2019 National Heritage Fellowships II 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 2019 National Heritage Fellowships

Anhinga on carved mangrove decoy Photo by Rich Smoker

COVER: James F. Jackson leatherwork Photo by James F. Jackson Josephine Lobato embroidery Photo by Carol S. Dass

2 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS CONTENTS

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES ...... 5 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS ...... 6 MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR OF THE FOLK & TRADITIONAL ARTS PROGRAM ...... 7

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWS Dan Ansotegui ...... 8 BASQUE MUSICIAN AND TRADITION BEARER • Boise, ID

Grant Bulltail ...... 10 CROW STORYTELLER • Crow Agency, MT

Linda Goss ...... 12 AFRICAN-AMERICAN STORYTELLER • Baltimore, MD

James F. Jackson ...... 14 LEATHERWORKER • Sheridan, WY

Balla Kouyaté ...... 16 BALAFON PLAYER AND DJELI • Medford, MA

Josephine Lobato ...... 18 SPANISH COLCHA EMBROIDERER • Westminster, CO

Rich Smoker ...... 20 DECOY CARVER • Marion Station, MD

LAS TESOROS DE SAN ANTONIO Beatriz (La Paloma del Norte) Llamas and Blanquita (Blanca Rosa) Rodríguez ...... 22 TEJANO SINGERS • San Antonio, TX

THE 2019 BESS LOMAX HAWES AWARD Bob Fulcher ...... 24 FOLKLORIST AND STATE PARK MANAGER • Clinton, TN

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 26 CONCERT CREDITS ...... 27 MASTER OF CEREMONIES ...... 27 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWS, 1982–2018 ...... 28

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 3 James F. Jackson leatherwork Photo by James F. Jackson

4 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 5 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS

Every year, the National Endowment for the Arts proudly bestows the National Heritage Fellowships to a new class of outstanding master artists. This is the nation’s highest honor for folk and traditional artists, and we thank you for helping us welcome our 2019 fellows to this prestigious group. America is blessed with cultural roots that run broad and deep. And in today’s Photo courtesy of Mary Anne Carter fast-moving world, it is perhaps more important than ever to remember its cultural traditions. For how can we as a nation know where we’re going if we can’t relate to where we came from? And yet, because of cultural practitioners like our National Heritage Fellows, the traditional arts have remained a consistent presence throughout the passage of time. Our fellows connect us in very real ways to our ancestors, and serve as a tangible link to our heritage. In this way, they create an unbroken chain between past and present, even as traditions have moved across borders and oceans. This is the case with Balla Kouyaté, whose role as a djeli, or cultural guardian, and balafon player, can be traced back 800 years to his family’s origins in West Africa. The Crow Nation’s storytelling tradition has sustained its community in the face of enormous, often traumatic, change. This continuity of tradition, identity, and community history is due to the dedication of people like Grant Buttail, who learned the community’s many oral narratives from his grandfather, and has continued to share them with each new generation. In this way, our National Heritage Fellows serve as our anchor, keeping us rooted through our sometimes turbulent histories, as well as through the gradual, sometimes imperceptible shifts of one era to another. Through the arts and those who practice them, the bridge between generations remains intact. At the National Endowment for the Arts, we are incredibly proud to honor the remarkable men and women who serve as our cultural anchors, and who remind us of where we came from so we can stand steady as we continue into the future. Thank you again for helping us celebrate our 2019 class of National Heritage Fellows!

Mary Anne Carter Chairman, National Endowment for the Arts

6 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR OF THE FOLK & TRADITIONAL ARTS PROGRAM

Traditions are durable. Each of this year’s National Heritage Fellows carries a tradition forward in time, through immense and unimaginable changes. Grant Bulltail maintains stories learned from his grandfather, who was born 19 years before Congress and President Andrew Johnson ratified its treaty with the Crow Nation. Balla Kouyaté carries forward a West African tradition unbroken over 800 generations. Josephine Lobato’s colchas and Las Tesoros de San Antonio encompass aesthetics rooted in Spanish colonialism in the West. Bob Fulcher Photo by Edwin Remsberg documents ballads that have been held in living tradition since medieval times in the British Isles. The durability of tradition is rooted in flexibility and adaptability to evolving community circumstances. The Basque music and foodways brought to Idaho a century ago have been transformed by new sounds, neighbors, and ingredients— evident in Dan Ansotegui’s rock arrangements of traditional tunes, and in the presence of distinctly North American ingredients in his signature paella. Traditions are also emergent. 1982 did not just bring us the first National Heritage Fellowships: it was also the year that Linda Goss and Mary Carter Smith launched the idea that became the National Association of Black Storytellers—a movement that through its flexibility, durability, and relevance became a tradition unto itself. Like the quilters of Gees Bend, black storytellers make new works cut from old cloth. Once-emergent traditions mature as well. The work of decoy carver Rich Smoker reflects the influence of the Ward Brothers of Crisfield, Maryland. In 1983, Lem Ward—one of Smoker’s mentors—became the first decoy carver recognized with a National Heritage Fellowship. Likewise, James Jackson’s Sheridan-style leather carvings reflect the influence of his former mentor, 1991 National Heritage Fellow Don King. Here tonight, we are fortunate to stand at a confluence of longstanding and once-emergent traditions, to marvel at the swirl of expressive cultures that make this country distinct, and to celebrate those individuals who have been righteous stewards of community memory and cultural practice. Congratulations to the 2019 National Heritage Fellows!

Clifford R. Murphy, PhD Director, Folk & Traditional Arts, National Endowment for the Arts

