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The Lepidopterists' News The Lepidopterists' News THE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS ' SOCIETY P. O. Box 104, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts, U. S. A. Editor - C. L. REMINGTON Assoc. Editor - J. E. REMINGTON Volume II June 1948 Number 6 INTERNATIONAL AID ADDITIONAL WAR LOSSES IN GERMANY The News editors hope that a Society pro­ After sending the former account (News 2: gram will be initiated soon, under the guid­ p.49). I have received further details, kind­ ance of one or more members, to provide regu­ ly supplied by Professor Hans Sachtleben. lar aid to our destitute colleagues in the Director. Deutsches Entomologisches Institut~ countries of Europe where suffering continues now at Blucherhof, Mecklenburg (Russian Zone}. to be widespread. There is also a great need Professor Sachtleben writes that a very high to aid institutions in which important collec­ proportion of the museums and collections in tions are in danger of ruin because of lack his zone have been destroyed, and that besides of equipment, as reported by Kiriakoff in the this in many eases no data are yet available News. Volunteers to organize such a program regardinB the amount of the damage sustained. are earnestly requested. American entomolo­ To the lis t o:f larger private collections gists have been conspicuously negligent in which have been completely lost. the following this direction, in contrast to the rallying of must be added: Von Frohrich, Aachen; Pfaff, the ornithologists and some botanical groups. Frankfurt a.M.; Till. ib.; Urbahn. Stettin. A further list of German lepidopterists kill­ Meanwhile, individual response is needed ed or deceased. comprises: Prof. F. Eggers. to aid two institutions victimized by vio­ Hamburg; Dr. K. Dannenberg, Berlin; Max Gaede, lence and recently brought to our attention. ib.; Prof. O. Meder. Kiel; Dr. K. Frh. von Rosen, Kreuth near Tegernsee; Prof. SUffert, During the shocking Communist riots in killed a couple of days before the fall of Bogota, Colombia, on 10 April, a vicious mob Berlin to the Russians. On the other hand, set fire to the Instituto de La Salle and de­ Dr. Carl Borner. the well known authority on stroyed the entire University as well as the the classification of the Lepidoptera. and Museum and Library. The noteworthy insect Prof. Bernhard Rensch. one of the world's collection had been assembled by Apolinar Ma­ leading taxonomists. are living and working. ria, the foremost Colombian entomologist. A member of the Society recently wrote that he Lepidopterists will be glad to hear that was sending Apolinar "all of' my entomological the well known dealers in insects. Messrs. O. publications and a representative collection Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas. Dresden-Blasewitz. of' (local) butterflies to help replace the still carryon. although Dr. Bang-Haas is lost collections at the Institute. Would it dangerously ill; Messrs. H. Wernicke. ib •• not be a really good-neighbor job if all of have also resumed business. There even has us in the Lepidopterists' Society did the been founded a new firm. Messrs. Koch and Al­ same thing?1I Packages may be sent to: Hermano bert. Entomologisches Institut. Dresden-Wach­ Apolinar Maria, Carr.9a Nr.27.1-1-5, Sur. ,Bogota, witz. It is not yet known whether there is COLOMBIA. Insects should be addressed to: any prospect at present of business with the Museo Instituto de La Salle,Bogota,COLOMBIA. United States. but the fact that these firms still exist, is encouraging for the future. ~ In February, 1945, shortly before the li­ - S.G. Kiriakoff. Ghent, Belgium beration of the Philippines, the Japanese ar­ my destroyed the College of Agriculture at Laguna, burning the fine insect collection. Dr. L.B. Uichanco, Dean of the College and an PLEASE NOTE excellent lepidopterist, was himself injured at that t~me. He haa recent1y written that The addz'ess o£ the News editors, begin­ they are starting to rebuild the collection. ning 1 SeptElmber 1948. will be: It will bring valuable aid if a substantial number of the Society members in all parts of Dr. & Mrs. C.L. Remington the world will send small series of the spe­ Osborn Zoological Laboratory. Cies, esplcially of butterflies, of which they Yale University have duplicates. Urgently needed are separ­ New Haven 11. Connecticut ates of papers and all books and periodicals on insects. Dr. Uichanco's address is: Col­ It is not yet certain what wiil be the lege, Laguna, PHILIPPINES. permanent mllll address in New Haven for the News. Meamrhile. PLEASE SEND ALL SOCIETY ~ CORRESPONDENCE TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS AFTER We hope to obtain brief reports on Japan, THE INDICATED DATE. China. Korea, Formosa. Malaya, the East In­ dies and more information on Europe this year. 61 62 Vol.II, no.6 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY - IV. PHIL RAU (1885-1948) With the rise of genetics a special branch Phil Rau, widely known student of