(  )    , 

ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﻮزﻳﺪآزﻫﺎ و آﻟﻔﺎ آﻣﻴﻼز ﻏﺪه ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ ﺣﻠﺰون ﻗﻬﻮهاي ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت .Caucasotachea lencoranea (: )

ﻣﻬﺪﻳﻪ ﺑ ﻲﻏﻢ1*، وﺣﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻮه2، ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻮه3 و ﺟﺎﻣﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻮذري4   !" #$%& ' (                *+ ,#$- !"  !.  ( ) (54// :7, 1 6 55/4/2 :0+ 1 )

ﭼﻜﻴﺪه

    Caucasotachea lencoranea Mousson    * ()  !   ' ! #$ %$ &! ." !        * ." ! -1*   3 '  4 *2 -1+, -/ $ 0 -" ! 0 "4 9 * "1*!  "" 53 67 #  7 8 !   ;<    %$ &! ."$4   !   4 "8 :1 9   "4 ! ." & !  4 "8  =6) * 0      :1 9   "4 ! 0 "74 9 -1 + 3 &4 >  * !

 B *pH   "4 9 -1 + &$1! ." 4 ?@6 A -  4 "8  9 ! &$1!  '1$E* ." 4 ?@6 D  C *pH   "74 ! 0C &$1! pH  "H ." - &! 4  &3 BG  "4 ! !  FC  "4

km  "H ." - &! 4  &3 BG  &$1!   I ! ! :1 9 -1 + !

- &! &H1 ! N1 G /OO  N1 M/KB J1)) &!  "74 9 ! vmax 

   4 "8  P>   "4 ! ! vmax  km  "H '1$E* ." ." 4 & Q &H1 ! N1 G/GBI  N1 OG/BK J1)) &! 

واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: 0Caucasotachea lencoranea 8" 4 0 9 4" 0 .:1 9 0 "4 !

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ (( '( .(Mansorean, 1992  != 1DE F=G!HI  .!- ,(+ *(! )' &% $# "! ! ١ J /!0  &23 !<$ &% 4!93* -( (*$ F0 KL! M %! ' &!= 5! 9 F N& 1 )H 4&(*E O<=J( -'&1!23 +), 4567 -1& -%! ' 8!)9 4&!; (Mierzaea,  Q &!<$ 4!93* P( 4!IQ '( 1 % ). ?(% 1 ! ( @ ( -!.-&!<= !>) ( 1 )$S -!. .% &% R!=<=$ ? &% 67 TE &U 1. Gasteropoda

E-mail: [email protected]  :    :   *

          

(&I!=)L( )L(& %(*I(  &% ?( (  *)&D %& &*# &N ('&1!23 %!<)0( /=G% !. 1DE .(Barker, 2001) FL( $ /=#2 KG1% '( 3 $!  ? 1 % -%! ' VE -(&(% $&(  -1& * ! Q ZL 4(*=XY !. 1DE F1!> %!V ( KW -!.KG ! t & -( J KG 1% '( 1 )I*(*I (& !2E( 1 1 F ' M=7 &% ! Q -&( !" 1 ?(1% OH=9N !<$% ! !3 1% ML 3 FL( $ /=#2 -93 1DE [ )=L3( %!H %&; .* 8!) ! %$ u * \&( GG s(*# !"!r. H .(Ahmadi & Arbabi, 2001) FL(  %* &1Q ! ' -!. D Q =G &% $&(  .(Mirmoaedy, 2008) FIQ  ( >= F *  =' &% \] !L  ^ '( b> [I% 1 (S *=;j O (S %( ')=L1 ( O$&( O# D=I OR!=<=$ *)3 /_ R!.&!#.(& '( %!)L(! &% $&(  ?=)="( f .%  !2 4!HG!e .%&(%  ! 9J / !J V=) '(*E( ?0 1 ` aG= 1 0(&' -!.L /!$ L v L '( -' #2; ! !" #$ 2< >E ='  ( &% .%*3 V)W (&  W &!#.(& /=#2 HI% -!.L 1 =3 -!.L O$&( .$! ?1!> ?!J&( '( %!)L(  ( FIQ  ( F *  !.L v  * (1(*I $&( -!.L .FL( $ 3&!  33 -!. a -(&(% ?1!> ?!J&( =G v -(&(% 1 % (&I!=)L( )L(& $&(  &% .$!  %W -!.&!#.(&  * W '( < D Q -!. &% ! Q v) %*#<0 ! 3 ). !2#$ &% -%! ' V & 1 /#2 -*( != &% F1!> %!V ( ^*. =G &% <  b> &fS   (* ! $!  u!9&( -E! *(  ( a !>) ( `=# b (=" ! G1 FL( R(S -!.'!= .(Barker, 2001) %&(% $&( -!. D Q c (* !.!= %* &!3 '1*( d !^ .FL( $ /=  1 =!) 1 O4&(=. *3 O *^ O=1*" )L(&  ( (Sharma FL( * S" !#( -*( 4!IQ ?1!> $ a FL( 2 );!$ >=J% &N  H %( $&( -!. D Q HG!e !=  ( &% .et al., 2000) O=r=G &(> &% v [eJ &N !( .(Forming, 1954) ^ 3 (=" -%! ' &!= F=<.( FIQ  ( b> ! Q $& &%  (  *9=I 1 =1*" O4(&=. *3 %&&fS FIQ *)f -(* I. (0  ( .(Jess & Markers, 1989) $! )$(% <  1 L!L( -aG D=I /!3 g&% &U  ( . *= &(*J W /!3 D=G1&=. &U $&( -!. D Q %W1 c" ! FL( -&1*h 4!93* -( J 1DE \&( !@)L% !.*  ! Q / 9 1  (S%( '( 1*  ( .%$ );!$  ; Q \&( -aG D=I 1 ! Q .FL( * S"! n!)W( (&I!=)L( )L(& !)* \&( )=L -!. 1DE F=<.( W ! b.1w"  ( &% :-!.b> -(&(% 1 $ => F<J  ^ '( # 3 &23 G!<$ -! !)L( &% 4!93* -( J %( nSW 1 m. (l k(S *=;j 1 F (. OFI! &% (i n7 &23 &% 4!93* F23 -!  !3  *P( )=L [J(1 &% .$!  HI% %( /=#2 (o k (S R!=<=$= -!.w 1 L&* &% HL O%%* 1 $&( ! !3 /!$ )L(&  ( &% $&( =d<. 1 '( '3 !) O'( 'f !GQ -!. D Q % O !.% % 