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 7 BASQUE MUSICIAN AND TRADITION BEARER Dan Ansotegui Boise, ID

an Ansotegui was raised by the His next endeavor, a Basque folk band, Gaupasa, scents and tastes of his mother’s was formed in 1997 and represented Idaho cooking and the sound of his father’s at the National Folk Festival in Ohio. In 2006, Dmusic. The music came from the Ansotegui and Sean Aucutt were inspired to accordion and the aromas that filled the house create the band Amuma Says No. In 2016, were brought to this country by his grandmother both Amuma Says No and the Oinkari Dancers Epi. His exposure to the traditions of the Basque performed at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival Country prepared him for a life of immersive that featured Basques from their homeland and study, commitment to preservation, and a talent as a diaspora. for performance. Through his role as master, mentor, and entrepreneur, Ansotegui is a bearer Ansotegui is a founding member of of Basque music, dance, and foodways traditions Txantxangorriak, a group formed to teach the that contribute to the creative growth and trikitixa and pandero to Basque youth and sustainability of his cultural community. adults. He also helped to establish the Oñati Dantza Taldea, an all-male liturgical dance group Ansotegui began dancing at six, taught, as that performs every summer at the San Inazio many Basque children in the Boise area were, Festival in honor of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the by Juanita Ormaechea and Anne Boyd while patron saint of the Basques. his father, Domingo, and friend Jimmy Jausoro (1985 National Heritage Fellow) played music Ansotegui’s interest and influence also extend for the dancers. At 14 he began dancing with into foodways. In 1991, he opened Bar Gernika, Boise’s Oinkari Basque Dancers. A trip to Spain modeled after a Basque taberna. Then in 2001, in 1982 introduced him to the trikitixa, the he opened the Basque Market, an import market diatonic button accordion, and in 1990, he was and catering operation. In 2018, after retiring invited by trikitixa master Joseba Tapia to the from teaching, Ansotegui returned to the world Basque Country as an apprentice. Ansotegui’s of foodways to be a part of Txikiteo, a tapas and children started dancing for the Oinkaris in wine bar in downtown Boise. 2000, and he rejoined the group as a musician playing txistu, a Basque fife, and trikitixa. His The depth and breadth of Ansotegui’s craft, mastery of the trikitixa earned him the 2001 abilities, and mentorship have reinforced the Idaho Heritage Award, the 2004 Governor’s vibrancy and health of the Basque community Award for Excellence in the Traditional Arts, and in Idaho and throughout the Great Basin region, an honorable mention in the 2010 Fellowship securing cultural continuity for generations Awards for Performance through the Idaho to come. His efforts serve as living links in Commission on the Arts. the historical chain that maintains cultural connections between ancestral and living Other musical projects include drumming for his communities. father’s friend, the Basque accordionist Jimmy Jausoro. With friend Chris Bieter, Ansotegui By Steven Hatcher, Folk and Traditional Arts Director, formed the Basque rock band Ordago in 1987. Idaho Commission on the Arts

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 8 Pich Tom by Photo “ What we’ve tried to do, rather than simply preserve something, we’ve tried to bring it into a new light. I think that oftentimes when we try to preserve something, it slowly dies; it’s just a copy of a copy and we hope not to do that.” –Dan Ansotegui NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Photo by Tom Pich Tom by Photo 9 CROW STORYTELLER Grant Bulltail Crow Agency, MT

rant Bulltail comes from one of the last grandfather’s stories by listening far into the of the traditional storytelling families night and later going into a trance-like state to of the Apsáalooke or Crow people. recite them. Comes Up Red actively encouraged GHe is a member of the Úuwuutasshe his young grandson to carry on the family’s oral (Greasy Mouth) clan, and a child of his father’s traditions: storytelling, memorizing the histories clan, the Ashiíooshe (Sore Lip) clan. His Crow of battles, the use of edible and medicinal plants, name is Bishéessawaache (The One Who Sits and other cultural narratives. Among the Buffalo), a name given him by his grandfather. He is a member of the Crow Culture After serving with the Marines, Grant spent Commission at Crow Agency, Montana, a Lodge a year at Utah State University studying with Erector and Pipe Carrier in the tribe’s Sacred folklorist Austin Fife, where he confirmed his Tobacco Society, and a Vietnam War veteran in commitment to carrying on the cultural heritage the Marines. of his people. He has shared his stories with classes at Little Big Horn College, at state and Bulltail grew up on a horse ranch in the Pryor national parks (including Yellowstone and Grand Mountains of Montana but also spent much Teton) and at places of importance to the Crow of his youth in the Heart Mountain area of people, including Heart Mountain, Wyoming, and Wyoming. In both states he worked as a ranch Rainy Buttes, South Dakota. He has also taught hand and competed professionally in local classes at Utah State University, home of the Fife rodeos. His original home in Montana stood Folklore Archives, which is building a collection close to what is now the Chief Plenty Coups of Bulltail’s work. Museum, home of the renowned Crow leader who was close to Bulltail’s family and related Bulltail has represented the Crow on Ken Burns’ directly to them. Bulltail also claims as his Before There Were Parks: Yellowstone and lineage Chief Wolf Bow (Treaty of 1868), Chief Glacier Through Native Eyes and for the BBC’s Blinky (Treaty of 1868), Chief White Horse Unnatural Histories: Yellowstone. In 1992, he (Treaty of 1855), Chief Long Hair (Treaty of was a key consultant for the Bighorn Canyon 1825), Chief Little Black Dog (Treaty of 1825), National Recreation Area’s Ethnographic Chief Double Face (Treaty of 1825), and Chief Resource Overview. From 1994 to 1998, Plays With His Face (Treaty of 1825). Bulltail’s he worked on Yellowstone National Park’s second name implies this proud lineage—an Ethnographic Resource Overview, a project individual earned the right to place the tail from that drew consultants from a half-dozen tribes a buffalo bull on their tipi to designate the chiefs historically connected to the landscape of what of their lineage. became the nation’s first national park. Bulltail is a founding member of the Native Memory Bulltail learned most of his stories from his Project and currently serves on its board of grandfather Comes Up Red (1847-1947), and directors. also from his grandmother’s cousin, Yellow Brow. Comes Up Red was a well-known warrior By Sharon Kahin, PhD and respected storyteller. Bulltail learned his

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 10 Pich Tom by Photo “ I love history and I love the old things, and that is why I’ve always wanted to know about our history. I was fortunate that my great grandfather was alive, and he told me about these stories…. So that is how I know the history of the Apsáalooke that is not written.” –Grant Bulltail

