DOCSLIB.ORG

Relationship Among Stress of Labor, Support, and Childbirth Experience in Postpartum Mothers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Relationship Among Stress of Labor, Support, and Childbirth Experience in Postpartum Mothers Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2009 Relationship Among Stress of Labor, Support, and Childbirth Experience in Postpartum Mothers Sasamon Srisuthisak Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Maternal, Child Health and Neonatal Nursing Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1916 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG STRESS OF LABOR, SUPPORT, AND EXPERIENCE OF CHILDBIRTH IN POSTPARTUM MOTHERS by SASAMON SRISUTHISAK Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia ii © Sasamon Srisuthisak August, 2009 All Rights Reserved iii Acknowledgement This dissertation would not have been possible without support of several people. I would like to express deepest gratitude to my dissertation chair, Dr. Jacqueline M. McGrath, who provided not only academic guidance, but also emotional support during the trying time when I got lost with my dissertation. She was very kind and patient with me throughout the dissertation process. She always kept me updated about new literature related to my dissertation. Without her help and encouragement, I certainly would not have completed this project. I also would like to extend my deepest appreciation to the other members of my dissertation committee for their encouragement, support, and critiques of drafts of my manuscript. First, to Dr. Judith A. Lewis, who provided in-depth knowledge and expertise in the field of maternal and child nursing and directed me to the right path for finishing the doctoral study. Second, to Dr. Martha W. Moon, who gave advice for a good research study I could do within a limited time frame and showed her understanding as well as helped editing my English language. Third, to Dr. Dianne F. Simons, who shared her expertise in how to formulate a good survey questionnaire and assisted me to create the questionnaire that was used to collect data. Without their help and support, I positively would not have finished this dissertation. iv It would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the support and help of two other faculty members of VCU School of Nursing. First, to Dr. Janet B. Younger, Associate Dean, who gave me the permission to modify her stress sub-scale and used it as one of the tools in this project. Second, to Dr. Inez Tuck, the former Director of the doctoral program was very kind and supportive during the time of excessive stress. My sincere thanks also go to the staff, School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University for their help and support. My appreciation also goes to Arlene Yuan for her support, encouragement, and help editing my English language. My best regards also goes to my participants who volunteer to fill out the questionnaire just because they want to help me finish the program. I would like to acknowledge my sponsor, the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, which gave me an opportunity to further my studies in USA. Finally, my thanks go to the School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University for financial support on my dissertation and tuition during the last two years of my study. v Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements............................................................................................................ iii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................x List of Figures................................................................................................................... xii Abstract............................................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.................................................................1 Background and Significance........................................................................1 Statement of Purpose.....................................................................................6 Conceptual Theoretical Empirical Framework .............................................8 Definition of Terms .....................................................................................15 Summary .....................................................................................................16 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..........17 The Conceptual Framework ........................................................................17 Personal factors.....................................................................................18 The Interpretation of Labor Pain...........................................................19 Perceived Benefits or Barrier to Pain Management Strategies .............20 Participation in Decision Making..........................................................21 Initial Contact with the Baby Following Birth......................................22 vi Support Received from The nursing staff .............................................22 Positive or Negative Evaluation of the Childbirth Experience .............23 Historical Development of Childbirth in the United States ........................24 The Gate Control Theory ............................................................................32 Pain associated with Labor..........................................................................33 Labor Pain Management Strategies.............................................................35 Perception of the Childbirth Experience .....................................................39 Support ........................................................................................................40 Summary .....................................................................................................42 3 METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................43 Research Design..........................................................................................43 Sample and Setting......................................................................................43 Sample Selection and Recruitment..............................................................44 Instruments and Measures...........................................................................46 The Questionnaire Measuring Attitudes About Labor and Delivery Experience.............................................................................................46 The Stress of Labor Pain Scale..............................................................50 Demographic Questionnaire..................................................................51 Data Collection............................................................................................51 Research Subject Protection..................................................................52 vii Data Analysis ..............................................................................................53 Summary .....................................................................................................55 4 FINDINGS.......................................................................................................57 Demographic Characteristics of the Sample ...............................................58 Specific Aim 1: Factors Related to a Positive Childbirth Experience ........61 Assessment of Normal Distribution of the Model Variables ......................61 Descriptive Statistics for the Model Variables............................................74 Specific Aims 2: Correlational Analysis.....................................................77 Relationship between the Dependent Variable and Independent Variables......................................................................................................82 Relationship among Independent Variables ...............................................82 Specific Aim 3: Hierarchical Regression Analysis .....................................83 Summary .....................................................................................................87 5 DISCUSSION..................................................................................................89 Representative of the Sample......................................................................89 Factors Contributing to a Positive Childbirth Experience...........................92 Predictors of a Positive Perception of the Childbirth Experience ..............97 Limitations.................................................................................................100 Implication for Research ...........................................................................101 Implication for Practice.............................................................................102 viii Summary ...................................................................................................102 References........................................................................................................................104 Appendices A The Questionnaire Measuring Attitude About Labor and Delivery Experience......................................................................................................117
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WATER BIRTH in a MATERNITY Hospital of the SUPPLEMENTARY HEALTH SECTOR in SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL: a CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
    1 Original Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072016002180015 WATER BIRTH IN A MATERNITY HOSPITAL OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY HEALTH SECTOR IN SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Tânia Regina Scheidt1, Odaléa Maria Brüggemann2 1 M.Sc. in Nursing. Obstetric Nurse, Maternidade Carmela Dutra Hospital. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. E-mail: ainatrs@ gmail.com 2 Ph.D in Obstetrics. Professor, Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Researcher Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the prevalence of water births in a maternity hospital of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and to investigate the association between sociodemographic and obstetric variables and water birth. The sample consisted of 973 women who had normal births between June 2007 and May 2013. Data was analyzed through descriptive and bivariate statistics, and estimated prevalence and tested associations through the use of the chi-square test; the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio were calculated. The prevalence of water births was 13.7%. Of the 153 women who had water birth, most were aged between 20 to 34 years old (122), had a companion (112), a college degree (136), were primiparous (101), had a pregnancy without complications (129) and were admitted in active labor (94). There was no association between sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric outcomes in the bivariate and multivariate analyses and in the adjusted model. Only women with private sources for payment had the opportunity to give birth in water.
    [Show full text]
  • Giving Birth Like a Cavewoman the Uses of Anthropology in Childbirth Education Sallie Han, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Anthropology
