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WILLIAM CHESELDEN SOME of HIS CONTEMPORARIES, and THEIR AMERICAN PUPILS by FRANCIS R

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WILLIAM CHESELDEN SOME of HIS CONTEMPORARIES, and THEIR AMERICAN PUPILS by FRANCIS R WILLIAM CHESELDEN SOME OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES, AND THEIR AMERICAN PUPILS By FRANCIS R. PACKARD, M.D. PHILADELPHIA N THE seventeenth century the of the men on whose foundations the superiority of French surgery others built. They are of importance over that of other nations was in the early history of surgery in this quite generally, even if grudg- country because of their American pu- ingly, conceded. In his “Siècle de Louispils, men like Thomas Cadwalader, Ixiv,” Voltaire wrote: James Lloyd and John Jones, who were Let us not pass over in silence the most the pioneers in the development of useful of all arts, that in which the French American surgery, and due to whose surpass all nations in the world—I mean example and advice young American surgery, of which the progress was so students went over in ever-increasing rapid, and so celebrated in this age, that numbers to avail themselves of the ad- people came to Paris from the extremities vantages of study in London. of Europe, for all those cures and opera- The predominating figure in English tions which required more than usual surgery during the first half of the dexterity; not solely were there excellent eighteenth century was William Chesel- surgeons in France but it was even in this den (1688-1752). He began the study country alone, that the instruments neces- of medicine at an early age, for in 1703, sary to this science were perfectly manu- when but fifteen years old he became factured. This country furnished all its neighbors with them; and I learn, from a pupil of William Cowper, the famous the celebrated Cheselden, that he, for the anatomist who described Cowper’s first time, in 1715, caused to be manufac- glands. Later he became apprenticed to tured [in England] the instruments of his James Feme, at St. Thomas’s Hospital. art. Feme was especially licensed by the But with the early years of the eight- hospital authorities to cut for stone, eenth century Clio Medica, “the Medi- and it was probably his association with cal Muse” of Sir William Osler crossed Feme that led to Cheselden’s subse- the Channel, and for a century the lead- quent interest in the operation of lithot- ership in surgery was in the hands of omy. Cheselden began giving private the English and Scotch, and London courses in anatomy in 1710, and in was the center of the best surgical 1713 published his “Anatomy of the teaching and practice in the world. Humane Body,” a very popular book We are all familiar with the great which went through many editions. In London surgeons of the latter half of his dedication of the book to Sir Rich- the eighteenth century. John Hunter, ard Mead, Cheselden expresses his grat- Abernethy and others are well-known itude to Mead for his help and encour- figures, but with the exception of agement in writing it. Cheselden and Pott we know much less In 1718 Cheselden was elected assist- ant surgeon to St. Thomas’s Hospital, the Transactions he described the and in the following year full surgeon, operation of iridectomy, or forming an a position he held until 1738. artificial pupil by making a slit in the In 1723 Cheselden published a iris. “Treatise on the High Operation for Cheselden was appointed surgeon to Stone,” in which he describes his Queen Caroline in 1727, but not long method of performing suprapubic after lost his favor at Court, because lithotomy. This occasioned a violent at- he had requested that he should be al- tack on Cheselden by Dr. John Doug- lowed to perforate the ear drum of a las, a Scotch surgeon practicing in deaf criminal who had been sentenced London, where he was surgeon-lithoto- to be hanged, in order to study the ef- mist to the Westminster Hospital. fect of the operation on the hearing. Douglas had just published a book, The convict was to be pardoned if he “Lithotomia Douglassiana, a New consented to the operation. Cheselden Method of Cutting for Stone,” in which says the man was taken ill and the he also described a method of perform- operation had to be deferred “during ing lithotomy by the suprapubic route. which time there was so great a public In a pamphlet entitled “Lithotomia clamor raised against it, that it was aft- Castratus,” which he published anony- erwards thought fit to forbid it.” When mously, Douglas accused Cheselden of the Queen suffered her last illness, a plagiary, notwithstanding the fact that strangulated umbilical hernia, a few Cheselden in his book had spoken in years later Cheselden