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Photo by Tom Pich Tom by Photo 11 AFRICAN-AMERICAN STORYTELLER Linda Goss Baltimore, MD

rom listening to tales at the feet of her and she has two albums of storytelling with Granddaddy Murphy and on the knee Smithsonian Folkways. of her Uncle Buster in the foothills of F the Great Smoky Mountains in Alcoa, Next generation storytellers across the country Tennessee, Linda Goss has blazed a trail in the continue to benefit from Goss’s mentorship and Black Storytelling Tradition. She is called “Mama oral history projects. She has been awarded Linda” in honor of her mastery as a tradition master/apprenticeship fellowships with the bearer and premier contributor to the art of Pennsylvania Council on the Arts and twice storytelling. received the Maryland Traditions Apprenticeship Award. She also developed How We Got Over, a “Well, Oh Well, Oh Well. It’s Storytelling Time!” is project of the Peale Center for Baltimore History recognized as her legendary call. As a forerunner and Architecture funded by Maryland Traditions of the Black Storytelling Movement in America to conduct interviews with Baltimore storytellers during the 1970s, she rang her bells and told about their school experiences. her stories on the streets of Washington, DC and Philadelphia. As a community folklorist Goss is a folkloric figure on a Philadelphia mural and activist, she believes “Black Storytelling is entitled The Traveling Story Teller and was a combination of the oral, the written, and the named Philadelphia’s Official Storyteller in 1984. rhythms of our people. It bends, it curves, not She has received numerous awards, including separating spirit from the art.” National Storytelling Network’s Lifetime Achievement Award, the Leeway Transformation In 1982, Mother Mary Carter Smith (1919-2007) Award, the Kathryn Morgan Award for Folk and Goss founded the “In the Tradition…” Arts & Social Justice from Philadelphia Folklore Annual National Black Storytelling Festival Project, and the Legacy of Excellence from and Conference in Baltimore. The co- the Alcoa City Schools Foundation. In 2006, founders understood the need to institute an she received a Parsons Fund Award from, and organizational structure to perpetuate African delivered the Botkin Lecture for, the American diasporic storytelling and began the Association Folklife Center. In 2019, the American Folklore for Black Storytellers in 1984 in Philadelphia, Society is hosting a forum entitled, “Black which developed into the National Association Storytelling and Cultural Preservation: The of Black Storytellers (NABS). The annual Legacy of Mama Linda Goss.” festival continues today and has taken place in communities across the United States. Currently, Mama Linda Goss is the storyteller ambassador for the National Great Blacks in Goss is the author of seven books, including co- Wax Museum in Baltimore and the storyteller-in- editing Talk That Talk: An Anthology of African- residence at the Peale Center. American Storytelling with Marian E. Barnes and with an introduction by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. By Karen “Queen Nur” Abdul-Malik Significant works appear in other anthologies,

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 12 Remsberg Edwin by Photo

“ Storytelling is medicine for the Spirit and healing for the Soul.” –Linda Goss

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Photo by Edwin Remsberg Edwin by Photo 13 LEATHERWORKER James F. Jackson Sheridan, WY

n exquisite tooler of leather, Jackson is also a painter, and holds a BFA and James F. Jackson carves in the an MFA from the University of Wyoming, where distinctive Sheridan Style tradition he also taught design classes, and he made A of leatherwork. Fine tooling of a living as a painter in Denver for a few years delicate flowers and intricate swirls are essential following his studies. During this time in Laramie ingredients of Sheridan Style, and Jackson is and Denver, he maintained a leather shop and today one of the finest practitioners of such work. continued doing piecework for King’s and other shops. In 1990, he returned to Sheridan to work Jackson was born in 1951 in Denver, Colorado. full-time at King’s Saddlery. His father was saddlemaker Edward Jackson— who was born on the family ranch outside Cody, Consistent with Sheridan Style, he carves a tight Wyoming. Edward learned to make saddles in pattern, with a lot of small flowers wrapped in Denver and then owned saddle shops across nesting circles of swirling leaves. At the same Colorado’s Front Range. This led to saddlemaker time, Jackson develops his own patterns, and Ernie Ernst hiring Edward to work in his shop also experiments with form, combining his in Sheridan, bringing the Jackson family back painting and leatherwork. to Wyoming. In high school, Jackson started working alongside his father, learning the leather Jackson is respected by leatherworkers across worker’s trade by carving and tooling saddles the world, and has taught leather carving and other items like belts, holsters, purses, spur classes in Japan, Australia, across Europe, and straps, and chaps. regularly at the Rocky Mountain Leather Trade Show in Sheridan. He was awarded the 2017 Eventually, Jackson went to work for King’s Master Leather Artisan of the Year award by the Saddlery (Don King, 1991 National Heritage Academy of Western Artists, as well as the 2018 Fellow, was key in the development of the Al Stohlman Award for excellence as a Master Sheridan Style). Jackson’s job at King’s was to Leather Craftsman. He is now retired from King’s design, hand-carve, and construct a large and demonstrates his leather carving at the variety of leather items to customers’ Brinton Museum outside Big Horn, Wyoming. specifications. Beginning with cowhides that come directly from the tanneries, he By Joshua Chrysler, folklorist, Wyoming Arts Council designs, cuts, carves, stamps, glues, sews, and applies finishes—completing the entire process from start to finish.

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 14 Pich Tom by Photo “ I’ve always had a passion for drawing and laying out designs on leather. I was very fortunate to have worked around Don King and Billy Gardner, two master craftsmen. I paid very close attention to their work and wisdom.” –James F. Jackson

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Photo by Tom Pich Tom by Photo 15 BALAFON PLAYER AND DJELI Balla Kouyaté Medford, MA

alla Kouyaté’s lineage goes back more motivating agricultural laborers during harvest than 800 years to Balla Faséké, the season. As a young adult, he emigrated to the first of an unbroken line ofdjelis in the U.S. in 2000 to pursue music as a profession, BKouyaté clan. The word “djeli” derives settling in Massachusetts in 2001. from the Mandinka language, meaning the oral historians, musicians, and performers who keep Today, he is ever present performing at alive and celebrate the history of the Mandé weddings, baptisms, naming ceremonies, and people of Mali, Guinea, and other West African other domestic ceremonies within the West countries. Kouyaté explains, “It means blood and African immigrant communities of Boston, New speaks to the central role we play in our society.” York City, and beyond. He is equally motivated Kouyaté’s dedication to carrying on his family’s to share his music with the larger world through hereditary role as a djeli, his musical virtuosity on his work as a soloist, arranger, and bandleader. the balafon (the West African antecedent of the Often billed as fusion, his music explores jazz xylophone), and his humble nature and humility and other outside influences, while remaining set him apart from others. consciously rooted in the Mandé tradition.

