journal of pharmacy research 6 (2013) 224e229

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/JOPR

Review Article A review on Schleichera oleosa: Pharmacological and environmental aspects

Harsh Bhatia a,d, Jaspreet Kaur a,d, Shreya Nandi a,d, Vinita Gurnani a,d, Anushua Chowdhury a, P. Hemalatha Reddy b, Amit Vashishtha c, Brijesh Rathi a,* a Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, b Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India c Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India article info abstract

Article history: Schleichera oleosa, belonging to the family, has been reported to possess Received 9 August 2012 antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activity, and can be used for the production of bio- Accepted 3 November 2012 diesel. The contains low levels therefore it can be used as fodder for livestock. This species contains important phytochemicals such as terpenoids, betulin, betulinic acid Keywords: etc. The literature reveals that this medicinal plant can be used as an alternative to Schleichera oleosa synthetic compounds for use in preventing and treating several diseases. Considering the Free radical scavenging activity medicinal and environmental uses of this plant, this review is an effort to summarize Antimicrobial nearly all the information reported on its various activities. Anticancer Copyright ª 2012, JPR Solutions; Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights Biodiesel reserved. Tannin levels Phytochemicals

1. Introduction There are about 45,000 plant species in India, with high concentration in the region of Eastern , Western Traditional medicines are used by about 60 percent of the Ghats and Andaman & Nicobar Island. The officially docu- world’s population. These are not only used for primary mented with medicinal potential are 3000 but tradi- health care just in rural areas, in developing countries, but tional practitioners use more than 6000. India is the largest also in developed countries, where modern medicines are producer of medicinal herbs and is appropriately called the predominantly used. While the traditional medicines are botanical garden of the world. In rural India, 70 percent of the derived from medicinal plants, minerals, and organic matter, population is dependent on the traditional system of medi- the herbal drugs are prepared from medicinal plants only. Use cine, the Ayurveda, which is the ancient Indian therapeutic of plants as a source of medicine has been inherited and is an measure renowned as one of the major systems of alternative important component of the health care system in India. and complementary medicine.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Rathi). d All authors are undergraduate students and contributed equally. 0974-6943/$ e see front matter Copyright ª 2012, JPR Solutions; Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2012.11.003 journal of pharmacy research 6 (2013) 224e229 225

In this review article, we specifically discuss about Schlei- Scheicherastins (1e7) and two related sterols 8 and 9 desig- chera oleosa. Schleichera is a monotypic genus of plants in the nated as Schleicheols 1 and 2.14 The isolated Scheicherastins family, Sapindaceae. S. oleosa is a tree and commonly known exhibited cancer cell growth inhibitory properties. The extract as Kusum that occurs in the Indian subcontinent and South- was prepared with 1:1 dichloromethane-methanol solution east Asia. This plant has been proved to be useful in numerous followed by successive partitioning with methanol-water and ways from times immemorial. Its , twigs and seed-cake hexane; dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solutions. The are used as fodder to feed cattle. The wood is suitable as different fractions were assessed against the P-388 lympocytic firewood and makes excellent charcoal. The oil extracted from leukemia cell line. Interestingly, the dichloromethane fraction the seed, called ’kusum oil’ is used for culinary and lighting was found to be active against P-388 cell line. This dichloro- purpose, cure of itching, acne, burns, other skin troubles, methane fraction was separated by employing chromato- rheumatism (external massage), hair dressing and for graphic separation through Sephadex LH-20 and Si gel column promoting hair growth.1 The pinkish-brown heartwood is followed by purification through HPLC and recrystallization very hard, durable and excellent to make pestles, cartwheels, procedures. The isolated Scheicherastins exhibited significant axles, plows, tool handles and rollers of sugar mills and oil inhibitory activity against P-388 cell line and Schleicheols presses. In India, it is used as host for the lac insect [Laccifer showed marginal activity against CNS SF-295, colon KM 20L2, lacca (Karr)].2 The product is called kusum lac and is the best in lung NCI-H460, ovary OVCAR-3, pancreas BXPC-3, prostate quality and in yield. In