 ... &0 . /*.  $&.%&'(' ) *+, -! : $  "#!

 L 4(& 4!I4!)L( *I! 1&% -*='( ( .Q  &% !. D Q  ( F=G!HI (D= -1& -( HG!e i} /!$ *)=G1*z= i}} ! * (* bf(1 VE !  ( 1 FL( 2 ?!V ( 4!9f* -( J 1DE $&( ! (*) L *)=G1*z=  O< D Q 7 *)=G1*z= () # ( =( % .(; Q %& =G1( b.1w" € ! * (* pH ! *I! *)=G1*z= ƒ 1 &5=  FU / !J *X( ! ?1!> ?!J&( -H =<# 4!>=>7 &% ~ 7 *)=G1*z= i}} b (DI( ! bf(1 .$ ?!V ( .FI! FL% FIQ $&( -!. D Q )=L -1& W ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ *! .=&L =f1  (&!" 1 +J) G /I*)== (Elx 808)  & & F="1*z= !@)L% =L1 $        O„ O€ Oo  !' /P(I &% 1 *) ! } p N &% 4!93* 4!! '( !%(%*; &% &3S 1DE <. '( b !'Q  ( &% .$ -*='( ( >=J% i 1 il -! !)L( &% [J(1 (*L HP 1  !z !)L* $ .$ %!)L( ~ ] -(*  D Q DW 4!9=f* -!. 1DE . %* -&1Q[=>7 b, ML $ -&1Q[=>7 L{ . %* R!L!$ /!$ bf(1 u, .$ %!)L( il ! l '( pH (%  O*I! *)=G1*z= ƒ O< D Q &!60 *)=G1*z= i}      !"#$ O% &5=  P!6);( -(*) L *)=G1*z= Q |P %*f(W '( c" O& !W x *2 &U '( H &5 ~  L =f1&=. %1DI( ! bf(1 x *2 `)2 1&% OD= 1 -J d=J ` =L1 F<J -! ) ( &% f $&(  O%*L *e> nQ -1!E ML nSW 1  %* +J) >=J% i !' 4 (W -%<0 &!=$ ^ ! FL( )I*&(*J  y="&! *) ! } p N &% & & F="1*z= !@)L%  !.n=1*#= 1&% $(W $&( -!. . %* .$ -*='( ( -!.%!)L( -(* 1 $ ), & %*L *e> nQ -1!E ,'  -.  *)"% 2&. 01 ( &'  / & % %(*) !L W&%  l} -!% &% P!I] O-H " + . $ -&( @ O'( 'f !) 1 !GQ F=G!HI * !% *X( L&* -(*         *I! *)=G1*z= ƒ O D Q *)=G1*#= i} &(> ! bf(1 &% -( 2=$ )L% &D ! a<. ~ ! $&( %  ! * (* ! &5 }/}  L 4(& 4!I4!)L( pH !.F = a<. .  %* D ! a<. %(*) !L W&%  -!% '( 'f!) -(* € ! * (* pH 1 '( 'f!GQ -(* F0*L ! (32R ) y=). a *) !L !@)L% ! 1 €} O} O O} Oo Oo} Ol}) +), -!.!% &% H .  %* a *) !L >=J% i 4 1 i€}}}×g O >=J% o 4 '( H .$ ?!V ( (%(*) !L W&% †} -!% &% < D Q [9 (0 =2 1& E*  ( '( P!6);( -(*) L *)=G1*#=  !.&!<= '( ~ *. . $ -&( @ %!)L( !' ! %(*) !L W&% l} U7G  ('( .$ %1DI( '( 'f!) 1 !GQ -!. D Q  ( )* + ," !' &  %"#$ !  .FI* ?!V ( !% !<. &% >=J% l} 4< bf(1 OH * '( 'f !) 1 !GQ -!. D Q F=G!HI ==H ! $ I!h(  L =f1&=. *)=G1*#= i}} crL (1986) Low et al. 1 (1977) Siegentaler \1& s!L( p N &% bf(1 u, nSW .%$ +J) bf(1 &(>  (* ! .$ ?!V ( !.\1& Q &% *==‚ f ( ! .$ -*='( ( *) ! }  1 '( 'f !GQ -(* pNαG -!.(*) L D=G1&=. ,'  -.  *)"% V  K  *, 3 & %  max m FL% '( 'f!) F=G!HI -*='( ( -(* pNβG " + %& -!. D Q 1 -!.*)(&!" ==H -(* Vmax Km 1. 4-Nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside β (*==‚ !<0( ! (2002) Bisswanger \1& '( HG!e 2. 4-Nitrophenyl -D-glucopyranoside