Oral tradition holds that when the emperor Kouyaté is featured on more than 25 albums, Sundiata overthrew Soumaora Kante, he including Yo-Yo Ma’s Songs of Joy and Peace appointed the Kouyaté family to protect the and Sing Me Home. He also regularly plays balafon. Today, Balla Kouyaté is a virtuoso with world-renowned West African musicians player of this instrument. Played with mallets, touring the States. In 2004, Kouyaté joined the balafon is made up of wooden slats and NEA National Heritage Fellow Sidiki Conde for a rows of calabash gourds, which serve as natural month-long residency at Carnegie Hall. Recent amplifiers. The original musical instrument, awards include a 2010 Mass Cultural Council known as the “Sosso-Bala,” survives in Kouyaté’s Fellowship in the Traditional Arts, a 2014 Mass father’s home village of Niagassola, on the Cultural Council Traditional Arts Apprenticeship Mali-Guinea border. In 2001, the Sosso-Bala was awarded to Kouyaté and his son Sekou, and a declared a item of intangible cultural heritage 2015 Brother Thomas Fellowship awarded by by UNESCO and is brought out once a year for the Boston Foundation. He is a frequent visiting ceremonial playing. lecturer/performer at colleges and museums throughout the United States. He is on the The Kouyaté family is regarded as the original faculty at the New England Conservatory. praise-singers of the Malinké people, one of the ethnic groups found across much of West Africa. By Maggie Holtzberg, Mass Cultural Council Balla Kouyaté learned to play the balafon as a child and was soon playing alongside his mother,

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 16 Photography Mercure Brendan by Photo “ There are a million people out there, even today, that think of this instrument as a xylophone, or a vibraphone, but this here is the ancestor of all those. The balafon was the first instrument in the Mandean Empire . . . the original is still in my family.” –Balla Kouyaté

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Photo by Brendan Mercure Photography Mercure Brendan by Photo 17 SPANISH COLCHA EMBROIDERER Josephine Lobato Westminster, CO

or more than 30 years, Josephine Lobato Lobato’s embroidered visual narratives with their has created embroidered renditions of range of historical and ethnic imagery validate cultural memories, enactments, and folk her as both a chronicler of Hispano life and a Fhistories. Her tenacity and passion have cultural commentator or “tour guide” to her own sustained her as the sole Colorado practitioner culture. Her pictorial themes, such as the charter of Spanish colonial style needlework known legend of El Milagro de San Acacio or the land as colcha embroidery. Lobato inventively uses rights protest in La Sierra, reveal the ethical and only one stitch, the colcha stitch, a couching moral underpinnings of Hispano society as well stitch (one of the oldest stitches in the world) as reinforce essential aspects of cultural identity associated with the settler culture of the shared by a rural Hispanic population living in Southwest to create pictorial narratives about the San Luis Valley. Hispanic life in the San Luis Valley in southcentral Colorado. In the current resurgence of interest in colcha embroidery, stitching groups from San Luis and Women of Lobato’s pre-World War II generation Taos, New Mexico, credit Lobato, her artistic learned domestic crafts as part of growing up innovations and prolific creative output, as in the Valley. Lobato knew how to embroider inspiration for these women to pick up needles as a young girl but had never encountered and stitch. Lobato has received two master- colcha embroidery in the revitalized form of a apprentice awards from Colorado Creative pictorial narrative until she attended a stitching Industries to work with novice embroiderers, workshop offered by the San Luis Sangre de including her daughter, Rita Crespin, who Cristo Parish in 1988 when she was in her early continues the tradition. In addition to all the 50s. That encounter literally changed her life. women Lobato has influenced, she also taught The significance of Lobato’s epiphany during her granddaughter, Jacinta Lobato, and her the workshop, and her subsequent devotion to great granddaughter, also Jacinta Lobato. She creating colcha embroideries, recall folklorist taught them not only techniques but inspired Henry Glassie’s observation that “medium is a them to search for culturally embedded content biographical accident.” Lobato’s discovery was and imagery. In 1998 Lobato earned the the perfect confluence of craft with an innate Colorado Heritage Award for her work. desire to express herself artistically. At that time her artistic awakening marked a critical entry By Suzanne P. MacAulay, Ph.D., Folklorist point into an imaginative world colored by her life experience and her hunger for cultural history.

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 18 S. Dass Carol by Photo “ I have so much experience working with history…. I always thought someday I’ll sit down and write. So my embroidery is sort of a story and it’s sort of a legacy.” –Josephine Lobato NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Photo by Carol S. Dass Carol by Photo 19 DECOY CARVER Rich Smoker Marion Station, MD

ich Smoker spends as many as 12 hours Smoker is the recipient of more than 500 a day creating wildfowl decoy carvings ribbons and 100 best-in-show recognitions. out of his home workshop on the Among these are a Best in World award and R banks of the Big Annemessex River, a a Living Legend award at the Ward World tributary of the Chesapeake Bay on Maryland’s Championship put on by the Ward Museum of Lower Eastern Shore. Living as he does on the Wildfowl Art, Salisbury University, as well as edge of the Atlantic Flyway, Smoker only has an induction into the Waterfowl Festival Hall to look out the back door for inspiration. The of Fame in Easton, Maryland. Smoker was also passing fauna range from Atlantic brant, black honored with a 2011 with a Maryland Traditions skimmers, terns, and pelicans to the duck breeds Heritage Award, which recognizes outstanding that make up the better part of his repertoire: achievement in the stewardship of living cultural red-breasted mergansers, canvasbacks, scaup, traditions. Despite these accolades, he continues teal, and many more. to focus on the thousands of students who have learned from him, either through short classes, Following on earlier, indigenous traditions, informal sessions at his home, or longer-term carvers like Smoker have been fashioning lifelike apprenticeships. Through this work, Smoker decoys since the early 19th century. In the past, insists that he is not teaching carvers; he is decoys were vital hunting tools used to put food teaching teachers. “It’s not what you achieve on the table. Some are still used for this purpose, in your lifetime,” he says. “It’s what you inspire though it is more common today to find them as others to achieve in theirs.” collectibles at contests and showcases. Today, Smoker is an active artist, teacher, and Born into a family of outdoorsmen in 1952, outdoor enthusiast. He is also a volunteer and Smoker carved his first decoys with his father contributing member of several organizations on the banks of the Susquehanna River in promoting the arts and local heritage. He is Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, his hometown. He the chairman of the Ward Foundation’s Board continued carving while apprenticing for nine of Directors, which oversees operations of the years as a taxidermist, a trade that sharpened his Ward Museum. Additionally, he is chairman of understanding of avian anatomy. As Smoker’s the Ward Foundation’s curatorial and events love of the carving tradition grew, he began committees, as well as a judge at the Ward taking trips to Maryland, where he learned from Museum’s World Championship. many masters, including Lem Ward, a 1983 NEA National Heritage Fellow, and Steve Ward, two By Chad Buterbaugh, director, Maryland Traditions, brothers whose local barbershop had become a and Rich Smoker makeshift carving studio due to popular demand for their decoys.