parts of southern India, it is a prom- cancer cell lines. The new series of sterols appeared as an inent bee plant for nectar.3 It also has many medicinal uses effective cancer cell growth inhibitors. and is used in traditional medicine for several indications. The Some reports provide evidence supporting the involve- powdered seeds are applied to wounds and ulcers of cattle to ment of antioxidants in the prevention of carcinogenesis.15,16 remove maggots. The bark is used as an astringent and The phytochemicals induce toxicity in tumor cells either by against skin inflammations, ulcers, itching, acne and other scavenging constitutive reactive oxygen species or by gener- skin infections.2 It is generally used as an analgesic, antibiotic ating paradoxically additional amount of free radicals result- and against dysentery.4 Recently, it was reported that the bark ing in the imbalance of cellular oxidative status, leading to e along with water is used to treat menorrhea.5 inhibition of cell proliferation and eventually cell death.17 19 Various studies were also done to find out the various In a recent study,20 the bark extract of S. oleosa was exam- constituents of S. oleosa. Phytochemical studies have shown ined for its cytotoxic potential against different cell lines such that its bark contains lupeol, lupeol acetate, betulin, betulinic as 502713 (colon), SW-520 (colon), HCT-13 (colon), A-549 acid, beta-sitosterol, and scopoletin.6 A very recent report (lungs), HEP-2 (liver), SK-NS-H (central nervous system), and have also shown the existence of taraxerone and tricadenic IMR-32 (neuroblastoma). SRB dye assay following the method acid A in the outer bark of the above plant.7 The bark also of Skehan et al21 is used to evaluate the cytotoxic potential. contains about 10% tannin and antitumor agents such as The ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extract showed betulin and betulinic acid have also been isolated from it. a significant cytotoxicity against all cell lines, except the IMR- Here, in this review article we throw light on the various 32 cell line whereas hexane and chloroform extract did not pharmacological aspects of S. oleosa in detail along with its show any significant inhibition against any of the cell lines. various benefits to the environment. The cytotoxic potential was correlated with their hydroxyl radical scavenging potential. Hexane and chloroform extracts 1.1. Anticancer activity of S. oleosa were found to have least hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, hence least cytotoxicity against the different cell lines. Cancer is a term used for a disease in which abnormal cells tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases 1.2. Antioxidant activity of S. oleosa metastasize. Extensive research has been done in order to find therapeutic drug for the treatment of cancer. Plant based Oxygen is used for generating metabolic energy in our body products have been frequently examined as potential anti- but it also produces reactive oxygen species as by product cancer agents. The screening of various medicinal plants during its various reactions in the body. Reactive oxygen results in the isolation of bioactive compounds which have species are usually atoms or a group of atoms having odd been reported as effective chemopreventive as well as chemo (unpaired) electrons, in aerobic cells these are produced e therapeutic agents.8 11 The phytochemical screening of S. during mitochondrial electron transport and several oxidation oleosa revealed the presence of lupeol and betulinic acid type reactions.22 These reactive species can, react with DNA and triterpene which have antineoplastic activity.6 This study several other biomolecules causing what is called ‘oxidative provides a step toward the exploration of S. oleosa as a chemo damage to DNA’ This damage causes changes in DNA such as preventive agent against cancer. strand breaks; changes at cross links between DNA and A bulk of research revealed that the phytochemicals protein; changes at base free sites among other changes.23 exhibit their anticancer properties either by suppressing the Several medicinal plants, , vegetables can decrease the proliferation of tumor cells via suppression of various cell risk of oxidative damage as they comprise of vitamins, caro- signaling pathways or by induction of apoptotic death in tenes, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, alkanoids, e tumor cells by generation of free radical, such as reactive etc. which act as chemopreventive agents.24 26 These phyto- oxygen/nitrogen species.12,13 A report involving the separa- chemicals can prevent damage by their radical scavenging tion of an extract prepared from the bark and stem of the Sri ability. Thind et al evaluated the hydroxyl radical scavenging Lankan tree S. oleosa results in the isolation of seven sterols, potential of S. oleosa. Extracts of of S. oleosa with different 226 journal of pharmacy research 6 (2013) 224e229