was not called in high terms of Douglas’ book and had attendance. fully acknowledged his indebtedness to In 1723 Cheselden published his su- Pierre Franco and others. Shortly after- perb “Osteographia, or the Anatomy of wards Cheselden abandoned the high the Bones,” a beautifully illustrated or suprapubic operation in favor of his folio. In this excellent work Cheselden famous lateral operation through the not only gives very full descriptions perineum. This operation was based with accurate figures of the bones of on that devised by Rau, the Dutch the human body, but also many illus- lithotomist, who had studied the meth- trations of the bones of various animals, ods employed by Frère Jacques, the and it thus constitutes one of the first famous itinerant lithotomist, and im- well-illustrated books on comparative proved on them considerably. Chesel- anatomy. There is much humor as well den in turn devised a better operation as taste shown in the arrangement of than that of Rau. He is said to have the illustrations. Thus the skeleton of frequently employed less than a minute the cat is shown in an attitude of alarm, in removing a stone from the bladder. with raised back and tail, facing the In 1728 Cheselden published a paper skeleton of a dog. A heron’s skeleton is in the Philosophical Transactions of depicted with that of a fish in its bill, the Royal Society which created a great and the skeleton of a crocodile is wind- sensation. Cheselden had operated on ing its way with a pyramid in the back- a boy of thirteen for congenital cata- ground. The frontispiece represents ract, and in this paper he wrote a vivid Galen gazing at the skeleton of a bandit account of the boy’s experiences and who had been killed by some wayfarers sensations when he was able to see for he had attempted to rob. His body, left the first time. In the same volume of by the wayside, was soon stripped of its Ill ust rati ons from Ches eld en ’s “OsTEOGRAPHIA, OR THE ANATOMY OF THE BONES” fleshly integuments, and his skeleton the most noted and the most deserving in remained for Galen’s contemplation. the whole profession of chirurgery, and The animosity of Dr. John Douglas was has saved the lives of thousands by his again aroused by this publication and manner of cutting for stone. he gave vent to his spleen in a pam- Pope has commemorated his name in a phlet entitled “Animadversions on a couple of lines: late Pompous Book entituled ‘Osteogra- I’ll do what Mead and Cheselden advise, phia, or the Anatomy of the Bones,’ by To keep these limbs and to preserve these William Cheselden.” eyes. When St. George’s Hospital was founded in 1733-34 Cheselden was Jonathan Richardson, a well-known elected one of the surgeons and a few artist, wrote the following poetical ef- years later became consulting surgeon. fusion to Pope, after he had recovered In 1737 he was elected surgeon to Chel- from an illness: sea Hospital, and in the following year . Cheselden with candid wile, he resigned from St. Thomas’s. John Detains his guest; the ready Lares smile. Hunter was one of Cheselden’s pupils Good Chiron, so within his welcome bower, Received of verse the mild and sacred power, at Chelsea Hospital in 1749 and worked With anxious skill supplied the best relief, under him until Cheselden was inca- And healed with balm and soft discourse pacitated by an apoplectic stroke in his grief. J751- In 1732 a boy of twelve, named Cheselden was one of the two last Richard Yeo, wrote a poem to Chesel- wardens of the United Company of den entitled “The Grateful Patient,” Barbers and Surgeons, and it was proba- which Sir Benjamin Richardson quotes bly chiefly his influence and that of from the Gentlemans Magazine of John Ranby, the King’s sergeant sur- 1732. Cheselden had operated on Rich- geon, which brought about the separa- ard for a stone in the bladder. After tion of the Company into the two dis- describing the suffering he had under- tinct corporations of the Surgeons and gone prior to the operation, he con- Barbers in 1745. After having suffered tinues: a stroke of apoplexy in 1751, Cheselden retired to Bath, where he died April 10, The work was in a moment done, 1752. He was buried in the grounds of If possible without a groan, So swift thy hand I could not feel Chelsea Hospital. The progress of the cutting steel. Cheselden was a fine character, a man Aeneas could not less endure, of great culture and broad views. Sir Though Venus did attend the cure. B. W. Richardson quotes the following Not her soft touch, nor hand divine, interesting passage from a letter of Performed more tenderly than thine When by her help lapis own’d, Pope to Swift. Pope had been ill in The barbed arrow left the wound.
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