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 20 Remsberg Edwin by Photo

“ I can see the bird in the wood before I even cut it out on the band saw.” –Rich Smoker

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Photo by Edwin Remsberg Edwin by Photo 21 LAS TESOROS DE SAN ANTONIO Beatriz (La Paloma del Norte) Llamas and TEJANO SINGERS Blanquita (Blanca Rosa) Rodríguez San Antonio, TX

as Tesoros de San Antonio are a group she entered another contest and won, beginning of elder women performers who teamed her career singing on radio shows, and touring up to preserve Mexican and bicultural with different musical acts. Llamas gained L musical expressions through their attention from the owners of Sombrero Records singing and storytelling. Janet “Perla Tapatia” and began recording singles. She worked Cortez, Beatriz “La Paloma del Norte” Llamas, with KCOR—one the country’s first full-time, Blanquita “Blanca Rosa” Rodríguez, and Rita Spanish-language radio stations—sharing the “La Calandria” Vidaurri each had incredible stage with Alberto and Arturo López, the latter singing careers that soared both locally and to whom she later married. In 1995, she was internationally in the 1940s–1960s before tapering inducted into the Tejano Music Hall of Fame off in later years. Through the Esperanza Peace and in 1999 she was inducted into the Tejano & Justice Center in San Antonio, these women Conjunto Hall of Fame. reemerged and teamed up as the group Las Tesoros in the 2000s. Although Janet “Perla Blanca “Blanquita Rosa” Rodríguez was raised in Tapatia” Cortez and Rita “La Calandria” Vidaurri San Antonio, Texas, where she began singing at passed away in recent years, Llamas and the age of five. At age 13, Rodríguez competed Rodríguez continue to perform and continue in her first performance at the Teatro Guadalupe the legacy of the group. where she won first place, which led to singing on KCOR radio and at Teatro Zaragoza. She All four women grew up in the Westside of toured the United States and Mexico, performing San Antonio, Texas. Each singer, with her with groups like Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán, personal style and grace, forms part of this Mariachi América, Mariachi de Ramón Palomar, unique ensemble that represents the important and Los Reyes de Jalisco. Rodríguez has also sound of the Mexico/Texas border. They were toured with singing stars like Amalia Mendoza, all inspired by and connected to many other Charro Avitia, Vicente Fernández, José Alfredo important Tejana singers, including the great Jiménez, and Juan Mendoza. In addition to Lydia Mendoza (1982 NEA National Heritage performing, Rodríguez is an active music Fellow) and the internationally renowned teacher, instructing and coaching her students Eva Garza. in singing techniques.

Beatriz “La Paloma del Norte” Llamas was born Today, Las Tesoros de San Antonio are part in 1938 in Aguascalientes, México. When she of the select group of Texas Commission on was 11, she moved with her mother and sister to the Arts Texas Touring Roster. Edinburg, Texas, to join her father. In 1951, the Llamas family moved to San Antonio and Llamas By Esperanza Peace & Justice Center entered her first talent contest. While Eva Ybarra (2017 NEA National Heritage Fellow) bested her,

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 22 Center Justice and Peace Esperanza of courtesy Photo “ My mother, a singer known as La Varita de Nardo, was forced to quit singing by her husband… I began winning singing contests at 15 and my mother lived her dream of a songbird’s life through me, teaching me mannerisms in front of a mirror.” –Blanca “Blanquita Rosa” Rodríguez

“ I come from a musical family. My father was a violinist, all his brothers were musicians, and their mother sang in operettas in Spain. That’s how I learned and that’s why I’m a singer. My parents noticed I could sing at the age of five, at family gatherings and parties.” –Beatriz “La Paloma del Norte” Llamas Photo courtesy of Esperanza Peace and Justice Center Justice and Peace Esperanza of courtesy Photo THE 2019 BESS LOMAX HAWES AWARD

FOLKLORIST AND STATE PARK MANAGER Bob Fulcher Clinton, TN

roceeding from his post in the Tennessee Banjo Institute and the Rolley Hole Tennessee State Parks, Bob Fulcher Marbles Championship. In 1988, he helped lead has spent four decades engaged the Cumberland Music Tour, a multistate concert Pin relentless folklife fieldwork and series featuring Plateau musicians. In 2000, he programming, ardently supporting traditional launched the Cumberland Trail Heritage Project, artists and providing inspirational mentoring to again placing young folklorists in the field. Since young culture workers. 2001, he has interpreted regional music as host of The Cumberland Trail radio show on WDVX in Currently the park manager of the Cumberland East Tennessee. He formed Sandrock Recordings Trail State Scenic Trail and State Park, Fulcher in 2011, a music label specializing in traditional adheres to a mandate that park custodians must music. He has released more than two dozen conserve and interpret the cultural world with albums of field and historical recordings during the same focus as they do the natural one. In the his career, with various labels. 1970s, Fulcher’s fieldwork on the Cumberland Plateau led to the discovery of folk artists of For the hundreds of tradition bearers he has extraordinary quality. His research brought reached, Fulcher has proven a devout and attention to Dee and Delta Hicks, ballad singers empathetic champion. For the folklorists he with a repertoire perhaps unmatched in the trained, he has modeled vigorous curiosity, a United States, and 1992 National Heritage keen sense for identifying folk excellency, and Fellow Clyde Davenport, a masterful fiddler a contagious enthusiasm for the grind and with a deep stock of traditional tunes, among grit of cultural discovery. Numerous folklorists dozens of others. who worked on Tennessee State Parks folklife initiatives have gone onto influential careers at In 1979, Fulcher started the Tennessee State all levels of public and academic folklore. Parks Folklife Project, a groundbreaking program that initiated cultural fieldwork Highly regarded for his body of work, Fulcher throughout the park system. Under Fulcher’s has presented artists for the Library of Congress, guidance, young folklorists spent summers Smithsonian Institution, National Folk Festival, conducting intensive field research and planning and South Arts. Among his many honors, he park programming. The project’s efforts led received the Botkin Prize from the American to the creation of more than a dozen annual Folklore Society in 2000 and the Tennessee events, as well as a prodigious body of audio Governor’s Folklife Heritage Award in 2017. and photography spanning the full range of Fulcher continues to tirelessly lead yearly Tennessee folklife. Today the documentation folklife programming, articulating always the is housed at the Tennessee State Library and elegant connection in human traditions between Archives as its preeminent cultural collection. the physical landscape and the expressive imagination. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Fulcher organized landmark folklife events, including the By Bradley Hanson, director of Folklife, Tennessee Arts Commission