          

OSigmaplot OSTATGRAPHICS -!.&(DI(?* i} O Oo Oi O}/ O}/l -!.FU () ( .$ ?!V ( '( %!)L( ! !.%(% =@ != . %* ?!V ( Hyper32 ! bf(1 H E* &% .$ =  (*) L '( &5= . $  !> P&%  xeL &% z (% 'Q i < D Q 7 *)=G1*z= l} %*f I!h( ƒ 1 $ ==H -!.FU ! (*) L *)=G1*z= = &% .$ v1*$ *I! *)=G1*z ! F .* ~ )' > .! ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ و ﺑﺤﺚ " + ,'  -.  *)"% 2&. 01 & % &% nSW 1 $ I!h(  L =f1&=. *)=G1*z= i}} 1DE $&(  '( '3 !) 1 !GQ F=G!HI Oil O„ O€ O o  !' /P(I &% *) ! } p N .$ -*='( ( >=J% iƒ Oi -(*) L) PNαG -(*) L -1& * 4!93* -( J 4& -.  *)"% ( &' pH & % -(*) L) PNβG 1 ('( '3 !GQ -(* P!6);( $ -*='( ( ('( '3 !) -(* P!6);( (1991) Baker \1& '( %!)L( ! ']=Q !GQ F=G!HI =G1( F0*L FL( ‰,2 3 @ !<. .(i/z$) +), -!.pH &% b !'Q .$ =VL *==‚ 3 ( ! .FL( 41!) (*) L 1% -1&* < D Q F=G!HI 4(& 4!I4!)L( !L&=  *I! ! (il ! l) -1&* < D Q &!60 ML D=G1&=. F0*L  *)2= !.&!<= '( ?(3 *. &% &U   .FI* ?!V (  L %& pH ! *I! *)=G1*#= } 1  D Q '( *)=G1*#= i nSW *==‚ }/ioo) =G1( F0*L ! PNβG-(*) L u, (%i )L!2 ) (*) L '( *)=G1*#= i 1 *U ! PNαG -(*) L -1& Q  *)<3 1 ( >=J% &% $ .!2 ( >=J% &% nSW *==‚ }/}l) =G1( F0*L -!% &% ?* nQ ?!=J% l} # Q '( H . %* 1*)= -% |*H *)=G1*#= ƒ} FI* &(*J W&% o} 1 PNαG -(*) L 1% D=G1&=. W ! .(P<}/}i) %*f +J) &U &!<= *. =L( ~===G!L !) 1 !GQ w 1 -!.(*) L K=* f PNβG 1%  ( 3 F$(% &! Š( ()= $!  '( 'f nˆQ &% >=J% i} 4 !.&!<= . %* I!h( bf(1 4!93* -( J 1DE $&(  &!60 &%  D Q i}} '( ( &(*z *. '( crL . $ %(% &(*J \W . $  % -( UE] / !J &(> !@)L% ! 1 ), & F=" &% 1 )$(%* *)=G1*#=  1 i α  !J! D=G1&=. '( '3 !GQ .$  (; *) ! } &% nSW & & F="1*z= 4& -. ( &'  / & % p-nitrophenyl-α- *=U ) !. '3 / &Q '( -D3 &(> ']=Q !GQ F=G!HI -1& * !% *X( L&* -(* (& (!. &!3!L@=G( ! !. &!3!L -% O D-glucoside 4(%W &%  (1(*I !. D Q  ( . !<  D=G!!3 ! *U %& *I! *)=G1*z= } !  D Q *)=G1*#= i  β D=G1&=. !.'( '3 !) 3 G!E &% . ($ FI! Ol}) +), -!.!% &% 1 $ u, l ! * (* pH D=G!!3 (& !. '#= '( !. &!3!L   !<=J! i  &(*J %(*) !L W&% (†} 1 €} O} O O} Oo Oo} i !.&!<= '( ~ *. O >=J% o N '( H . $ %(% <. &% !.'( '3!) .(Terra et al., 1994)  !<   ( '( .$ %1DI( P&% ~ )L!2 7 *)=G1*#= (Esen,  &(% %W1 !.-*)3! 1 !.‹&!J O (& !W O !.!= !% !<. &% >=J% o} 4 -(* bf(1 OH U7G )L(& -!. 1DE $ ?!V ( 4!HG!e Œ9N .1993) $&( -!. D Q '( -(*) -(&(% D= (&I!=)L( ~===G!L 1*)= - % *)=G1*#= ƒ} crL .FI* &(*J v o} '( !_ (0 O). !.'(&=. *3 8!P6, i} 4 1 %$ +J) bf(1 ! $ I!h( =L( $ %*L '( H .FI* &(*J \W nQ &% >=J% %W1 Helicidae %( !; $&( -&!V &% 3 < D Q $!  !.'(&=. *3 ZDW ! Q '( v l} '( b= %&(% -*='( ( Q nSW *) ! } p N &% !. < .$ Archachatina 1DE =d<. .(Barker, 2001) *// ("5$ .ventricosa Gould (Stylommatophora: '( %!)L( ! b !'Q -!.%(% /=7 1 DV