solvents were tested for their antiproliferative activity. antimicrobial agent. Archana Moon35 deliberated the same, in Methanol extract was effective against a colon cell line (SW- which clinical isolates from methanolic extracts of the plant 620), ethyl acetate against SK-NS-H (CNS cell line) and water were examined against defiant drug strains of Escherichia coli, extract against 502713 and SW-620 (colon) cell lines. Hydroxyl Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella. pneumoniae and Salmonella typhii radical which was used to determine radical scavenging and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern for all clinical isolates potential of extracts, was generated by Fenton’s reaction, in were studied which were found to be resistant to one or more site-specific and non-site-specific deoxyribose degradation than one antibiotics, thus it could be a great prospective assays. The extracts showed radical scavenging potential antibacterial agent.35 In another development, non- following the order of inhibition at 100 mg/mL as ethyl hygroscopic and crystal colored fractions from S. oleosa were acetate extract (67.72%) > water extract (65.68%) > methanol secluded and it was found that the colored fractions were extract (64.32%) in site-specific assay and as methanol extract stable against microbial actions at ambient temperatures.36 (83.38%) > ethyl acetate extract (81.21%) > water extract In a recent study,7 two triterpenoids, namely taraxerone (72.45%) in non-site-specific assay. In plasmid nicking assay, and tricadenic acid A were isolated from the outer bark and the extracts (except hexane and chloroform extracts) were preliminary study on their antimicrobial activities were done found to be effective in preventing the degradation of super- against five different fungal pathogens namely Colletotrichum coiled plasmid DNA from hydroxyl radical into linear and camelliae, Fusarium equiseti, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia era- open circular forms. The results showed that the extracts grostidis, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by in vitro antifungal (methanol, ethyl acetate and water extract) have potent assay37,38 and against four bacterial pathogens namely hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. These activities could be Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus and Enterobacter by due to the presence of terpenoids and phenolic compounds in antibacterial assay. It was found that both taraxerone and extracts as determined using IR and 1H NMR during the tricardenic acid A had prominent activities against the fungal phytochemical studies of the extracts of roots of the plant.27 and bacterial pathogens. On a comparative basis, it was noted Antioxidants are molecules which can safely interact with that taraxerone showed better results than tricardenic acid A free radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital on all microorganisms. Taraxerone showed activity which molecules get damaged. The free radical damage can be pre- could be compared to Bavistan against C. gloesporiodes and C. vented by several enzymes and the principal antioxidants camelliae. Tricardenic acid A on the other hand showed such as vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C, present in activity comparable to Ampicillin against E .coli and Enter- the defense system of our body. Several studies have shown obacter. The study showed great scope of utility in making of e that plant phenolics also have antioxidant properties.28 30 antimicrobial drugs.6 Natural polyphenols can have simple structures for example phenolic acid, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids or they can have 1.4. Importance of S. oleosa as a biodiesel fuel structure like polymers e.g., lignins, melanins, tannins.31 Free radical scavenging property, metal chelating property, effects The depletion of the conventional petroleum resources has on cell signaling pathways and on gene expression contrib- become a problem of major concern in recent years. Extensive utes to the potential of phenolics as antioxidant therapeutic research is going on to find an alternative fuel. Since vegetable agents.32 oils have properties similar with that of diesel, they are S. oleosa has been found as potent antioxidant due to the replacing diesel in the field of commercial transportation and presence of phenolic compounds.33 Thind et al evaluated the agricultural machinery. But the direct use of is antiradical properties and determined the total phenolic having adverse effects on the combustion engine. Therefore, content in methanolic extract/fractions from bark of S. oleosa these vegetable oils are converted to biodiesel. Blending, by several in vitro systems e 2,20-diphenyl-1-picrylhydazyl emulsification, thermal cracking, and trans-esterification are (DPPH), deoxyribose degradation (non-site-specific and site- the few techniques used for the conversion of crude vegetable specific), reducing power, chelating power, plasmid nicking oil into biodiesel. At present, biodiesel is produced by assays and by Folin-Ciocalteu’s method,34 respectively. sunflower oil, and soybean oil by trans-esterification Results revealed that residue fraction which was obtained by process.39 These oils due to their non-toxic, biodegradable and drying the supernatent of the precipitate had greater free renewable nature, have gained a lot of attention by the radical scavenging activity than the precipitate and aqueous researchers. Cetane number for biodiesel is higher than that extract as the content of phenolic compounds present in the of petroleum. Moreover, biodiesel does not contain aromatic extracts follows the order; residue fraction (942 mg/g gallic components. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon acid equivalents) > aqueous extract (896 mg/g gallic acid and particulate matter is also less as compared to that of equivalents) > precipitate (604 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) diesel fuel. High cost of the above mentioned oils is the basic and the potential of antioxidant activity of the extract also disadvantage associated with them.40 Hence, the non-edible follows the same order as determined by the assays thus type of oils yielded from trees such as mahua, sal, linseed, reconfirming the fact that antioxidant activity depends on the castor, karanji, neem, rubber, jatropha, kusum, cashew, phenolic contents in the extract.33 restaurants waste oils and greases along with animal fats are best suited for the production of biodiesel, for instance, 1.3. Antimicrobial activities of S. oleosa S. oleosa seed oil, one of the many non-edible seed oils is found to have many cyanogenitic materials and free fatty acids (FFA) Studies have been carried out on the antimicrobial activity of such as , , , Cis oleic S. oleosa showing great potential of the plant as an upcoming acid, trans linolelaidic acid, cis , alpha linolenic journal of pharmacy research 6 (2013) 224e229 227

acid, eicosadienoic, heneicosanoic, , , C. inophyllum L., B. orellana L., and S. oleosa were measured e lingoceric acid docosahexaenoic acid.40 43 Therefore it is used using different techniques. in production of biodiesel. In a report by Gandhi et al43 methyl Eight months old seedlings of the above mentioned plants ester was produced using S. oleosa seeds. were planted in the soil taken from low grade iron ore [marked In the first step i.e., the esterification process, S. oleosa as IOT (Iron ore tailings)] and garden soil [marked as control seeds were heated on the plate having magnetic stirrer at (C)]. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical a temperature in the range of 55e60 C. Alcohol to vegetable conductivity (EC) and water holding capacity (WHC), growth oil ratio was maintained at 3:1 and sulphuric acid was used as parameters such as plant height, collar diameter and a catalyst during the reaction. At the end, water, glycerol and biochemical parameters were recorded for the plants.50 Metal ester oil formed separate layers according to the order of their accumulation in plant was also measured using translocation densities. In the last step, trans-esterification was done where factor (TF) or mobilization ratio and bio-accumulation factor alcohol in presence of catalysts such as hydroxides of Na and (BAF). K is used to chemically break the molecules of oil or fat into an Stems and roots of B. orellana accumulated more metals ester and glycerol. After the completion of the reaction, than its leaves while the leaves of C. Inophyllum and S. oleosa products are separated into two layers. Lower layer contains accumulated more metals than their roots and stems. The TF impurities and glycerol while upper layer contains ester for the C. inophyllum was found to be greater than 1 for Fe, Ni, (purified biodiesel). S. oleosa methyl ester’s properties were Pb and Zn and less than 1 for Cr and Cu. Shoots of B. orellana found to be similar to that of diesel oil therefore it can emerge were found to accumulate maximum amount of Zn. On the as a green alternative fuel. basis of biochemical parameters and heavy metal accumula- tion, the order of phytoremediation capacity were found to be C. inophyllum > B. orellana > S. oleosa. C. inophyllum and B. orel- 1.5. Phytoremediation properties of S. oleosa, lana were found to have greater biomass than S. oleosa. C. Callophyllum inophyllum L. and Bixa orellana L inophyllum emerged as hyper accumulator of heavy metals like Fe, Pb and Cu. Therefore, it can be used for phyto-mining. Mining, smelting of metalliferrous ores, dumping of waste, Thus, it was seen that though S. oleosa shows some phytor- chemicals used in agriculture etc. are the different source of emediation properties it was not found to be as effectual as soil pollution, but