Introduction School Choice: a Brief Overview
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Notes Introduction School Choice: A Brief Overview Notes to Pages 1–3 1. See as examples for Germany, Frank-Rüdiger Jach, Schulvielfalt als Verfassungsgebot (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1991); for the United Kingdom, G. Walford, ed., School Choice and the Quasi-Market (Wallingford: Triangle Books, 1996); for the United States, Peter W. Cookson, School Choice: The Struggle for the Soul of American Education (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994); and for Australia and New Zealand, Geoff Whitty, Sally Power, and David Halpin, Devolution and Choice in Education: The School, the State and the Market (Buckingham, England: Open University Press, 1998). See also the com- parative OECD Report with examples from Australia, England, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States, Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, School: A Matter of Choice (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1994). 2. John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1990), p. 219. 3. On this see Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education 1945–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1983), pp. 308–311. 4. For the German side on this see Günter Püttner, “Die Sprengelpflicht,” Recht der Jugend und des Bildungswesens: Zeitschrift für Schule, Berufsbildung und Jugenderziehung 40 (1992): 230–235. In the United States, the neigh- borhood school concept expresses a similar practice, albeit in less forceful and legalistic language. 5. Three noteworthy exceptions are William W. Cutler, III, Parents and Schools: The 150–year Struggle for Control in American Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Otto F. Kraushaar, Private Schools: From the Puritans to the Present (Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa 164 Notes to Pages 4–9 Educational Foundation, 1976); and Nancy Beadie and Kim Tolley, eds., Chartered Schools: Two Hundred Years of Independent Academies in the United States, 1727–1925 (New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002). 6. See Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society (New York: Vintage, 1960); and Lawrence Cremin, The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 1965). 7. One outstanding exception is Wayne E. Fuller, The Old Country School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). 8. See Hermann Röhrs and Volker Lenhart, Progressive Education Across the Continents (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995). 9. See Jürgen Oelkers, Reformpädagogik: Eine kritische Dogmengeschichte (Weinheim and München: Juventa Verlag, 1989) and my review essay of Röhrs and Lenhart, Progressive Education, “Toward a Theory of Progressive Education,” History of Education Quarterly 37 (Spring 1997): 45–59. 10. Arbeitsgruppe Bildungsbericht, Max Planck Institut für Bildungsgeschichte, Das Bildungswesen in der Bundesrepublic Deutschland (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1990), pp. 140–143. 11. Frank-Rüdiger Jach, Schulverfassung und Bürgergesellschaft in Europa (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1999), p. 253. 12. Hellmut Becker, “Die verwaltete Schule (1954),” in Quantität und Qualität: Grundfragen der Bildungspolitik (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Rombach, 1962), p. 148. 13. See my “An International Brotherhood of Whigs: Nineteenth Century School Reformers in the United States and Prussia,” Education Research and Perspectives 21, no. 2 (2004): 1–10. 14. Henry Geitz, Jürgen Heideking, and Jurgen Herbst, eds., German Influences on Education in the United States to 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 1 Beginnings 1. See Jon Teaford, “The Transformation of Massachusetts Education, 1670–1780,” reprinted in The Social History of American Education, ed. B. Edward McClellan and William J. Reese (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 35. 2. James B. Conant, Thomas Jefferson and the Development of American Public Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), p. 110. 3. Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, National Education in the United States of America (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1923), pp. 147–148. Notes to Pages 10–15 165 4. For more on these various proposals and for the locations of the quoted passages see Frederick Rudolph, Essays on Education in the Early Republic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), pp. 10, 14, 17, 64, 66–68, 82, 113, 138, 210, 318–319. 5. See on this Siobhan Moroney, “Birth of a Canon: The Historiography of Early Republican Educational Thought,” History of Education Quarterly, 39 (Winter 1999): 476–491. 6. In this and the preceding paragraph I rely heavily on Carl F. Kaestle and Maris A. Vinovskis, Education and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 9–27. 