes, Juan Antonio, 36, 38, Studiengesellschaft, PSG), 191 58n6, 60n25, 77, 81, 83, 85, SOFRELEC, 172 89n13, 90n19 Solana, Javier, 62n56 Suárez Candeira, Daniel, 86, Solchaga, Carlos, 56 90n19 Soria, 172 Sub-Saharan Africa, 171 Sortir du Nucléaire, 180n24 Sudrià, Carles, 58n11, 69, 89n7, See also Antinuclear movements 210n30, 246–247n48 South Africa, 12, 231 Superphénix fast-breeder reactor, South Korea, vii, 12, 13, 15–18, 20, 161, 171 29n60, 48, 122, 141, 231, 240 sustainability, 10 Soviet Bloc, 13 Svedberg, Theodor, 89n13 Soviet Union, vi, 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 45, Sweden, 12, 13, 15, 16, 37, 185n77, 100, 121, 158, 159, 174, 231 236 Spanish Atomic Forum (FAE), 40, Swimming pool reactor, xiii 86, 95n88, 144 Switzerland, 12, 39, 89n16, 104, Spanish Banking Board, 80 122, 124, 205, 236 Index 295

T Torrontegui, Alejandro, 83, 85, Tagus River, 201 90n27, 93n54, 93n56, Taipower, 127 93n59 Taiwan, vii, 12, 13, 48, 127, 231 Tricastin facilities, 172 Tarragona, 162 Trillo (Guadalajara), 200 Technical assistance Trillo NPP, x, 21, 136, 187, 233, technological alternatives, 6, 234 189 Truman, Harry S., 89n12 technological learning, 14, 36 Turnkey contracts, 44, 47, 125 Technicatome, 185n74 Turnkey projects, xiii, 7, 16, 18, 20, Technological content, vii, 167 29n57, 121, 126, 147n23, See also Technical assistance 164, 240 Technological equipment, 44 Technology transfer technological dependence, 80, U 242 Ugine Kuhlmann, 181n38 technological leaders, ix, 22, 129 Ukraine, 9, 12, 15 transfer of nuclear technology, 17, Ultracentrifuge Netherland N.V., 37, 53 193 Technopolitics, 2 UNGG technology, 159, 160, 162, Tecnatom SA, xiii, 21, 40, 41, 48, 165, 166, 175, 178n10 84, 86, 125, 128, 221, 240, Unidad Eléctrica SA (UNESA), 38, 243n7 45, 54, 61n43, 77–81, 87, Técnicas Nucleares SA, 40 92n38, 93n51, 130, 144, 162, Técnicas Reunidas SA, 47 220, 223, 224, 228, 234 Tepco, 127 Unión Eléctrica Madrileña S.A. Thailand, 231 (UEM), 34, 45, 81, 85, 125, Thermal energy, 26n26, 73 126, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, Third Reich, 190 193, 195, 199, 201, 202, Third World, 159 205–207, 221, 232, 233, Thomson-Houston, 158 243n7 Three Mile Island (TMI), accident, Uniquesa, 40 2, 8, 10, 11, 161 United Kingdom (UK), vi, 1, 6, 12, See also Harrisburg, accident 16, 20, 26n20, 37, 41, 61n34, Tihange NPP, 160 62n52, 73, 100, 101, 121, TMI effect, 8 146n9, 156–158, 165, Tokai NPP, 178n10 178n10, 179n14, 185n77, Torres, Manuel de, 90n18, 244n13 190, 191, 198, 231 296 Index

United Kingdom Atomic Energy enriched uranium, xxv, 21, Authority (UKAEA), 13, 38, 25n20, 35, 37, 43, 46, 55, 83, 165, 189 92n37, 121, 125, 126, 129, United Nations (UN), 1, 10, 70, 159, 166, 167, 172, 173, 156, 223 178n13, 189, 192, 196–198, United States Atomic Energy 200, 202, 206, 230–234, 242 Commission (AEC), 70, 126, enriched uranium cycle, 126 205 enriched uranium, monopoly, United States of America (USA), vii, 121, 202 ix, xxvi, 1, 6–8, 12, 14–16, 20, enrichment plant, 76, 231 21, 27n36, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, monopolistic supply of enriched 45, 46, 48, 52, 55, 68, 76, uranium, 231 120–122, 124–126, 132, natural uranium, x, xiii, 21, 38, 135–138, 188, 190, 191, 193, 76, 103, 159, 166, 167, 172, 195–198, 202, 206, 230–232 174, 178n13, 192, 195–198, Uranit, 193 200, 231 Uranium natural uranium moderated, Andujar, mining, 30n64, 196 26n20, 195