the waste rocks generated by mining is the others. main source of the metal pollution of soil. The direct conse- quences of the deposition of waste rocks on the surface are e 1.6. Usefulness of S. oleosa as livestock feed the loss of cultivatable lands, forest and grazing land.44 46 Activities such as grinding, crushing, washing and smelting, A few non-conventional agro-industrial by-products used to extract and concentrate metals, generate waste rocks including S. oleosa cake were checked for their effectiveness and tailings. Most of the tailings exhibit acidic pH due to as a livestock feed.51 The presence of tannins adversely affects which the microbial activity decreases which in turn leads to the utilization of various nutrients.52 In addition, tannins are the death of plants. Tailings do not contain organic matter and believed to create toxic effects by breaking down the alimen- are characterized by high concentration of arsenic, cadmium, tary canal tissues and the hydrolyzable tannins make patho- copper, manganese, lead, zinc and other heavy metals.47 logical changes in liver, kidney, heart etc. when their However some plants can exist in the region of high concen- concentration in blood increases further than the competence tration of metals.48 Such plants can be used to restore the of the liver to detoxify them.53 The levels of tannins were contaminated sites by the process of phytoremediation. determined using various chemical and biological methods. It Phytoremediation is an environmental friendly and cost was observed that in S. oleosa, tannin levels in terms of total efficient technique used to treat the contaminated soil, air or phenols (TP) and condensed phenols (CP) were low, and water through the use of plant without employing any soil protein-precipitation capacity (PPC) could not be detected excavation or mechanical clean up method. Although many because of its very low level. Hence, it can be considered safe physico-chemical techniques are also available to extract for incorporation in livestock feed since the harmful factors metals such as acid-leaching and electro-osmosis, but these are absent.54 techniques are quite costly and can decontaminate only small portions of land. Moreover, these techniques also deteriorate biological activity of the soil and adversely affect its physical structure. Therefore, the phytoremediation is the preferred 2. Conclusion technique to decontaminate the soil. This approach to remove the metals is called green mining because further extraction This review collectively shows the various pharmacological of metals can be done from the plant tissue.44 Till now, for the activities of S. oleosa. It has potential of anticancer, antioxidant restoration of plant species, mostly herbs and shrubs were and antimicrobial activities. It contains various polyphenolic used due to the ease of maintenance. However, tree species compounds. The polyphenols scavenge free radicals and with high extraction capacity can also be used as they have doesn’t allow them to damage the cell. Due to its free radicals extensive and deep rooting system and can extract metal for scavenging activity, S. oleosa is a potent antioxidant. Free long period of time which helps in the establishment of new radicals scavenging activity can also be correlated to cyto- microbial activity. In the recent study done by Chaturvedi toxicity. It exhibits toxicity against various cell lines and was et al49 phytoremediation potential of three plants species e found to be an effective anticancer agent. It, moreover, has 228 journal of pharmacy research 6 (2013) 224e229

a great scope of being an effective antimicrobial agent since it 11. Sandhya T, Lathika KM, Pandey BN, Mishra KP. Potential of showed good activity against various microbes. traditional ayurvedic formulation, Triphala, as a novel e It was also found that this plant has various environmental anticancer drug. Cancer Lett. 2006;231:206 214. 12. Bharti AC, Donato N, Singh S, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin down aspects to it as well. The biodiesel produced from it, is found to regulates the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B have many properties similar to that of diesel e.g. viscosity and Ikappa B alpha kinase in human multiple myeloma cells, and volatility. Also, its cetane number is higher than that of leading to suppression of proliferation and induction of petroleum; therefore it can replace diesel for the combustion apoptosis. Blood. 2003;101:1053e1062. engine. On the basis of physico-chemical, growth and bio- 13. Estrov Z, Shishodia S, Faderl S, et al. Resveratrol blocks chemical parameters C. inophyllum and B. orellana were interleukin-1beta-induced activation of the nuclear found to be more capable for phytoremediation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, inhibits proliferatlon, causes S-phase arrest, and induces apoptosis of acute myeloid contaminated soil compared to S. oleosa. Furthermore, it was leukemia cells. Blood. 