    Giving Birth Like a Cavewoman The Uses of Anthropology in Childbirth Education Sallie Han, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Anthropology ANTHROPOLOGY AND CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION NATURAL OR NORMAL? Advocates and activists of natural childbirth today regard as critical the preparation of pregnant women and their partners. From their “Natural” childbirth offers a perspective, raising awareness about ideas and practices of critique of ideas and practices pregnancy and parturition across cultures and societies and in that have come to define history will lead to better choices, experiences, and outcomes in “normal” birth in the United childbirth. States today: To this end, the natural childbirth movement has been based in books and birthing classes, whose authors and teachers incorporate insights that they credit to anthropology. “Unfortunately, we – especially in the United States – have become increasingly mechanized, so that today we feel very strongly that if we can take anything out of human hands and especially out of the human heart and “Isn‟t that like not having put it through a machine, we have made anesthesia during surgery?” progress” -- anthropologist Ashley a co-worker remarked to Montagu, in the 1981 “Foreword” to Kerri, a woman in my study Husband-Coached Childbirth. who planned not to use analgesia during labor and An important and meaningful use of anthropology in childbirth delivery. education has been to expose the “unnatural” conditions in which women in the United States give birth. Another important and meaningful use of anthropology in childbirth education has been to “reclaim” practices that have been tried and true in other times and in other places.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report the Social Construction.Pdf
    SMALL GRANTS 2013/2014 FINAL REPORT »THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MEDICALIZATION OF PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH« Principal Investigator: Mirko Prosen, M.Sc., Senior Lecturer September 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT’S AIMS ................................................................................... 3 2. THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 3 3. METHODS, PROCEDURES, AND SAMPLING ........................................................................ 5 4. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS ........................................................................................... 10 5. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 23 1. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT’S AIMS Pregnancy and childbirth in every society reflect societal values. During the last century (in Slovenia after World War II), medicine, medical interventions, and medical technology became indispensable elements of societal control over these otherwise natural phenomena. Based on Conrad and Schneiders’ (1992) sequential model of medicalization, we can confirm that in Slovenia both pregnancy and childbirth are fully medicalized. This raises three questions that need to be answered: How do women experience and accept medicalization through their own pregnancy and birth experiences and what is their relationship towards natural childbirth? How do medical staff working in obstetrics clinics perceive and experience the
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Lamaze Technique of Preparation for Childbirth
    Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects Nursing, School of 1970 One Measure of Success: A Study of the Lamaze Technique of Preparation for Childbirth Cynthia L. Ketchum Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/nursing_honproj Part of the Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Ketchum, Cynthia L., "One Measure of Success: A Study of the Lamaze Technique of Preparation for Childbirth" (1970). Honors Projects. 27. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/nursing_honproj/27 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by School of Nursing faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. l11inois Wesleyan Univ. Librariils Blooming: on. Ill. 6170) G OF A i3TUby ION CHILDPIHTH SPECIAL COLLECTIONS Cynthia L. Ketchum II Hubmitted for Eonors �ork in the 001 of ing Illinois Wesleyan University Rloomio on, Illinois lC,70 With deepest appreclation to husban; and family with- out whose eneOiJrar.-;eruent and assistEIl"lCe this oJ'o!j ect could not; 'Je b en unde!"tai\':-:n a:,d cornpleted.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience Natural Childbirth Or Run a Marathon!! NATURAL CHILDBIRTH MARATHON
    Lamaze Healthy Birth Class Labor in a Day – Lamaze Parts 1 & 2 We have compiled this helpful packet of information on planning for the most important day of your lives … welcoming your wee one! Please read and prepare your mind, body and spirit for this day of intense emotion and physical concentration. Childbirth is powerful. Women are strong. You can do it! Lamaze Part 1 – Trusted Websites: Get the App! EvidenceBasedBirth.org Lamaze Pregnancy to Parenting ScienceAndSensibility.org for Android or Apple Lamaze.Org READ: ChildbirthConnection.org Giving Birth with Confidence- the HealthyBirthClass.com Official Lamaze Guide Fundamentals of Birth • Birth is normal, natural and healthy. • Women have an innate ability to give birth. • The experience of birth profoundly affects women and their families. • Women's confidence and ability to give birth is either enhanced or diminished by the care provider and place of birth. • Women have the right to give birth free from routine medical interventions. • Birth can safely take place in homes, birth centers and hospitals. • Lamaze childbirth education empowers women to make informed choices in healthcare and take responsibility for their health, and to trust their innate ability to give birth. Healthy Birth Practices http://www.lamaze.org/healthybirthpractices Delayed Cord Clamping Evidence Science & Sensibility - http://bit.ly/2tDUsPF http://bit.ly/2szWTEm World Health Organization - http://bit.ly/2s4TuKz http://bit.ly/2tDveB9 ACNM Position Statement: http://bit.ly/2t42MuK ACOG Committee Opinion,