2 ... &0 . /*.  $&.%&'(' ) *+, -! : $  "#!

7 '89 6  ' %# 7& %&'(' ) *+, 5 4 3 '( .1* -(&(% %; $&( &!60 &% Achatinoidea) & %&'(' ;!  /*. < 7 ;=!'-  7 >?( !. D Q '( 1*  ( != &% .$!  !.'( '#= '(= 1&3 O'( '3I O'( '3 O'5L ( ,'  -.  *)"% 2&. 01 ' pH 6 ' -!.(*) L '( -%! ' %(H 3 %< &!$( '( ' ! 1 "  3 D=G1&=. (& .!= -!. &!3!L " 1 06 &% '( '3 !) 1 !GQ F=G!HI -1& pH *X( b !'Q .(Colas, 1980; Leparoux et al., 1994; Leparoux et .(o 1 l -!./z$ ) $ ?!V ( il ! l '( pH +=N &% -'(&=. *3 $&( -!. D Q &mE .al., 1997) !) 1  1  ! * (* pH &% '( 'f !GQ F=G!HI '( 3 Tegula funebralis ( ) !( .$!  = € 1  ! * (* &% '( '3 Adams Trochidae pH FL( =L& 4!9X( D= 3 S‚ !.`9W +=N &% '( '3 !GQ FL( % 2 /z$ &% d !^ (Galli &!60 3 .% !2 4!>=>7 .& Giese, 1959) † ! o '( pH +=N &% '( 'f !) 1 † ! l pH D=G1&=. &%!J D= $&(  !GQ &% ..% !2 %; '( 9L! F=G!HI Arion alter Linnae .(Evans & Jones, 1962a) $!  !.4(&=. *3 P&% } %1E † 1 l ! * (* pH &% '( 'f oƒ %1E  '1 3 '! !3 o 1 i β  D Q =d<. Oi} R!=J -!.pH &% .%$ .!2 =2= F=G!HI '( 'f !GQ &% 1 3 &!= < D Q F=G!HI il 1 ii -( f1% $&(  '( O%&(% )G(%=3 '( 'f !) &% 1 =2= F=G!HI P&% o} %1E $ -'!L‰G!; Patinopecten yessoensiss Shell !.L&*  ( .$!  =2= F=G!HI P&% i} %1E Johnston & Freeman .(Kumagal et al., 2008) FL( 1DE $&(  &% !.'( 'f f .% !2 (& '( '3 !GQ 1 '( '3 !)  D Q (2005) .). -=L( M=7 &% F=G!HI -(&(% 4!9f* -( J 1 pterolisthes FL"F,L 1% '( K=* * b3(1 M=7 (1994) Withaker 4!HG!e s!L(* .(Kazazi, 2007)  %*f -'!L(W Leptograpsus 4$ 1 %&(S *X(  D Q 1 (*) L -!. =" -1& \&( !@)L% &% '( 'f !) 1 !GQ %W1  (* ! ..% &(*J *=XY F7 (& #=)=G!!3 b3(1 FL( =L& 4!9X( D= FIQ 4(*2E -!. )L(& K( pH ` %; -H L &!);!L W ! < D Q *. &% (& <  ~ aG D=I b> !. D Q  ( f -&N =d<. .%* S" (*) L ! b3(1 &% (& =H ( 

&(*J v!H2G(F7 (&  D Q F=G!HI FL( #< /(0  (

3.5 = pH (D= * 9 v) 4!$&(D f! ..% Alpha-glucosidase * .FL( )I! &!2) ( $&( -!. D Q F=G!HI -(* 3.0 Beta-glucosidase 2.5 F=G!HI f $ ‰,2 $ ?!V ( 4!HG!e s!L( 2.0 FL"F,L 1% &% '(==QD3 -% -'(&=. *3 1.5 ج ل  ب در    ب در ل ج

