Recreación De Algoritmos De Conteo Para El Grado Octavo

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Recreación De Algoritmos De Conteo Para El Grado Octavo Recreaci´onde algoritmos de conteo para el grado octavo Luis Humberto Parra Vargas Codigo:´ 01186539 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Maestr´ıa en Ensenanza~ de las Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Bogota,´ D.C. Julio de 2013 Recreaci´onde algoritmos de conteo para el grado octavo Luis Humberto Parra Vargas Codigo:´ 01186539 Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al t´ıtulo de Magister en Ensenanza~ de las Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Director MSc. Pedro Nel Pacheco Duran´ Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Maestr´ıa en Ensenanza~ de las Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Bogota,´ D.C. Julio de 2013 T´ıtuloen espa~nol Recreaci´onde algoritmos de conteo para el grado octavo Title in English Recreation counting algorithms for the eighth grade Resumen: A trav´esde una unidad did´acticaorganizada sobre tres diferentes problemas basados en juegos y contextos de inter´espara los estudiantes, se dise~nanactividades que permiten ilustrar las nociones: principio fundamental del conteo, permutaci´on,variaci´on y combinaci´on, soportando la estructuraci´on metodol´ogica de la propuesta en una revisi´onde diferentes aspectos asociados al concepto a desarrollar, tales como su origen hist´orico,el desarrollo del pensamiento combinatorio, investigaciones sobre la ense~nanza de la combinatoria y la clasificaci´onde los problemas de conteo. Para los estudiantes se proponen instrumentos que permiten el trabajo individual, en equipo y que facilitan la soluci´onde problemas sobre conteo en diferentes contextos. Abstract: Through a didactic sequence organized on three different problems based on games and contexts of interest to students, activities which are designed to illustrate the concepts: the fundamental principle of counting, permutation, combination and variation, supporting the structuring of the proposed methodology on a review of various aspects associated with the concept to be developed, such as its historical origin, the development of combinatorial thinking, research on teaching combinatorics and classification of counting problems. For students propose instruments for individual work in teams and to facilitate troubleshooting of counting in different contexts. Palabras clave: Ense~nanzade la estad´ıstica,t´ecnicasde conteo, permutaciones, combi- naciones, variaciones. Keywords: Teaching of statistics, counting techniques, permutations, combinations, va- riations. Nota de aceptaci´on Trabajo de tesis Jurado Jurado Director Pedro Nel Pacheco Dur´an Bogot´a,D.C., Julio de 2013 ´Indice general ´Indice general I ´Indice de tablas III ´Indice de figuras IV Introducci´on V 1. Referente Hist´orico 1 2. Referente Pedag´ogicoy Epistemol´ogico 4 2.1. Razonamiento combinatorio . .4 2.2. Investigaciones sobre la ense~nanzade la combinatoria . .6 3. Referente Disciplinar 9 3.1. Principio fundamental del conteo . 10 3.2. Permutaci´on . 10 3.3. Variaciones . 11 3.4. Combinaciones . 11 4. Unidad Did´actica 13 4.1. Secuencia did´acticaCreo mi Avatar . 14 4.2. Gu´ıasde trabajo para estudiantes: Secuencia did´acticaCreo mi Avatar. 16 4.2.1. Gu´ıade trabajo individual . 16 4.2.2. Gu´ıade trabajo grupal . 17 4.2.3. Gu´ıade aplicaci´on. 18 4.2.4. Gu´ıade contexto . 20 4.3. Secuencia did´acticaSill´onSimpson . 21 I ´INDICE GENERAL II 4.4. Gu´ıasde trabajo para estudiantes: Secuencia did´acticaSill´onSimpson . 23 4.4.1. Gu´ıade trabajo individual. 23 4.4.2. Gu´ıade trabajo grupal . 24 4.4.3. Gu´ıade contexto . 26 4.5. Secuencia did´acticaMusic Mixer . 27 4.6. Gu´ıasde trabajo para estudiantes: Secuencia did´acticaMusic Mixer . 30 4.6.1. Gu´ıade trabajo grupal . 30 4.6.2. Gu´ıade contexto . 32 Conclusiones 33 Recomendaciones 35 Bibliograf´ıa 36 ´Indice de tablas 2.1. Investigaciones sobre la ense~nanzade la combinatoria citadas en [12]. .8 4.1. Secuencia did´acticapara la actividad Creo mi Avatar . 15 4.2. Secuencia did´acticapara la actividad Sill´onSimpson . 22 4.3. Secuencia did´acticapara la actividad Music Mixer. 29 III ´Indice de figuras 1.1. Secuencias de hexagramas del I Ching. Tomado de Zweig [28] . .2 1.2. Los 231 puentes del Sefer Yetzirah. Tomado de Zweig [28] . .2 4.1. Representaci´onde Avatar por tipo de cabello y tipo de ojos . 14 4.2. Organizaci´onde los Simpson en el sill´on. 21 4.3. Imagen de entrada de la aplicaci´onMusic Mixer de National Geographic. 27 4.4. Selecci´ontono, volumen y clave en Music Mixer de National Geographic. 