2003;102:987e995. observed that it contained low tannin levels, thus it can be 14. Pettit GR, Numata A, Cragg GM, et al. Isolation and structures considered safe to be used as a livestock feed. This article can of Scheicherastins (1e7) and Schleicheols 1 and 2 from the provide tremendous opportunities to conduct research related teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J Nat Prod. to a variety of aspects of this plant. 2000;63:72e78. 15. Lee KW, Hur JH, Lee CY. Antiproliferative effects of dietary phenolic substances and hydrogen peroxide. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;54:7036e7040. Conflicts of interest 16. Nemeikaite-Ceniene A, Imbrasaite A, Sergediene E, Cenas N. Quantitative structure-activity relationships in pro-oxidant All authors have none to declare. cytotoxicity of polyphenols: role of potential of phenoxyl radical/phenol redox couple. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005;441:182e190. 17. Bhaumik S, Anjum R, Rangaraj N, Pardhasaradhi BVV, Khar A. Acknowledgement Curcumin mediated apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells involves the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. FEBS Lett. e The authors are thankful to the University of Delhi for the 1999;456:311 314. 18. Sakagami H, Jiang Y, Kusama K, et al. Cytotoxic activity of financial support under the innovation projects (SVC-101). hydrolysable tannins against human oral tumor cell linesda possible mechanism. Phytomedicine. 2000;1:39e47. references 19. Loo G. Redox-sensitive mechanisms of phytochemical mediated inhibition of cancer cell proliferation (review). J Nutr Biochem. 2003;14:64e73. 20. Thind TS, Rampal G, Agarwal SK, Saxena AK, Arora S. 1. Palanuvej C, Vipunngeun N. Fatty acid constituents of Diminution of free radical induced DNA damage by extracts/ Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken seed oil. J Health Res. fractions from bark of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Drug 2008;22:203e212. Chem Toxicol. 2010;33:329e336. 2. Iwasa S. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. In: Faridah Hanum I, 21. Skehan P, Storeng R, Scudiero D, et al. New colorimetric van der Maesen LJG, eds. Plant Resources of South-east Asia No. cytotoxic assay for anticancer-drug screening. J Natl Cancer 11. Auxiliary Plants. Bogor : Prosea Foundation; Inst. 1990;82:1107e1112. 1997:227e229. 22. Forman HJ, Torres M. Reactive oxygen species and cell 3. Jhansi P, Kalpana TP, Ramanujan CGK. Apidologie. signaling: respiratory burst in macrophage signaling. Am J 1994;25:289e296. Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(12 II):S4eS8. 4. Rout SD, Panda T, Mishra N. Ethno-medical plants used to 23. Dizdaroglu M, Jaruga P, Birincioglu M, Rodriguez H. Free cure different diseases by tribal of Mayurbhanj district of radical-induced damage to DNA: mechanisms and North Orissa. Ethno-med. 2009;3:27e36. measurement. Free Radicals Biol Med. 2002;32:1102e1115. 5. Mahaptma SP, Sahoo HP. An ethano medico botanical study 24. Dhir H, Kumar A, Sharma A. Relative efficiency of Phyllanthus of Bolangi, Orissa, India: native plant remedies against emblica extract and ascorbic acid in modifying lead and gynaecological diseases. Ethanobot Leafl. 2008;12:846e854. aluminium-induced sister-chromatic exchanges in mouse 6. Dan S, Dan SS. Phytochemical study of Adnsonia digitata, bone marrow. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1993;21:229e236. Coccoloba excoriate, Psychotria adenophylla, and Schleichera 25. Cozzi R, Ricordy R, Aglitti T, Gatta V, Perticone P, De Salvia R. Oleosa. Fitoterapia. 1986;57:445e446. Ascorbic acid and b-carotene as modulators of oxidative 7. Ghosh P, Chakraborty P, Mandal A, Rasul MG, damage. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18:223e228. Chakraborty Madhumita, Saha A. Triterpenoids from 26. Surh Y-J. Cancer chemoprevention with dietary Schleichera oleosa of Darjeeling foothills and their phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:768e780. antimicrobial activity. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73:231e233. 27. Thind TS, Rampal Geetanjali, Kumar Agrawal Satyam, 8. Kawamori T, Lubet R, Steele VE, et al. Chemopreventive effect Saxena AK, Arora Saroj. Evaluation of cytotoxic and radical- of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, scavenging activities of extracts of Schleichera oleosa during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. (Lour.) Oken. Nat Prod Res. 2012;26:1728e1731. Cancer Res. 1999;59:597e601. 28. Velioglu YS, Mazza G, Gao L, Oomah BD. Antioxidant activity 9. Choi JA, Kim JY, Lee JY, et al. Induction of cell cycle arrest and and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain apoptosis inhuman breast cancer cells by quercetin. Int J products. J Agric Food Chem. 1998;46:4113e4117. Oncol. 2001;19:837e844. 29. Maisuthisakul P, Suttajit M, Pongsawatmanit R. 10. Kirana C, Mcintosh GH, Record IR, Jones GP. Antitumor Assessment of phenolic content and free radical- activity of extract of Zingiber aromaticum and its bioactive scavenging capacity of some Thai indigenous plants. Food sesquiterpenoid Zerumbone. Nutr Cancer. 2003;45:218e225. Chem. 2007;100:1409e1418. journal of pharmacy research 6 (2013) 224e229 229