٠ 1 Meganyctiphanes Euphausia superba Dana 1.0 )I( Ž!(  %1E = &%  

pH norvegica Sars 0.5

%* &!3 ! =d<. .(Spindler & Buchholz, 1988) 0.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Linne 1DE &% '(==Q3  D Q w 1 -(*) L ( ) 

          @

o/ ! * (* pH &% D=G1&=. *_3(E Helix pomatia

a Teo & .(Neuberger & Rosalind, 1939) Q FL% 100 a ab ab &% '( '3 !GQ f  %*f F !X (1990) Sabapathy 80 b F=G!HI pH -(&(% Perna viridis Linnaeus -( 3 1%

60 .$!  / ! * (* = '( 'f !) 1 !GQ -!. D Q -!. 9W '( z 40 c cd   در    d &% v -(&(% f FL! Q = pH 4(*2E  != %1& 20 d d d -!. 'f !) 1 !GQ K( .$!  +), 4(*2E

0 $!  €/ +=N &% = -(&(% 4(*2E 02468101214 pH

pH = pH !_ (0 .(Terra & Ferreira, 1994) !) & %&'(' ;! ) *+, 7 C;D 7$pH B 5W 3 Tenebrio molitor -(* o/† * (* '( 'f !GQ F=G!HI 7 '89 6  ' %# (PNβG 7 ;=!'- & /;- *"K$ &% /ƒ ! 1 O    - J K   %L$ I 3 7 GH $ .>?( Erinnyis ello Linnaeus ?; M+ GH $ MN  7'O PQ'( 7$  Dysdercus peruvianus L &% =d<. OLinnaeus 7$J K   J  7 L  %LQ '&. ! .%!  + pH Musca domestica Linnaeus -!.1&5 1 Guerin TG-  7 L+ M0;R S;I M6 P 39 %6 7   €/€ 1  * (* K=* '( 'f !GQ F=G!HI = .%  % %V U (Terra & Jorada, 1989; Silva & FL( $ \&(D "  ,'  -.  *)"% 2&. 01' / 6 ' Ttrra, 1995; Santons et al., 1983; Terra et al., .  -!./z$ &% !. D Q  ( F=G!HI * !% *X( V=) 1985) %1& -'( 'f!) F=G!HI -1& * *@ % Œ=>7 &% %%* UE] d !^ .FL( $ %&1Q  1 L &% &fS  D Q F=G!HI = O != W&%  ! o} R!% +=N &% '( '3!GQ pH  1 ? L OBrachynema germeri Kol } ! o} R!% +=N &% '( '3!) 1 %(*) !L (Ramzi, 2009; Q FL% € * (* A. flavolineata !GQ = -!% . &(% 9L! F=G!HI %(*) !L W&% .Kazazi, 2007; Ferreira et al., 1999) 4!93* -( J 1DE $&(  -(* '( '3

} R!% +=N &% 1 $ ‰,2 %(* ) !L W&% o a 100 a

F=G!HI &% -&(%H |]);( %(*) !L W&% †} ! b 80 b !) F=G!HI  *)2= .2 .!2 - '3 !GQ

60 W&% } -!% &% $&(  &% '( '3 cd c

40 de .$ .!2 %(*) !L de fef   در    f *. 3 )$(% &! Š( (1989) Price & Stevens 20 &% OFL( F=G!HI -(* KL! R!% +=N -(&(%  D Q 0 &!);!L K=3* &% *==‚ O+=N  ( '( *5! -!% 02468101214 pH #<  ( 3  Q  %W1  D Q D3(* &% 6; !) & %&'(' /*. ) *+, 7 C;D 7$pH B 5 A 3 !% 3  !' !  (* ! .$! * S"! F2* FL( 7 '89 6  ' %# (PNαG 7 ;=!'- & /;-    - J K   %L$I 3 7 GH $ .>?(  ( O$! %*9 = '( (&  D Q -H L K=3* ?; M+ GH $ MN  7'O PQ'( 7$   D Q *. 1  !< /<0 b3(1 &% &1D=G!!3 ` (0 7$J K   J  7 L  %LQ '&. ! .%!  + b (DI( .%* S" (& !% '( P!; E = F=G!HI -(* TG-  7 L+ M0;R S;I M6 P 39 %6 7   !..% bf(1 z=)=L -!. w 1 &%*==‚ 0! !% .%  % %V U

 ... &0 . /*.  $&.%&'(' ) *+, -! : $  "#!

-5! 4$ V=) &% 1 %%*  ( D Q 1 (*) L) K=f* O D Q ML 5! -a* ( nSW 1 < D Q bf(1 a  !   b.!f Q F=G!HI 1 ),= . '( Q -H L 100 .(Marinotti & James, 1990) 90 b b /=)L(  ( 1 '!=)=3 -'(=. *3 -!. D Q %W1 bc 80 bcd F,L $&( )=L &% '(==Q '3 -%  !)  bcd 70 FL( $ F !X 1 !)L" cd E. superba M. norvegica   در    d

