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Combating Desertification

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Combating Desertification COMBATING DESERTIFICATION TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF DRYLAND ECOSYSTEMS PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ELISTA, REPUBLIC OF KALMYKIA, RUSSIAN FEDERATION 23–27 June 2004 UNESCO–MAB Drylands Series No. 4 This workshop was organized by: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) Kalmyk Institute for Humanities Research MAB National Committee of Russia COMBATING DESERTIFICATION TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF DRYLAND ECOSYSTEMS PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ELISTA, REPUBLIC OF KALMYKIA, RUSSIAN FEDERATION 23–27 June 2004 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO or any of the specialized agencies of the United Nations system.The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. UNESCO–MAB Drylands Series No. 4 Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, Russian Federation 23–27 June 2004 First Published 2005 UNESCO Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences 1, rue Miollis 75352 Paris 07 SP,France Fax: (33-1) 45 68 58 04 http://www.unesco.org/mab SC-2005/WS-12 © 2005 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed to UNESCO, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, 1, rue Miollis, 75352 Paris 07 SP,France Contents Preface by N. Ishwaran, Secretary, Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, ix Director, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, UNESCO Opening session Welcoming address xi President of the Republic of Kalmykia, Kirsan N. Ilumzhinov Introductory address xiii Deputy Chair of the Russian MAB Committee, Valery M. Neronov Introductory address xv Chair of the Southern Research Centre of RAS, Gennadiy G. Matishov Traditional knowledge and modern technology for the sustainable xvii management of marginal drylands Dr Driss Fassi, President of the MAB International Coordinating Council Keynote address Traditional knowledge as a factor of ecological consciousness: xix formation and conservation of the environment. The Republic of Kalmykia experience Nina G. Ochirova Session 1: General problems and management of agricultural systems 1 Traditional knowledge and modern technology for the sustainable management 1 of dryland ecosystems: UNESCO’s objectives for the workshop Thomas Schaaf 2 Local knowledge systems and the management of dryland agro-ecosystems: 5 some principles for an approach David Boerma and Parviz Koohafkan 3 Poverty of the environment and the environment of poverty: constraints on adopting 17 modern technology and promoting traditional knowledge in combating land degradation and poverty Mohammed A. Kishk 4 Reinventing the wheel: floodwater management for the rehabilitation of 23 degraded lands Sayyed A. Kowsar 5 Traditional knowledge and modern technology for sustainable development of 29 dryland ecosystems: the Indian experience Veena Upadhyaya 6 Traditional knowledge and modern technology for sustainable agricultural 35 development in the drylands of Sudan Mukhtar A. Mustafa 7 Management of degraded soil rehabilitation processes in Azerbaijan 45 by traditional methods Mageram P. Babayev v 8 Omayed Biosphere Reserve and its hinterland 53 Boshra Salem Session 2: Traditional knowledge and modern technology in pastoral systems 9 Space imagery processing for land use and rehabilitation of ecosystems in 63 desertified conditions German Kust, Dmitriy Dobrynin and Anatoliy Saveliev 10 Traditional and modern technologies for sustainable development of Turkmenistan 69 Agadzhan G. Babaev and Chary O. Muradov 11 Integration of traditional knowledge and modern technologies for the sustainability 75 of dryland ecosystems in Mongolia Baast Oyungerel 12 Traditional knowledge in Moroccan drylands 81 Driss Fassi, Secretary MAB National Committee, Rabat, Morocco Session 3: Traditional knowledge and modern technology for wildlife management systems 13 Indigenous knowledge of plant uses in arid lands: Wadi Allaqi case study 85 Irina Springuel 14 Traditional knowledge and practical techniques for combating desertification in Jordan 93 Ahmad El-oqlah 15 Natural resource management in the Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area 99 Davaa Narantuya and Tserendeleg Dashzeveg 16 The biodiversity of agroforest landscapes of Kalmykia 107 Andrey P. Bogun Session 4: Poster