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Childbirth on Screen in 1950S Britain
    BJHS 50(3): 473–493, September 2017. © British Society for the History of Science 2017. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0007087417000607 ‘Drawing aside the curtain’: natural childbirth on screen in 1950s Britain SALIM AL-GAILANI* Abstract. This article recovers the importance of film, and its relations to other media, in com- municating the philosophies and methods of ‘natural childbirth’ in the post-war period. It focuses on an educational film made in South Africa around 1950 by controversial British phys- ician Grantly Dick-Read, who had achieved international fame with bestselling books arguing that relaxation and education, not drugs, were the keys to freeing women from pain in child- birth. But he soon came to regard the ‘vivid’ medium of film as a more effective means of disseminating the ‘truth of [his] mission’ to audiences who might never have read his books. I reconstruct the history of a film that played a vital role in teaching Dick-Read’s method to both the medical profession and the first generation of Western women to express their dissat- isfaction with highly drugged, hospitalized maternity care. The article explains why advocates of natural childbirth such as Dick-Read became convinced of the value of film as a tool for recruiting supporters and discrediting rivals. Along the way, it offers insight into the British medical film industry and the challenges associated with producing, distributing and screening a depiction of birth considered unusually graphic for the time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Lamaze Practices on the Outcome of Pregnancy and Labor in Primgravida Women
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296 The Effect of Lamaze Practices on the Outcome of Pregnancy and Labor in Primgravida Women Shital V Waghmare1, Dr. Sheela Upendra2, Sheetal Barde3 1Symbiosis College of Nursing, Pune, India 2Associate Professor, Symbiosis College of Nursing, Pune, India 3Symbiosis College of Nursing, Pune, India Abstract: Background: The present study discussed the effect of Lamaze practices on the outcome of pregnancy and labor in primgravida women referring to selected hospital of Pune city. Methods: This study was a controlled semi-experimental clinical trial. Samples included 70 selected women referring to selected hospitals in Tehran. The subjects were divided into control and study group. Study group received Lamaze technique included a training program for the study group containing 6 sessions. In each session, various subjects based on educational program were taught. Subjects were followed from 24-26 weeks of pregnancy to 24 hours after delivery. A checklist and a questionnaire were used for collecting the data. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The findings showed the subjects were the same regarding demographic characteristics and level of knowledge concerning various methods of labor and Lamaze technique. There was no significant difference between two groups regarding the type of delivery, longitude of the first stage of delivery and the first and fifth minute APGAR score as well as mean gestational age. But, a significant difference in frequency of normal vaginal delivery and forceps or vacuum usage between two groups was mentioned (p). Discussion: The findings showed Lamaze practices can increase satisfaction of labor process.
    [Show full text]
  • Childbirth We Thank the Czech Organisation SPMP ČR - Inclusion Czech Republic for Their Support
    Childbirth We thank the Czech organisation SPMP ČR - Inclusion Czech Republic for their support. This booklet was made according to the Czech version which was developed by SPMP ČR Childbirth and illustrated by Helena Neubertova, Prooko. The booklet is available at: www.spmpcr.cz and www.uzvim.org. This booklet will teach you: Published by: Sožitje Association What is childbirth Edited by: Mateja Turk Translation and linguistic revision: Soglasnik Language Cooperative What can a pregnant woman do Revision and adaptation of easy-to-read content in Slovenian: during childbirth Mario Bogar, Mario Hainc, Magda Janžekovič, Marjetka Levar, Jožica Stropnik, and Tatjana Knapp Expert revision: How does a pregnant woman know Vojka Lipovšek Polc, Vera Resnik, and Saša Fužir Illustrations: Peter Gaber that childbirth has started Design: Kalipso d.o.o. Available free of charge www.zveza-sozitje.si/Childbirth What can a pregnant woman expect 1st digital edition, 2019 to happen at the maternity ward What happens during childbirth What happens after childbirth Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani What is the post-natal period COBISS.SI-ID=301561088 ISBN 978-961-6828-17-8 (pdf) How to take care of the baby Pregnancy ends with childbirth Pregnancy is when a baby is growing inside a woman’s body. A woman can get pregnant if she has sexual intercourse with a man. This means that the man inserts his aroused penis in her vagina. At the end of sexual intercourse the man ejects sperm into the woman’s vagina. In the uterus inside the woman’s body, the male sperm unites with the egg.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Impact of Blossom's Natural Childbirth Prep Course on Women's Childbirth Experience Florence Oxenham