60 *. &% !. D Q  ( = -!% 3 FL( %(% !2 ‘ !) $!  %(*) !L W&% } ! } =  1% 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 .( ) (  )  Spindler & Buchholz, 1988 %#  & %&'(' ;! " . ) *+, !  B 5 U 3 '( '(==Q '3 !) 1 !GQ -!.  D Q =d<. >?( 7 '89 6  ' &% . ($ -'!L(W H. pomatica $&( &!60 &% '(==Q '3  D Q -1& * !% *=XY b !'Q

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60 1  !GQ -!. D Q -(* B. germeri &% km * %!> . %* bc bc c   در  (! 'f  '( ii 1 l/}† * (* K=*†/ 1 <)& 40 c c (Ramzi, Q FL% }/}l† 1 }/}o€i * (* Vmax

Chilo &% km * %!> =d<. .2009; Kazazi, 2007) 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 '( 'f !) 1 !GQ -(* suppressalis Walker (  )  %#  & %&'(' /*. " . ) *+, !  B 5 X 3 }/}† * (* Vmax &(> 1 &5= }/€i 1 i/†i K=* >?( 7 '89 6  '

          

%(% !2 (& F=G!HI *_3(E Q &% 3 $!  ne (Sharma et Q FL% >=J% * &5= }/}oi 1 b.!3 ! Q F=G!HI Q '( *= !" ! *5! pH &% 1 .al., 2000) ?!V ( 4!>=>7 Œ9N * .(Franco et al., 2000)  !  FL" F,L &% ']=Q !GQ F=G!HI -(* = pH $ € * (* Cherax quadricarinatus Von Martens =d<. .(Figueiredo et al., 2001) FL( Q FL%  -!. D Q HG!e ! (1990) Teo & Sabapathy !2 Perna viridi Linnaeus -( 31% &% $&( -( f1%  ( &% ']=Q !GQ F=G!HI = pH 3  %(% &% f  %(% !2 .$!  /ƒ (2000) Aguilar et al.

Lactobacillus manihotivoran Beijerinck -*)f! /*. S'!'L * 3  Vmax  Km 7$;  5 Y 3 9L! F=G!HI -(&(% € pH +=N &%  D Q  ( >?( 7 '89 6  ' %#  & %&'(' f $ %(% !2 *@ % L&* &% =d<. .$!  \&( !@)L% ']=Q !GQ -(*  D Q F=G(!HI *_f(E $!  ƒ/l pH &% Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus &% -=3 -!. D Q '( # ']=Q .(Zotwska, 2001) f FL( 4(*2E &% 4&(=. *3 =G !) 1 m.  D Q ..% &(*J ?( 7 '89 6  ' %#  & %&'(' Anthrea mylitta (1*" &% !_ (0 FL( 4& -. 2&. 01 ' 6 ' „/l R!=J pH &% ']=Q = F=G!HI Hewitson pH '( H=L1 (% &% ']=Q !GQ -(*) L D=G1&=. &% .(Nagaraju & Abraham, 1995) FL( $ \&(D .FI* ?!V ( (il ! †) R!=J 1 (€ ! l) -=L(  1 3 F=G!HI i} ! * (* R!=J &% K=* F=G!HI = pH )" D9L L 1 ? L pH %1E † O€ O -!. &% .FL( =2= F=G!HI P&% (Ramzi, 2009; Kazazi, Q FL%  1 €/ ! * (* pH .(ƒ /z$) %%* .!2 =2= F=G!HI P&% } F=G!HI %& &% (2000) Zeng & Cohen ‘ !) .2007)  &% ']=Q !GQ f .% !2 !. L&*  ( Lygus Palisot de Beauvoris -!.L &% ']=Q !GQ M=7 &% F=G!HI -(&(% 4!9f* -( J 1DE $&( +=N ` &% Lygus hesperus knigh 1 lineolaris &!<$ !.'( '#= ZDW ']=Q !GQ .). -=L( !.L  ( &% ']=Q!GQ 3%(% !2 /i} '( pH 3D=G1&=. (0 (& !.'( '#= .%1& 5! -!. L&* d !^ .$!  €/ = pH -(&(% 4(*2E &% ']=Q !GQ  D Q F=G!HI xeL .% !2 45!6( ']=Q !GQ .L!$ / '#=  O -!. =" ! Q  (S  a& ) (1 !E =0 &% 1 v) &!= ! o -(&(% 3  !. &!3!L" &% (& 1,4-D-glacosidic '(   (S  a& ! 4(*2E f -&N .FL( ). α-1,4 /6) D-glucose E(1 o '( *)2= 1* 1&  D Q  ( %*z<0 &% W / !J b (DI( ! )L!2 3 D=G1&=. (& ( a#= 1 )L!2 /_) .). (pH (% ! ) pH ` -(&(% !. D Q .(Hori, 1975)

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bc O%&(% Sus domesticus Linnae \&( !@)L% -!% 60 bc bc .( ) f   ' f  !V !<. H cd Zotwska, 2001 cd 40 cd   در  %!- = Q !GQ F=G!HI=[' *)- =!&- )' d 20 OBombyx mori Linnaeus (1*" 1&5 ?(