insect has appeared which is of the greatest impor­ behavior, passed away suddenly at his home in tance to taxonomists and is becoming increas­ Kirkwood, Missouri, on 30 May 1948. He was ingly integrated into the working principles born in St. Louis, Mo., 12 April 1885. Having of the progressive, broadly-trained taxonomic been left an orphan when only 10 years old, biologists. This offshoot is frequently call­ his formal education was enr ' d early in life. ed POPULATION GENETICS and is concerned pri­ However, having an inquiring mind, and eager marily with genetic evolution of structural for learning, he succeeded in reducing this and physiological characters of species, rac­ deficiency through his owr, efforts. Insects es, and micro-races as geographical units. had interested him since early youth. When he was 20 years old he spent 2 years in spec­ Taxonomists have long asked themselves ial study at Washington University in St.Louis. how any two related species became separate. Various theories have been put forward confi­ Rau's interest first centered in the Co­ dently from time to time, but it is by no leoptera and he started to form a beetle col­ means certain that the real answer has been lection. However, he found taxonomy boresome, expressed thus far. However, it now seems so he soon gave that up. Shortly thereafter probable that one species rarely, if ever,has he met and came under the influence of Charles split into two while the two diverging units H: Turner, then head of' the biology department were in actual contact (sympatric) and thus of Sumner Teachers College in St. Louis. Dr. able to try to interbreed. Therefore, species Turner was interested in insect behavior and must arise when two or more populations of a was conducting a series of unique experiments species become so separated by actual barri­ in his laboratory. Rau~ fascinated by Turner's 'ers that interbreeding does not occur. If work, determined to follow in his footsteps. the separation is maintained for a few hun­ dred thousand years, fundamental differences Rau began publishing articles on insect become fixed in the populations by a combina­ behavior in 1910. Thereafter papers from his tion of random mutation and selection, by the pen appeared at frequent intervals in numer­ environment, of the mutations which have sur­ ous scientific periodicals, especially the en­ vival value. Many of the mutations and chrom­ tomological journals. Although his chief in­ osomal modifications not only change the wing terest was in the bees and wasps, many of his markings, bristles, type of flight, host plant papers treated insects of other orders. Many preferences, and so on, but they also produce of his earlier papers were concerned with Sa­ physiological changes within the body. Then, turniidae and we find such articles as"Sexual when the original barrier (a desert, ocean, Selection Experiments in the Cecropia Moth", mountain range)is finally removed and the now "Longevity in Saturniid Moths, an Experimental different populations are re-united, inter­ Study", "The Fertility of Cecropia Eggs in breeding cannot occur for one of several rea­ Relation to the Mating Period", and "Sex At­ sons: 1) there is no inclination to inter­ traction and Rhythmic Periodicity in Giant mate because the sex-attractant odors of one Saturniid Moths". Other important articles do not interest the other; 2) the copulatory which dealt with Lepidoptera were: "The Night structures do not fit(the "lock and key prin­ Flight of Diurnal Butterflies" and "The Yucca ciple" ); 3 )the sperms of one new species can­ Plant and the Yucca Moth; an Ecological Study'~ not fertilize the eggs of the other; 4) if fertilization does occur, a series of genera­ Two of Rau's stUdies appeared in book tions cannot result from the mating, because form: "Wasp Studies Afield", by Phil and Nel­ the offspring die in the egg, the larval or lie Rau, published in 1918, and "Jungle Bees pupal stages,or if they reach the adult stage and Wasps of Barro Colorado Island" ,published they are sterile. in 1933. Of the latter work William Morton Wheeler commented: "It is, in my opinion, one Modern taxonomy continues to deal with of the most outstanding recent contributions the visible structural differences (colora­ to natural history ••• The book is written in tion, genitalia, wing venation, bristles, a very entertaining style, easily intelligible claws, etc.), but it concerns itself to an to any layman." Modified, this statement may important degree with differences in habits, be justly applied to any of Rau's work. His distribution, chromosomes, and differences devoted wife shared his interests and was co­ perceptible by experimental physiology. Of author, with him, of many published papers. apecial importance, too, ia the diligent pro­ secution of experimental cross-mating to de­ Phil Rau was not only an entomologist but termine the degree of sterility between rela­ he found an interest in all phases of natural ted "species".
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