28 IV Introducci´on En los Est´andaresB´asicosde Competencias en Matem´aticasdel Ministerio de Educa- ci´onNacional el conteo est´aubicado dentro del pensamiento aleatorio y los sistemas de datos, junto a tem´aticascomo la estad´ısticadescriptiva, la probabilidad, el muestreo y la inferencia; resalt´andoseque el tratamiento de estos conceptos va m´asall´ade aprender las f´ormulas para calcular la media, la mediana o la varianza, se busca avanzar gradualmente en el desarrollo de habilidades combinatorias para encontrar todas las soluciones posibles dentro de ciertas condiciones, estimar si son equiprobables y asignarles probabilidades num´ericas[15]. La propuesta de los est´andaresresalta la necesidad de pasar de la operatoria mec´anica a niveles superiores de an´alisisde problemas como los considerados en el conteo, dise~nar una estrategia pedag´ogicapara alcanzar este salto en los niveles de competencia es parte de la formulaci´ondel presente trabajo, brindando referentes concretos y motivadores que permitan la recreaci´onde los procesos propios del conteo y su aplicaci´onen diferentes contextos. Para el caso particular del Colegio Nacional Nicol´asEsguerra, la estructura de los planes curriculares de matem´aticasse basa en los est´andaresdel Ministerio de Educaci´onNacional, involucrando dentro de las tem´aticasa desarrollar el conteo, sin embargo, desde la organizaci´onde los docentes en el aula no siempre se hace un desarrollo formal del tema, ya sea por la considerable dedicaci´onen tiempo que tradicionalmente se da a los sistemas algebraicos o por la limitaci´ona un enfoque operativo en su desarrollo. Cuando la combinatoria se presenta expl´ıcitamente como unidad tem´aticao cuando se consideran problemas de tipo combinatorio, una de las dificultades que se identifica en la manera como los estudiantes de la Instituci´onenfrentan y solucionan problemas asociados al conteo, es la falta de estrategias combinatorias que les permitan explorar las diferentes alternativas para solucionar un problema o listar la diversidad de posibles formas en que se da una situaci´onparticular, conduci´endolo a un an´alisisincorrecto, superficial o parcial del contexto que se le propone. Al respecto Campos et al [4], identifican y clasifican los errores com´unmente cometidos por los estudiantes en la soluci´onde problemas combinatorios, mencionando: la carencia de alg´untipo de operaci´ono falta de utilizaci´onde una estrategia, el uso de operaciones inadecuadas, el fijar elementos dentro del problema y la elaboraci´on de listados incompletos. Al plantear una propuesta en torno a solucionar problemas o tratar situaciones aso- ciadas al conteo un cuestionamiento resultante es s´ıel desarrollo cognoscitivo de los estu- diantes permite alcanzar los niveles de generalizaci´onpropuestos y s´ıestas generalizaciones pueden ser utilizadas en los contextos apropiados. Dentro de las investigaciones sobre el te- ma, este momento se relaciona con la formalizaci´onde un tipo de pensamiento denominado V INTRODUCCION´ VI combinatorio, Piaget e Inhelder [21], lo asocian con el alcance del nivel de las operaciones formales logrado durante la adolescencia. Sin embargo, autores como Fisbein [9], consi- deran que el desarrollo de un pensamiento combinatorio y por tanto de la capacidad de resolver problemas como los propuestos desde las t´ecnicasde conteo deja de alcanzarse durante la adolescencia si la persona recibe poca o ninguna preparaci´onsobre el tema. Uno de los efectos que se puede se~nalarde este inadecuado manejo est´aen las dificultades que enfrenta el estudiante en ´areascomo la probabilidad, la estad´ısticay posteriormente en campos asociados a la matem´aticadiscreta. Con relaci´ona la ense~nanzade la combinatoria, G´omez[12] menciona su flexibilidad de adaptaci´ona diferentes niveles educativos, su aporte al desarrollo del pensamiento sistem´atico,la aplicaci´ona diversos campos y el conducir al descubrimiento de nuevos co- nocimientos matem´aticos.Estas consideraciones y la necesidad de involucrar activamente el conteo dentro de la estructura curricular de matem´aticaspresentan un referente pa- ra la formulaci´onde una estrategia did´acticaque busca desarrollar procesos inductivos asociados al conteo. Desde una perspectiva hist´orica,el conteo se fundament´odentro de operaciones con objetos concretos y en relaci´oncon el concepto de n´umero.La necesidad de contar pas´odes- de los intereses cotidianos, m´ısticos,astrol´ogicos,lexicogr´aficos,a los relacionados con los juegos de azar, donde se ha ubicado el principio sistematizador de la combinatoria, se construye y estructura el campo te´oricoque posteriormente fundament´ola probabilidad. La historia y el desarrollo cognoscitivo de los j´ovenes se vinculan en la manipulaci´onde objetos concretos como punto de partida para el posterior tratamiento de estructuras aso- ciadas al pensamiento combinatorio, de igual forma nos sugiere emplear el juego como una estrategia de motivaci´onen la b´usquedade soluciones a problemas espec´ıficosy su generalizaci´ona situaciones de diferentes contextos. Al respecto del juego como elemento de referencia en la fundamentaci´onte´oricadel
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