7. See my The Once and Future School: Three Hundred and Fifty Years of American Secondary Education (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 42–45. 8. See my From Crisis to Crisis: American College Government 1636–1819 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 139, 168–169. 9. Regent Minutes, Journals of the Legislature of the State of New York, Assembly Journal, February 28, 1832. 10. See Frank C. Abbott, Government Policy and Higher Education: A Study of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, 1784–1949 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958), passim, and my “The Regents of the University of the State of New York, 1784–1920: Secondary Education Emerges in the New Nation,” in Antonio Novoa, Marc Depaepe, and Erwin V. Johanningmeier, eds., “The Colonial Experience in Education,” Paedagogica Historica, Supplementary Series 1(1995): 317–333. 11. Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools, Regent Minutes, Assembly Journal, March 6, 1821. 12. See my The Once and Future School, pp. 55–56. 13. See my The Once and Future School, pp. 58–60. 14. See Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience 1783–1876 (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), p. 151. 15. E. G. West, Education and the State: A Study in Political Economy, 3rd ed., rev. and exp. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1994), pp. 297–391. 16. David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), pp. 33–34. 17. For an account and analysis of the 1840 school board election see Kaestle and Vinovskis, Education and Social Change, pp. 213–232. 18. Editorial in The Massachusetts Teacher 4(1851): 289–291. 19. Henry Barnard, Report on the Condition and Improvement of the Public Schools of Rhode Island (Providence, RI, B. Cranston and Co. 1845), p. 50, reprinted in Henry Barnard on Education, ed. John S. Brubacher (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1931), p. 276. 166 Notes to Pages 15–21 20. Kaestle and Vinovskis, Education and Social Change, pp. 212– 213, 208. 21. Kaestle and Vinovskis, Education and Social Change, pp. 225–235. 22. See Maris A. Vinovskis, The Origins of Public High Schools: A Reexamination of the Beverly High School Controversy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 111. 23. See Carl F. Kaestle who in his Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), p. 147, calls localism “one of the most enduring and pervasive sources of conflict in American educational history.” 24. Carl F. Kaestle, The Evolution of an Urban School System: New York City, 1750–1850 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), pp. 68–71. 25. Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805–1973: A History of the Public Schools as Battlefield of Social Change (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. 36, 59, 43, and passim. 26. Kaestle, The Evolution of an Urban School System, p. 149. 27. Vincent P. Lannie, Public Money and Parochial Education: Bishop Hughes, Governor Seward, and the New York School Controversy (Cleveland: Press of Case Western University, 1968), especially Chapter 12. 28. David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot, Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 78. 29. Leonhard Froese and W. Krawietz, eds., Deutsche Schulgesetzgebung (1763–1952), 2nd ed. (Weinheim: Julius Beltz, 1968), pp. 91, 94, 105–111. See also Heinrich Lewin, Geschichte der Entwicklung der preußischen Volksschule (Leipzig: Dürr’sche Buchhandlung, 1910), pp. 42–91. 30. Froese and Krawietz, Deutsche Schulgesetzgebung, p. 23, and Lewin, Entwicklung, pp. 142–146. 31. See Franzjörg Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion: Preußische Schulpolitik 1806–1859 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990), p. 55. 32. See Hans Heckel, Schulrecht und Schulpolitik: Der Einfluß des Rechts auf die Zielsetzung und den Erfolg in der Bildungspolitik (Neuwied/Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag, 1967), p. 49. 33. Cited in Frank-Michael Kuhlemann, Modernisierung und Disziplinierung: Sozialgeschichte des preußischen Volksschulwesens 1794–1872 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992), p. 64. In German the relevant terms are: While schools are Veranstaltungen des Staates, they are not Staatsanstalten. Notes to Pages 21–28 167 34. Kuhlemann, Modernisierung, p. 86. 35. Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion, pp. 66–78. 36. Manfred Heinemann, Schule im Vorfeld der Verwaltung: Die Entwicklung der preußischen Unterrichtsverwaltung von 1771–1800 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1974), p. 33. 37. Heinemann, Schule im Vorfeld, pp. 24–25. 38. Zedlitz’s proposals, “Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des Schulwesens in den Königlichen Landen,” were first published in the Berlinische Monatsschrift 10 (1787): 97–116. They have