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Projects and Capstones Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Fall 12-15-2017 Oh Baby! Evaluating the Impact of Blossom's Natural Childbirth Prep Course on Women's Childbirth Experience Florence Oxenham Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone Part of the Maternal and Child Health Commons Recommended Citation Oxenham, Florence, "Oh Baby! Evaluating the Impact of Blossom's Natural Childbirth Prep Course on Women's Childbirth Experience" (2017). Master's Projects and Capstones. 664. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/664 This Project/Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Projects and Capstones by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running head: EVALUATING BLOSSOM’S NATURAL CHILDBIRTH COURSE 1 Oh Baby! Evaluating the Impact of Blossom’s Natural Childbirth Prep Course on Women’s Childbirth Experience Florence Oxenham MPH Candidate 2017 University of San Francisco EVALUATING BLOSSOM’S NATURAL CHILDBIRTH COURSE 2 Table of Contents Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 4 Maternal Mortality
    [Show full text]
  • Hormonal Physiology of Childbearing: Evidence and Implications for Women, Babies, and Maternity Care
    Hormonal Physiology of Childbearing: Evidence and Implications for Women, Babies, and Maternity Care Sarah J. Buckley January 2015 Childbirth Connection A Program of the National Partnership for Women & Families About the National Partnership for Women & Families At the National Partnership for Women & Families, we believe that actions speak louder than words, and for four decades we have fought for every major policy advance that has helped women and families. Today, we promote reproductive and maternal-newborn health and rights, access to quality, affordable health care, fairness in the workplace, and policies that help women and men meet the dual demands of work and family. Our goal is to create a society that is free, fair and just, where nobody has to experi- ence discrimination, all workplaces are family friendly and no family is without quality, affordable health care and real economic security. Founded in 1971 as the Women’s Legal Defense Fund, the National Partnership for Women & Families is a nonprofit, nonpartisan 501(c)3 organization located in Washington, D.C. About Childbirth Connection Programs Founded in 1918 as Maternity Center Association, Childbirth Connection became a core program of the National Partnership for Women & Families in 2014. Throughout its history, Childbirth Connection pioneered strategies to promote safe, effective evidence-based maternity care, improve maternity care policy and quality, and help women navigate the complex health care system and make informed deci- sions about their care. Childbirth Connection Programs serve as a voice for the needs and interests of childbearing women and families, and work to improve the quality and value of maternity care through consumer engagement and health system transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases, and Drugs
    NEONATOLOGY: MANAGEMENT, PROCEDURES, ON-CALL PROBLEMS, DISEASES, AND DRUGS 5th Edition. (2004) Tricia Lacy Gomella, MD Part-Time Assistant Professor of Pediatrics The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Associate Editors M. Douglas Cunningham, MD Clinical Professor, Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of California, Irvine Vice President for Special Projects Pediatrix Medical Group Orange, California Fabien G. Eyal, MD Professor of Pediatrics Chief and Louise Lenoir Locke Professor of Neonatology Medical Director, Intensive Care Nurseries University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital Mobile, Alabama Karin E. Zenk, PharmD, FASHP Practice Consultant and Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division Copyright 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies NEONATOLOGY: MANAGEMENT, PROCEDURES, ON-CALL PROBLEMS, DISEASES, AND DRUGS - 5th Ed. (2004) FRONT MATTER TITLE PAGE a LANGE clinical manual Neonatology: Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases, and Drugs - fifth edition Editor Tricia Lacy Gomella, MD Part-Time Assistant Professor of Pediatrics The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Associate Editors M. Douglas Cunningham, MD Clinical Professor, Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of California, Irvine Vice President for Special Projects Pediatrix Medical
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Medicated Childbirth in a Tertiary Medical Center: a Survey of Attitudes Among Obstetricians
    Gynecology & Obstetrics Case report 2020 ISSN 2471-8165 Vol.6 No.4 Non-medicated Childbirth in a Tertiary Medical Center: A survey of Attitudes among Obstetricians Ma. Kristina A. Quetulio St. Luke’s Medical Centre, Quezon City, Philippines Abstract Natural childbirth is vaginal labor and delivery with limited to with studies only few patients undergo non-medicated childbirth. no medical intervention; it can involve a spread of choices; from This was a qualitative study survey exploring the attitudes on the doctor you select to the pain relief you employ. Because non-medicated childbirth among obstetricians practicing at a you’ll be using your own body and instincts rather than tertiary medical Centre. Most of the participants believed that defaulting to medical intervention, natural birth methods may they were educated on non-medicated childbirth, however, but cause you to feel more empowered throughout the method of half the participants routinely discussed it to their patients and delivery. may convince to undergo non-medicated childbirth. Factors like knowledge on alternative methods, demand of your time, Natural childbirth is delivery without advantage of powerful pain decision-making, availability of birth facilities, influence of birth medications. Childbirth is any delivery without powerful pain companions and malpractice litigations, all contributed to medications. Whether your child is born naturally after careful obstetricians’ attitude on non-medicated childbirth. preparation in childbirth classes or born on the thanks to the hospital within the back of your car without advantage of Some women who choose childbirth prefer to deliver during a medication or medical assistance, it's a natural birth.
    [Show full text]