30. Li HB, Wong CC, Cheng KW, Chen F. Antioxidant properties 43. Gandhi Mallela, Ramu N, Raj SB. Methyl ester production in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from Schleichera oleosa. Int J Pharma Sci Res. 2011;2:1244e1250. from medicinal plants. Lwt-Food Sci Technol. 2008;41:385e390. 44. Clemente R, Paredes C, Bernal MP. A field experiment 31. Bravo L. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietery sources, metabolism investigating the effects of olive husk and cow manure on and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev. 1998;56:317e333. heavy metal availability in a contaminated calcareous soil 32. Soobrattee MA, Neergheen VS, Luximon-Ramma A, Aruoma OI, from Murcia (Spain). Agric Ecosyst Environ. Bahorun T. Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic 2007;118:319e326. agents: mechanism and actions. Mutat Res. 2005;579:200e213. 45. Rio MD, Font R, Moreno-Rojas R, De Haro-Bailon A. Uptake of 33. Thind TS, Rampal Geetanjali, Kumar Agrawal Satyam, lead and Zinc by wild plants growing on contaminated soils. Saxena AK, Aror Saroj. In vitro antiradical properties and total Ind Crop Prod. 2006;24:230e237. phenolic contents in methanol extract/fractions from bark of 46. Freitas H, Prasad MNV, Pratas J. Plant community tolerant to Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Med Chem Res. 2011;20:254e260. trace elements growing on the degraded soils of Sao 34. Yu L, Haley S, Perret J, Harris M, Wilson J, Qian M. Free radical Domingos mine in the south east of Portugal: environmental scavenging properties of wheat extracts. J Agric Food Chem. implications. Environ Int. 2004;30:65e72. 2002;50:1619e1624. 47. Mukhopadhyay S, Maiti SK. Phytoremediation of metal mine 35. Moon Archana, Khan Aqueel, Wadher Bharat. Biotherapeutic waste. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 2010;8:207e222. antibacterial potential of Schleichera oleosa against drug 48. Das M, Maiti SK. Comparison between availability of heavy resistant isolates. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2009;3:181e186. metals in dry and wetland tailing of an abandoned copper- 36. Sinha AK, Sharma UK, Abhishek S, Nandini S. A process for the tailing pond. Environ Monit Assess. 2008;137:343e350. preparation of crystalline and non-hygroscopic phenolic rich 49. Chaturvedi Nilima, Dhal NK, Rama Reddy PS. Comparative colored fractions from plants. Int Appl. WO Patent. 2010. phytoremediation potential of Callophyllum inophyllum L., Bixa 2010109286 A1. orellana L. and Schleichera oleosa (lour.) Oken on iron ore 37. Suleman P, Al-Musallam A, Menezes CA. The effect of tailings. Int J Min Reclam Environ. 2012;26(2):104e108. biofungicide Mycostop on Ceratosystis radicicola, the causal 50. Porra RJ, Thompson WA, Kriedmann PE. Determination of agent of black scorch on date palm. Biocontrol. accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations 2002;47:207e216. for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different 38. Saha D, Dasgupta S, Saha A. Antifungal activity of some plant solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll extracts against fungal pathogen of tea (Camellia sinensis). standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Pharm Biol. 2005;43:87e95. Acta. 1989;975:384e394. 39. Ramadhas S, Muraleedharan C, Jayaraj S. Performance and 51. Punj ML. Agricultural By-products and Industrial Wastes for emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl Livestock and Poultry Feeding. All India co-ordinated research esters of rubber seed oil. Renewable Energy. 2005;30:1789e1800. project. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research; 40. Canacki M, Van Gerpen J. The performance and emissions of 1988. a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from yellow grease and 52. McLeod MN. Plant tannins-their role in forage quality. Nutr soyabean oil. ASAE. Annual Meeting. 2001;016050. Abstr Rev. 1974;44:803e815. 41. Mikolajczak KL, Smith CR. Cyanolipids of kusum (Schliechera 53. Singleton VN. Naturally occurring food toxicants; phenolic trijuga) seed oil. Northern Regional research Laboratory substances of plant origin common in food. Adv Food Res. ARS/USDA. Lipids. 1971;6:349e350. 1981;27:149e242. 42. Canacki M, Van Gerpen J. Biodiesel production from oils and 54. Makkar HPS. Tannin levels and their degree of polymerization fats with high free fatty acids. Trans Am Soc Agric Engineers. and specific activity in some agro-industrial by-products. Biol 2001;44:1429e1436. Wastes. 1990;31:137e144.