2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 24 Hanson Terpstra Sarah by Photo “ My one gift has been a knack for learning from and teaming with talented adventurers bearing unsuppressed love for folk arts, artists, and communities. The musicians and artists we’ve met have beautified their piece of the world, and we’ve often seen wonderful consequences.” –Bob Fulcher

he Bess Lomax Hawes National Heritage nurtured the field of public folklore through her Fellowship honors “keepers of tradition” who service at the National Endowment for the Arts. Tthrough their efforts as organizers, educators, During her tenure as director of the NEA Folk producers, cultural advocates, or caretakers of skills Arts Program (1977–1993) an infrastructure of and repertoires have had a major beneficial effect state folklorists was put in place, statewide folk on the traditional arts of the United States. A member arts apprenticeship programs were initiated, and of the Lomax family of pioneering American the National Heritage Fellowships were created. folklorists, Bess Lomax Hawes (1921–2009) committed In 1993 she received the National Medal of Arts her life to the documentation and presentation of for her many contributions in assisting folk artists American folk artists. She served as an educator nationwide and in bringing folk artistry to the both inside the classroom and beyond, and NATIONALattention ENDOWMENT of the public. FOR THE ARTS Photo by Sarah Terpstra Hanson Terpstra Sarah by Photo 25 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR Mary Anne Carter, Chairman THE TRADITIONAL ARTS Tony Chauveaux, Deputy Chairman for Staff Programs & Partnerships Lora Bottinelli, Executive Director NEA Event Production Staff Dudley Connell, Audio Archivist Clifford Murphy, Folk & Traditional Arts Director Abigail Hobart, Program & Logistics Assistant Cheryl T. Schiele, Folk & Traditional Arts Colleen Holroyd, Programming Coordinator Specialist James Lightner, Accounting & Finance Nick Abramczyk, Director of Federal Affairs Amy Mills, Production Manager Elizabeth Auclair, Public Affairs Specialist Julia Olin, Artistic Director & Special Projects Don Ball, Assistant Director - Publications Ari Pineda, Production Coordinator Paulette Beete, Social Media Manager Madeleine Remez, Senior Associate Director Christine Gant, Advisor to the Director of Sean Tomlinson, Production Assistant Event Management & Development Blaine Waide, Associate Director Mike Griffin, Chief of Staff Caroline Harvin, Director of Event The National Endowment for the Arts and Management & Development the NCTA would also like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of the following individuals Victoria Hutter, Assistant Director - Press and institutions: David Low, Web Manager The staff at the Shakespeare Theatre’s William Mansfield, Folk & Traditional Arts Harman Center for the Arts Specialist American Folklife Center, Library Rachel McKean, Asst. Grants Management of Congress Specialist Elizabeth Peterson, Director Josephine Reed, Media Producer Thea Austen Kelli Ripp, Director of Congressional Affairs Four Seasons Van and Travel Kelli Rogowski, Public Affairs Specialist Old Town Trolley Tours Donald Walter, Director of Public Affairs Harry Cimermanis, Audio Events Erin Waylor, Division Coordinator Paul Falcon, Bella Faccia Inc.

American Wigeon decoy Photo by Rich Smoker

26 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS CONCERT CREDITS

The National Endowment for the Arts would like to express its appreciation to the National Council for the Traditional Arts (NCTA) for its assistance in planning and producing the 2019 National Heritage Fellowships events, which were managed for the NCTA by Senior Associate Director Madeleine Remez. The NCTA is a private non-profit corporation founded in 1933 and dedicated to the presentation and documentation of folk and traditional arts in the United States.

National Heritage Fellowships Concert

Director Shakespeare Paul Douglas Michnewicz Theatre’s Harman Photo courtesy of Queen Nur Center for the Arts Production Manager Sharon King Elaine M. Randolph MASTER OF CEREMONIES Brittany Truske Set Design Karen “Queen Nur” Abdul-Malik is an Tony Cisek Drivers Don Berkemeyer international storyteller, an award-winning Lighting Design Dean Carrigan teaching artist, folklorist, and the director of the Dan Covey Pat Murphy, Four Seasons Folklife Center at Perkins Center for the Arts. Sound Design/ Program Book Design She has been a featured performer throughout Production Fletcher Design, Inc. the U.S., Ghana, and Canada, and for the U.S. Stephen Fisher Christopher Kozlowski Radio Production Embassy in Cameroon. From 2015-2016, she American Routes Charlie Pilzer served as the 14th president of the National Ed Rangel Host and Executive Association of Black Storytellers. Queen Nur is Producer: also the founder of In FACT: Innovative Solutions Production Stage Nick Spitzer Manager through Folk Art, Culture and Tradition, a cultural Beth Krynicki Senior Producer: sustainability nonprofit organization located Maureen Loughran Assistant Stage in her hometown of Willingboro, New Jersey, Manager Associate Producer: that produces workshops and events designed Alicia Sells Olivia Broslawsky to create opportunities for civic engagement Production Assistants Recording Engineer: through folklife traditions. She was the recipient Tsaitami Duchicela Michael Schweppe of the Mid Atlantic Artist-As-Catalyst Award, the Laura Sperling Additional artist National Storytelling Network Brimstone Grant, Camille Petrillo interviews, courtesy and the 2018 New Jersey Governor’s Award Green Room Josephine Reed, Media Producer, Public Affairs, in Arts Education. A 2018 Artist-of-the-Year Coordinator National Endowment for for Young Audiences New Jersey and Eastern Susie Pamudji the Arts Pennsylvania, she has been featured in Josh Logistics Heritage Fellows on public Bernstein’s Legendary Locals of Willingboro Nichole Procopenko radio’s American Routes will and O Magazine. Queen Nur has recorded two Video Projection/ be aired over Thanksgiving. albums, Sweet Potato Pie and Such and Live and Production For local air times and CVW Event Productions stations nationwide go to Storified, and received her master of arts degree americanroutes.org in cultural sustainability from Goucher College. Sign Language Interpreter Miako Villanueva

