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1 Manners, Science and Politics Notes 1 Manners, science and politics 1. ]. Bord, 'Whiggery, science and administration: Grenville and Lord Henry Petty in the Ministry of All the Talents, 1806-7', Historical Research, 76 (2003), 108-127. 2. L.G. MitchelI, The Whig World, 1760-1837 (London: Hambledon and London, 2005); Holland Hause (London: Duckworth, 1980). 3. Henry Edward, Lord Holland (ed.), Henry Richard Vassall, Lord Holland, Memoirs of the Whig Party During My Time (London: Longman, Green, Brown and Longmans, 1852), I, pp. 45-55; Lord Stavordale (ed.), Henry Richard Vassall, Lord Holland, Further Memoirs of the Whig Party with Same Miscellaneous Reminiscences, 1807-1821 (London: John Murray, 1905), pp. 370-375. 4. H. Brougham, Discourse of the Objects, Advantages and Pleasures of Seience (2nd edn, London: Baldwin and Cradock, 1827), p. 6. 5. R. Yeo, Defining Seience: William Whewell, Natural Knowledge and Public Debate in Early Victorian Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 28-48, see p. 29. 6. See]. Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Govemment in Victorian Britain (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 73-75, for an overview; E.A. Wasson, Whig Renaissance: Lord Althorp and the Whig Party, 1782-1845 (New York and London: Garland, 1987); 'The coalitions of 1827 and the crisis of Whig leadership', Historical Journal, 20 (1977), 587-606. 7. Parry, Rise and Fall of Liberal Govemment, p. 167; L.G. MitchelI, Charles James Fox (London: Penguin, 1997), p. 195. Fifty-two self-described 'Whigs' were returned in 1847, while Fox identified sixty-nine Foxites in 1802. 8. See L.G. MitchelI, 'Foxite politics and the great reform bill', English Historical Review, 108 (1993), 338-364; Lord Melboume, 1779-1848 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 3-40, 142-210. 9. C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (London: Fontana, 1993), pp. 12-13. 10. N. Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, 1832-1852 (Oxford: Cl aren don Press, 1965), esp. chs. 5-6, pp. 119-200; Aristocracy and People, Britain 1815-1865 (London: Edward Arnold, revs. edn 1983), pp. 156-186. 11. P. Mandler, Aristocratic Govemment in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830-1852 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990). 12. R. Brent, Liberal Anglican Politics: Whiggery, Religion and Reform 1830-1841 (Oxford: Cl aren don, 1987). 13. D. Forbes, The Liberal Anglican Idea of History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952). 151 152 Notes 14. ].W. Burrow, Whigs and Liberals: Continuity and Change in English Politieal Thought (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988). 15. Signally in ].G.A. Pocock 'The varieties of Whiggism from Exclusion to Reform: a history of ideology and discourse', Virtue, Commeree, and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 215-310. 16. Ibid. and ].G.A. Pocock, The Maehiavellian Moment: Florentine Politieal Thought and the Atlantie Republiean Tradition (2nd edn, Princeton, N] and London: Princeton University Press, 2003), pp. 546-547. 17. B. Hilton, A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England 1783-1846 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006), pp. 309-371, 439-492, esp. pp. 439-441, in the context of 'The politics of anatomy and an anatomy of politics, c.1825- 1850', in S. Collini, R. Whatmore, and B. Young (eds), History, Religion and Culture: British Intelleetual History, 1750-1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 179-197; Corn, Cash, Commeree: The Economie Policies of the Tory Govemments, 1815-1830 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 303-314; and especially The Age of Atonement: The Influ­ enee of Evangelicalism on Social and Economie Thought, 1785-1865 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), pp. 147-162. 18. T.A. ]enkins, Gladstone, Whiggery and the Liberal Party, 1874-1886 (Oxford: Cl aren don, 1988). 19. Parry, Rise and Fall ofLiberal Govemment, pp. 167-303, esp. pp. 274-289. 20. Ibid., p. In. 21. Gash, Reaetion and Reconstruetion, pp. 157-200, esp. pp. 157-169. Leslie Mitchell points to a pattern set before the French Revolution: Charles fames Fox, 'In Foxite Society', pp. 94-107. 22. T. Macaulay, 'War of the succession in Spain', Edinburgh Review Uanuary, 1833], in A.]. Grieve (ed.) Critical and Historical Essays by Thomas Babington Maeaulay (2 vols, London: Dent, 1907), II, p. 111. 23. Hilton, 'The politics of anatomy and an anatomy of politics', pp. 190-194. 24. W.H.G. Armytage, 'Charles Watson-Wentworth, Second Marquess of Rock­ ingham, ER.S. (1730-1782): some aspects of his scientific interests', Notes and Records ofthe Royal Society ofLondon, 12 (1) (1956), 64-76. 