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50 } -!% &% 1 % } ! o} = 4!93* -( J 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (  )  $ .!2  D Q F=G!HI *_3(E %(*) !L W&%  ' %#  &0 . /*. " . ) *+, !  B 5 \ 3 W&% †} 1 €} &% !% b (DI( ! .(„ /z$) FL( >?( 7 '89 6 .%$ )L!3  D Q F=G!HI (D= %(*) !L F=G!HI %W1 P!E ‘ !) f &N ']=Q  D Q F=G!HI  &% (& ']=Q !GQ 1 '( '3 !) O'( 'f!GQ (1979) Onishi & Sonodo *=XY F7(& -*)f! = . %* ‰,2 4!9f* -( J 1DE $&( Micrococcus halobius Sp. n. F=G!HI f  %(% !2 1  %*f L&* +), -!.!% !) 1 -=L( -!.pH &% '( '3 !GQ F=G!HI 4$ %(*) !L W&% } '( *5! -!.!% &%  D Q .Q FL% -=L(  .%*=@= 4&P max m Q  !% -&( !" 1 $!  %(*) !L W&% } >=J% * &5= } /ii 1 &5= „/ƒ K=* *5! -!% %!<  ( ']=Q !GQ f FL( K=*  ( '( '3!) -(* v 1 k &(> =d<. .Q FL% max m *. f -&N O% s!E %(*) !L W&% } '( K=* 4!93* -( J 1DE $&(  '( /P!E %(*) !L W&% } -!% &% >=J% o} 4  D Q ! 9L!7 >=J% * &5= }/}l 1 &5= i}/ƒ &% 1 %1&  = '( Q F=G!HI P&% €l O%*= &(*J . %*

    (  )    ,  REFERENCES 1. Aguilar, G., Morlon-Guyot, J., Trejo-Auilar, B. & Guyot, J. P. (2000). Purification and characterization of an exteracellular α-amylase produced by Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG 18010T, an amylolytic lactic acid bacterium. Enzyme Microbial Technology, 27, 406-413. 2. Ahmadi, A. & Arbabi, M. (2001). Implementation research project final report and efficacy study as carbaryle sprayed citrus orchard in Mazandaran Province. Pp 20. (In Farsi). 3. Barker, G. M. (2001). The biology of terrestrial molluscs.CABI Publishing. 4. Baker, J. E. (1991). Purification and partial characterization of alfa-amylase allozymes from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica. Insect Biochemistry, 21(3), 303-311. 5. Bisswanger, H. (2002). Enzyme kinetic: Principles and methods, Wiley VCH Inc. 6. Colas, B. (1980). Kinetic studies on β-fucosidase of Achatina balteata. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 613, 448-458. 7. Esen, A. (1993). Beta glucosidase: Biochemistry and molecular biology. American Chemical Society of Washington Press. 8. Evans, W. A. L. & Jones, E. G. (1962a). Carbohydrates in the alimentary tract of the slug Arion alter L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 5, 149-166. 9. Farzami, B. (1990). Enzymes. Organization of Jahad-e-Daneshgahi. (In Farsi). 10. Ferreira, C., Marana, S. R., Silva, C. & Terra, W. R. (1999). Properties of digestive glycosidases and peptidases and the permeability of the peritrophic membranes of Abracris flavolineata (Orthopetra: Acrididae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 123, 241-250. 11. Figueiredo, M. S. R. B., Kricker, J. A. & Anderson, A. J. (2001). Digestive enzyme activities in the alimentary tract of Redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus Decapoda: Parastacidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 21(2), 334-344. 12. Forming, E. (1954). Biologie der mitteleuropaische landgastropoden. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin. 13. Franco, O. L., Rigden, D. J., Melo, F. R. & Grossi-de-Sa, M. F. (2002). Plant α- amylase inhibitors and their interaction with insect α-amylases, structure, function and potential for crop protection. European Journal of Biochemistry, 269, 397-412. 14. Galli, D. R. & Giese, A. C. (1959). Carbohydrate digestion in herbivorous snail Tegula funebralis. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 140,415-440. 15. Hori, K. (1975). Acids in the salivary gland of the bugs, Lygus disponsi and Eurydema rugosum. Insect Biochemistry, 5, 165-169. 16. Jess, S. & Marks, R. J. (1989). The interaction of diets and substrate on the growth of Helix aspersa (Muller) var. maxim. In: Henderson, I. (ed), Slug and snails in world agriculture. British Crop Protection Council Monograph, 41, 311-317. 17. Johnston, D. & Freeman, J. (2005). Dietary preference and digestive enzyme activities as indicators of trophic resources utilization by six species of crab. Biological Bulletin, 208, 36. 18. Kazzazi, M. (2007). Study of digestive amylase and glucosidase in Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) and of alpha-amylase inhibitor in wheat dominant. Ph. D. dissertation. Faculty of Horticulture Science and Plant Protection, University of Tehran. Pp 142. (In Farsi). 19. Kumagal, Y., Inoue, A., Tanaca, H. & Ojima, T. (2008). Preparation of B-1, 3-glucanase from scallop mid-gut gland drips and its use for production of novel heterooligosaccharides. Fisheries Science, 74, 1121-1136. 20. Leparoux, S., Padrines, M., Placier, G. & Colas, B. (1997). Characterization of a strictly specific acid β- glactosidase from Achatina achatina. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1336, 522-532. 21. Leparoux, S., Fortun, Y. & Colas, B. (1994). Synthesis of β-galactosyl–(hydroxy amino acid) derivatives usings β– galactosidase acivity of Achatina achatina digestive juice. Biotechnology Letters, 16, 677-682. 22. Low, N. H., Vong, V. & Spornest, P. (1986). A new enzyme, β- glucosidase, in honey. Journal of Apical Research, 25, 178-181. 23. Mansorean, A. (1992). Study of Iran freshwater snails. Ph. D. dissertation. Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Pp 113. (In Farsi). 24. Marinotti, O. & James, A. A. (1990). An α-glucosidase in the salivary glands of the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochemistry, 20, 619-623. 25. Mierzaee, A. (1973). Injurious of Iran agriculture. Journal of plant pests and diseases Research, 68. (In Farsi). 26. Mirmoaedy, A. (2008). Zoology and laboratry , laboratory dissection. Kermanshah University Press.Pp 522. (In Farsi). E-mail: [email protected]  :    :   *