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 27 NATIONAL 1982 1983 1984 Dewey Balfa * Sister Mildred Barker * Clifton Chenier * HERITAGE Cajun Fiddler Shaker Singer Creole Accordionist Basile, LA Poland Spring, ME Lafayette, LA FELLOWS Joe Heaney * Rafael Cepeda * Bertha Cook * Irish Singer Bomba Musician/Dancer Knotted Bedspread Maker 1982–2018 Brooklyn, NY Santurce, PR Boone, NC Tommy Jarrell * Ray Hicks * Joseph Cormier * Appalachian Fiddler Appalachian Storyteller Cape Breton Violinist Mt. Airy, NC Banner Elk, NC Waltham, MA

Bessie Jones * Stanley Hicks * Elizabeth Cotten * Georgia Sea Island Singer Appalachian Musician/Storyteller/ African-American Singer/Songster Brunswick, GA Instrument Maker Syracuse, NY Vilas, NC George Lopez * Burlon Craig * Santos Woodcarver John Lee Hooker * Potter Cordova, NM Blues Guitarist/Singer Vale, NC San Francisco, CA Brownie McGhee * Albert Fahlbusch * Blues Guitarist/Singer Mike Manteo * Hammered Dulcimer Player/ Oakland, CA Sicilian Marionettist Builder Staten Island, NY Scottsbluff,NE Hugh McGraw * Shape Note Singer Narciso Martinez * Janie Hunter * Bremen, GA Texas-Mexican Accordionist/ African-American Singer/ Composer Storyteller Lydia Mendoza * San Benito, TX Johns Island, SC Mexican-American Singer San Antonio, TX Lanier Meaders * Mary Jane Manigault * Potter African-American Seagrass Cleveland, GA Basketmaker Bill Monroe * Mt. Pleasant, SC Bluegrass Musician Nashville, TN Almeda Riddle * Ballad Singer Genevieve Mougin * Greers Ferry, AR Lebanese-American Lace Maker Elijah Pierce * Bettendorf, IA Carver/Painter Columbus, OH Joe Shannon * Irish Piper Martin Mulvihill * Chicago, IL Irish-American Fiddler Adam Popovich * Bronx, NY Tamburitza Musician Dolton, IL Simon St. Pierre French-American Fiddler Howard “Sandman” Sims * Smyrna Mills, ME African-American Tap Dancer Georgeann Robinson * New York, NY Osage Ribbonworker Bartelsville, OK Alex Stewart * Cooper/Woodworker Ralph Stanley * Bluegrass Banjo Player/ Sneedville, TN Duff Severe * Appalachian Singer Saddle Maker Coeburn, VA Pendleton, OR Ada Thomas * Chitimacha Basketmaker Charenton, LA Margaret Tafoya * Philip Simmons * Santa Clara Pueblo Potter Ornamental Ironwork Espanola, NM Charleston, SC Lucinda Toomer * African-American Quilter Columbus, GA Dave Tarras * Sanders “Sonny” Terry * Klezmer Clarinetist Blues Harmonica/Singer Brooklyn, NY Holliswood, NY Lem Ward * Decoy Carver/Painter Paul Tiulana * Crisfield,MD Eskimo Mask Maker/Dancer/ Singer Dewey Williams * Anchorage, AK * Deceased Shape Note Singer Ozark, AL Cleofas Vigil * Hispanic Storyteller/Singer San Cristobal, NM Emily Kau’i Zuttermeister * Hula Master (Kumu Hula) Kaneohe, Hi 28 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 1985 1986 1987 1988

Eppie Archuleta * Alphonse “Bois Sec” Juan Alindato * Pedro Ayala * Hispanic Weaver Ardoin * Carnival Maskmaker Mexican-American Accordionist San Luis Valley, CO Creole Accordionist Ponce, PR Donna, TX Eunice, LA Periklis Halkias * Louis Bashell * Kepka Belton Greek Clarinetist Earnest Bennett * Slovenian Accordionist Czech-American Egg Painter Astoria Queens, NY Anglo-American Whittler Greenfield,WI Ellsworth, KS Indianapolis, IN Jimmy Jausoro * Genoveva Castellanoz Amber Densmore * Basque Accordionist Helen Cordero * Mexican-American Corona Maker New England Quilter/ Boise, ID Pueblo Potter Nyssa, OR Needleworker Cochiti, NM Chelsea, VT Mealii Kalama * Thomas Edison Hawaiian Quilter Sonia Domsch “Brownie” Ford * Michael Flatley Honolulu, HI Czech-American Bobbin Anglo-Comanche Cowboy Irish-American Stepdancer Lace Maker Singer/Storyteller Palos Park, IL Lily May Ledford * Atwood, KS Herbert, LA Appalachian Musician/Singer Sister Rosalia Haberl * Lexington, KY Canray Fontenot * Kansuma Fujima German-American Bobbin Creole Fiddler Japanese-American Dancer Lace Maker Leif Melgaard * Welsh, La Los Angeles, CA Hankinson, ND Norwegian Woodcarver Minneapolis, MN John Jackson * Claude Joseph Johnson * John Dee Holeman Black Songster/Guitarist African-American Religious African-American Musician/ Bua Xou Mua * Fairfax Station, VA Singer/Orator Dancer/Singer Hmong Musician Atlanta, GA Durham, NC Portland, OR Peou Khatna * Cambodian Court Dancer/ Raymond Kane * Albert “Sunnyland Slim” Julio Negrón-Rivera * Choreographer Hawaiian Slack Key Guitarist/ Laundrew * Puerto Rican Instrument Maker Silver Spring, MD Singer Blues Pianist/Singer Morovis, PR Wai’ane, HI Chicago, IL Valerio Longoria * Alice New Holy Mexican-American Accordionist Wade Mainer * Yang Fang Nhu * Blue Legs * San Antonio, TX Appalachian Banjo Picker/Singer Hmong Weaver/Embroiderer Lakota Sioux Quill Artist Flint, MI Detroit, MI Rapid City, SD Doc Tate Nevaquaya * Comanche Indian Flutist Sylvester McIntosh * Kenny Sidle Glenn Ohrlin * Apache, OK Crucian Singer/Bandleader Anglo-American Fiddler Cowboy Singer/Storyteller/ St. Croix, VI Newark, OH Illustrator Luis Ortega * Mountain Veiw, AR Hispanic-American Allison “Tootie” Montana * Willi Mae Ford Smith * Rawhide Worker Mardi Gras Chief/Costume Maker African-American Gospel Singer Henry Townsend * Paradise, CA New Orleans, LA St. Louis, MO Blues Musicain/Songwriter St. Louis, MO Ola Belle Reed * Alex Moore, Sr. * Clyde “Kindy” Sproat * Appalachian Banjo Picker/Singer African-American Blues Pianist Hawaiian Cowboy Singer/Ukulele Horace “Spoons” Rising Sun, MD Dallas, TX Player Williams * Kapaaee, HI Percussionist/ Poet Jennie Thlunaut * Emilio & Senaida Romero * Philadelphia, PA Tlingit Chilkat Blanket Weaver Hispanic-American Tin and Arthel “Doc” Watson * Haines, AK Embroidery Workers Appalachian Guitarist/Singer Santa Fe, NM Deep Gap, NC Nimrod Workman * Appalachian Ballad Singer Newton Washburn * Macot, & Chattaroy, TN/WV Split Ash Basketmaker Bethlehem, NH