25. I. Kramnick, Bolingbroke and his Circ/e: The Polities of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 139. For Bolingbroke's rejection of empiricism, see ibid., p. 45. Kramnick's point is consistent with Reed Browning, Political and Constitutiollal Ideas of the Court Whigs (Baton Rouge, LA and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1982); Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthsman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959); H.T. Dickinson, Walpole and the Whig Supremacy (London: English Universities Press, 1973) and Liberty and Property: Politieal Ideology in Eighteenth Century Britain (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977). 26. Reed Browning indicates the Ciceronian structure of Court Whig ideology, Politieal and Constitutional Ideas of the Court Whigs, pp. 175-256, particu­ larly of the court conception of the balanced constitution, ibid., pp. 245, 252; ].H. Plumb, Sir Robert Walpole: The King's Minister (London: The Cres­ set Press, 1960); ].B. Owen, The Rise ofthe Pelhams (London: Methuen and Company, 1957); R. Browning, The Duke of Newcastle (New Haven CT, Notes 153 and London: Yale University Press, 1975); S. Ayling, The EIder Pitt, Earl of Chatham (London: Collins, 1976). 27. L.S. ]acyna, Philosophie Whigs: Medicine, Scienee and Citizenship in Edinburgh, 1789-1848 (London, New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 31. 28. Dickinson, Liberty and Property, p. 145. 29. FrankIin to Cadwallader Evans, 7 September 1769, mentioned in V.W. Crane, 'The Club of Honest Whigs: The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd. Series 23 (1966), 210-233, 211. 30. Ibid.; and see for context Robbins, Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthsman, pp. 320-377. 31. D.P. Miller, 'The "Hardwicke Circle": the Whig supremacy and its demise in the 18th-century Royal Society', Notes and Reeords ofthe Royal Society of Landon, 52 (1998), 73-91. 32. Ibid., 81-83; S. Schaffer, 'The consuming flame: electrical showmen and Tory mystics in the world of goods', in R. Porter and]. Brewer (eds), Con­ sumption and the World ofGoods (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 489-526. 33. On the Whig side, see M. ]acob, The Newtonians and the English Revolu­ tion, 1689-1720 (Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1976), and for an example of Newtonian Hanoverianism, see].T. Desaguliers, The Newtonian System ofthe World, the Best Model ofGovernment: An Allegorieal Poem (Westminster, 1728), cited in Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727-1783 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 11. For Toryism, see A. Guerrini, 'The Tory Newtonians: Gregory, Pitcairne and their circle', Journal ofBritish Studies, 25 (1986), 288-311. 34. For this parallel between lohn Trenchard and Walter Moyle (d.1721) and Bolingbroke, see Isaac Kramnick, Bolingbroke and his Circle, pp. 138-139, 255-256. 35. M.C. ]acob and L. Stewart, Practieal Matter: Newton's Scienee in the Service of Industry and Empire, 1687-1851 (Cambridge MA, and London; Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 74. 36. Ibid., pp. 18-25. 37. L. Stewart, The Rise of Publie Scienee: Rhetorie, Teehnology and Natural Phi­ losophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992), pp. 90-92,109-111,118,189-190,206. 38. Ibid., pp. 80-85, 203, 335. 39. Ibid., pp. 266-272,317-326. 40. Ibid., p. 16. 41. Ibid., pp. 156, 392. 42. Ibid., pp. 153-154. 43. P.N. Miller (ed.), Joseph Priestley: Politieal Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. xv-xvi. 44. lohn Norris, Shelburne and Reform (London: Macmillan and Company, 1963), pp. 82-99. Shelburne is referred to here occasionally as such even after his elevation to the marquessate in 1784, where this is necessary to distinguish hirn from Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, the third Marquess of Lans­ downe (1780-1863), who in turn was known as Lord Henry Petty until his succession in 1809. 45. Robert Stewart, Henry Brougham, 1778-1868: His Publie Career (London: Bodley Head, 1985), p. 8. 154 Notes 46. Leonard Horner (ed.), Memoirs and Correspondence of Francis Horner MP (2 vols, 2nd edn, London: lohn Murray, 1853), I, pp. 209-210. 47. Ibid. 48. Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction, p. 160. 49. MitchelI, 'Foxite politics and the Great Reform Bill', 338-364. 50. See Wasson, 'Coalitions of 1827', and J. Bord, 'Our friends in the north: patronage, the Lansdowne Whigs, and the problem of the liberal centre, 1827-8', English Historical Review, 117 No. 470 (2002), 78-93. 51. Wasson, Whig Renaissance; 'Coalitions of 1827'. 52. Austin MitchelI, The Whigs in Opposition, 1815-1830 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), mounts a standard survey, principally in Chapters I-III, pp. 1-81. 53. For an overview, see Hilton, A Mad, Bad and Dangerous People? pp. 348-350. 54. MitchelI, Holland Hause, passim. 55. H. Grey Bennet, 'Diary of the House of Commons', Henry Grey Bennet Papers, London, House of Lords Record Office (HLRO), HL/PO/R0/1/129. 56. D. Rapp, 'The left-wing Whigs: Whitbread, the mountain and reform, 1809-1815', Journal ofBritish Studies, 21(2) (1982), 35-66. 57. Grey Bennet, 'Diary of the House of Commons', HL/PO/R0/1/129, pp. 31-32, 41-42. 58. Hilton, Corn, Cash, Commerce, pp. 13-14. 59. Bennet, 'Diary of the House of Commons', HL/PO/R0/1/129, esp. pp. 85, 100-101. 60. L.G.
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