presentations 17 The ecological traditions of the Kalmyks 109 Tamara G. Basangova 18 An ecological aspect of Buddhist iconography 111 Svetlana Batyreva 19 Nature-preserving aspects of ethnic culture 113 Ludmila U. Namrueva 20 Folk knowledge in the life-support system of the Kalmyk ethnos 117 Ellara Omakaeva 21 Traditional knowledge in the Kalmyk Republic as a basis for the development of 125 ethno-economics Kermen A. Natyrova 22 Ecological restoration and increase of productivity of degraded arable lands 127 Galina E. Nastinova 23 Phytomelioration of saline lands in Kalmykia 131 Elvira B. Dedova 24 Oasis-type hydro-meliorative systems under Kalmyk conditions 137 Mikhail A. Sazanov 25 The effects of constructing linear structures on pasture ecosystems 147 Raisa R. Djapova, Zoya M. Sankuyeva and Nadezhda B. Kenzeyeva vi 26 Halophytes of natural flora and their use for breeding and phytomelioration of 149 degraded pasture ecosystems Nariman Shamsutdinov 27 Chernyje Zemli Biosphere Reserve and its role in the conservation of biodiversity 155 in dryland ecosystems Viktor Badmaev and Boris Ubushaev 28 Problems of conservation and monitoring of biodiversity in dry steppe areas 159 around Lake Manych-Gudilo Natalya V. Lebedeva and Ramiz M. Savitsky 29 The saiga antelope in the drylands of Russia and how to ensure its sustainable future 163 Yury Arylov, Anna Lushchekina and Valery Neronov 30 Restorational succession on deposits 167 Raisa R. Djapova and Olga G. Bembeeva 31 Tolerance of soils in conditions of desertification 169 Lydmila N. Tashninova Workshop report: conclusions and recommendations 171 Workshop agenda 173 List of participants 177 List of acronyms 181 vii Preface Traditional methods of farming and range management also aimed at finding solutions to desertification that practices in the Republic of Kalmykia (Russian Federa- could specifically be incorporated into National tion) had been disregarded and undervalued for many Action Programmes within the context of the UN decades as regional economic growth privileged modern Convention to Combat Desertification. The work- technology as a means of increasing productivity.Many shop had thus a scientific but also an anthropological other dryland regions of the world are in a similar situa- component as well as a policy-oriented purpose. tion as ‘modernity’ is often associated with abundance, UNESCO is pleased to offer the various case studies prosperity and a certain emancipation from the hard toil contained in the workshop proceedings to the of working the land.Today however,we are witnessing a UNCCD for its important work on reducing dryland reversal of this trend and a return towards traditional degradation and combating desertification. methods that rely on local technical know-how and It was thus an important event which proved success- practices to restore degraded lands while halting deserti- ful thanks largely to the excellent organization provided fication processes that threaten the livelihoods of local by the MAB National Committee of the Russian Feder- people; combating desertification is also a fight against ation, and notably Dr Valery Neronov, as well as by the poverty. Kalmyk Institute of Humanities Research who provided The United Nations Convention to Combat Deser- the international participants of the workshop with first- tification (UNCCD) recognizes the role of ‘traditional hand insight information on dryland conservation, knowledge’ in Article 18 of the Convention stating that management and sustainable development. I would like such technology should be ensured, encouraged and to take this opportunity to thank all the participants who facilitated when attempting to combat desertification. attended the workshop with a special mention and There is much valuable information to be learnt from thanks to the scientists whose tireless work is a continual the traditional lifestyles of the Kalmyk people and other and important reminder of the need to ensure the use of rural communities the world over, which have evolved traditional knowledge and methods – coupled with over centuries and have thus carved both the natural and modern technology – in our unified combat against cultural landscape.This traditional knowledge can form desertification. the basis of site- and context-specific solutions in combating desertification in the world’s dryland areas. One of the main objectives of the workshop on ‘Traditional
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