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27. Mohamad, M. A. (2004). Purification and characterization of α-amylase from the infective jueniles of the nematode Heterophabditis bacteriophora. Comperative Biochemistry and Physiology, 139, 1-9. 28. Nagaraju, J. & Abraham, C. (1995). Purification and characterization of digestive amylase from the tasar silkworm, Antherae mylitta (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae). Comperative Biochemistry and Physiology, 110, 201-209. 29. Neuberger, A. & Rosalind, V. P. (1939). The hydrolysis of glucosaminidase by an exzyme in Helix pomatia. Biochemistry Journal, 33 (10), 1580-1590. 30. Onishi, H. & Sonodo, K. (1979). Purification and properties of an exteracellular amylase from a moderate Halo hilo, Micrococcus halobius. Applied Enviromental Microbiology, 38, 616-60. 31. Price, N. C. & Stevens, L. (1989). Fundamentals of Enzymology. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp 478. 32. Ramzi, S. (2009). Study of digestive carbohydrase activity in green stink bug Brachynema germari (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). M. Sc. dissertation. Faculty of Horticulture Science and Plant Protection, University of Tehran. Pp 117. (In Farsi) 33. Santons, C. D., Ferreira, C. & Terra, W. R. (1983). Consumption of food and spatial organization of digestion in the cassava hornworm, Erinnyis ello. Journal of Insect Physiology, 29, 707-717. 34. Segel, I. H. (1975). Enzyme kinetics behaviour and analysis of rapid equliberium and steady state enzyme systems. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York. Pp 992. 35. Sharma, H. C., Sharma, K. K., Seetharama, N. & Ortiz, R. (2000). Prospects for using transgenic resistance to insect in crop improvement. Journal of Biotechnology, 3, 1-20. 36. Siegentaler, U. (1977). Eine einfache & rasche methode zur bestimmung de alpha – glucosidase (saccharase) in honing. Mitt Gebiere Lebesmittelunters Hyg. 68, 251 – 258. 37. Silva, C. P. & Terra, W. R. (1995). An α-glucosidase from perimicrivillar membranes of Dysdercus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) midgut cells, purification and properties. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 25, 487-494. 38. Spindler, K. D. & Buchholz, F. (1988). Partial characterization of chitin degrading enzymes from two euphausiids, Euphausia superba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica. Polar Biology, 9, 115-122. 39. Teo, L. H. & Sabapathy, U. (1990). Preliminary report on the digestive enzyme present in the digestive gland of Perna viridis. Marine Biology, 106, 403 – 407. 40. Terra, W. R. & Ferreira, C. (1994). Insect digestive enzym properties, compartmentalization and function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 109 (1), 1-62. 41. Terra, W. R. & Jorada, B. P. (1989). Final digestion of starch in Musca domestica larvae. Distribution and properties of midgut α-D-glucosidase and glucoamylase. Insect Biochemistry, 19, 285-292. 42. Terra, W. R., Ferreira, C. & Bastos, F. (1985). Phylogenetic consideration of insect digestion, disaccaridases and the spatial organization of digestion in the Tenebrio molitor larvae. Insect Biochemistry, 15, 443-449. 43. Withaker, J. R. (1994). Principales of the enzymology for the food science. Marcel Dekker, Inc, NewYork. 44. Zeng, F. & Cohen. A. C. (2000). Partial characterization of α-amylase in the salivary glands of Lygus hesperus and L. lineolaris. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, 126, 9-16. 45. Zibaee, A., Bandani, A.R. & Ramzi, S. (2009). Enzymatic properties of α- and β-glucosidase extracted from midgut and salivary glands of rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppresalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 332, 633-641. 46. Zoltwska, K. (2001). Purification and characterization of α-amylase the intestine and muscle of Ascaris saum (Nematoda). Acta Biochimica Polonica, 48, 763-774.