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 29 1989 1990 1991 1992

John Cephas * Howard Armstrong * Etta Baker * Francisco Aguabella * Piedmont Blues Guitarist/Singer African-American String African-American Guitarist Afro-Cuban Drummer Woodford, VA Band Musican Morgantown, NC Los Angeles, CA Boston, MA Fairfield Four George Blake Jerry Brown * African-American a Capelle Em Bun * Native American Craftsman Potter (southern stoneware Gospel Singers Cambodian Silk Weaver (Hupa-Yurok) tradition) Nashville, TN Harrisburg, PA Hoopa Valley, CA Hamilton, AL

José Gutiérrez Natividad Cano * Jack Coen * Walker Calhoun * Mexican Jarocho Musician/Singer Mexican-American Mariachi Irish-American Flautist Cherokee Musican/Dancer/ Norwalk, CA Musican Bronx, NY Teacher Fillmore, CA Cherokee, NC Richard Avedis Hagopian Rose Frank * Armenian Oud Player Giuseppe * and Nez Perce Cornhusk Weaver Clyde Davenport Visalia, CA Raffaela DeFranco Lapwai, ID Appalachian Fiddler Southern Italian Musicians and Jamestown, TN Christy Hengel * Dancers Eduardo “Lalo” Guerrero * German-American Concertina Belleville, NJ Mexican-American Singer/ Belle Deacon * Maker Guitarist/Composer Athabascan Basketmaker New Ulm, MN Maude Kegg * Cathedral City, CA Greyling, AK Ojibwe Storyteller/Craftsperson/ Vanessa Paukeigope Tradition Bearer Khamvong Insixiengmai Nora Ezell * Jennings Onamia, MN Southeast Asian Lao Singer African-American Quilter Kiowa Regalia Maker Fresno, CA Five Points, TN Fort Cobb, OK Kevin Locke Lakota Flute Player/Singer/ Don King * Gerald Hawpetoss * Ilias Kementzides * Dancer/Storyteller Western Saddlemaker Menominee/Potowatomie Pontic Greek Lyra Player Wakpala, SD Sheridan, WY Regalia Maker and Builder Neopit, WI South Norwalk, CT Marie McDonald * Riley “B.B.” King * Hawaiian Lei Maker African-American Blues Musician/ Fatima Kuinova Ethel Kvalheim * Kamuela, HI Singer/bandleader Bukharan Jewish Singer Norwegian Rosemaler Itta Bena, MS Rego Park, NY Stoughton, WI Wallace McRae Cowboy Poet Esther Littlefield * John Yoshio Naka * Mabel E. Murphy * Forsyth, MT Alaskan Regalia Maker (Tlingit) Bonsai Sculptor Anglo-American Quilter Sitka, AK Whittier, CA Fulton, MO Art Moilanen * Finnish Accordionist Seisho “Harry” Nakasone * Marc Savoy LaVaughn E. Robinson * Mass City, MI Okinawan-American Musician Cajun Accordion Player/Builder African-American Tap Dancer Honolulu, HI Eunice, LA Philadelphia, PA Emilio Rosado * Woodcarver Irvan Perez * Ng Sheung-Chi * Earl Scruggs * Utado, PR Isleno Singer (Canary Islands) Chinese Toissan Muk’yu Folk Bluegrass Banjo Player Poydras, LA Singer Nashville, TN Robert Spicer * New York, NY Flatfoot and Buckdancer Dancer Morgan Sexton * Harry V. Shourds * Dickson, TN Appalachian Banjo Player/Singer Othar Turner * Wildfowl Decoy Carver Linefork, KY African-American Fife Player Seaville, NJ Douglas Wallin * Senatobia, MS Applachian Ballad Singer Nikitas Tsimouris * Chesley Goseyun Wilson Marshall, NC Greek-American Bagpipe Player Tanjore Viswanathan * Apache Fiddle Maker Tarpon Springs, FL South Indian Flute Maker Tucson, AZ Middletown, CT Gussie Wells * African-American Quilter Oakland, CA

Arbie Williams * African-American Quilter Oakland, CA

* Deceased Melvin Wine * Appalachian Fiddler Copen, WV

30 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 1993 1994 1995 1996

Santiago Almeida * Liz Carroll Bao Mo-Li Obo Addy * Texas-Mexican Conjunto Musician Irish-American Fiddler Chinese-American Jing-Erhu African (Ghanaian) Master Sunnyside, WA Mundelein, IL Player Drummer/Leader Flushing, NY Portland, OR Kenny Baker * Clarence Fountain * & The Bluegrass Fiddler Blind Boys of Alabama Mary Holiday Black Betty Pisio Christenson * Cottontown, TN African-American Navajo Basketmaker Ukranian-American Pysanky Gospel Singers Mexican Hat, UT Suring, WI Inez Catalon * Atlanta, GA French Creole Singer Lyman Enloe * Paul Dahlin Kaplan, LA Mary Mitchell Gabriel * Old-Time Fiddler Swedish-American Fiddler Native American Lee’s Summit, MO Minneapolis, MN Elena & Nicholas Charles * (Passamaquoddy) Basketmaker Yupik Woodcaver/Maskmaker/ Princeton, ME Donny Golden Juan Gutiérrez and Skin Sewer Irish-American Step Dancer Puerto Rican Drummer/Leader Bethel, AK Johnny Gimble * Brooklyn, NY (Bomba and Plena) Western Swing Fiddler New York, NY Charles Hankins * Dripping Springs, TX Wayne Henderson Boatbuilder Appalachian Luthier, Musician Solomon * & Richard * Lavallette, NJ Frances Varos Graves * Mouth of Wilson, VA Ho’opii Hispanic American “Colcha” Hawaiian Falsetto Singers/ Nalani Kanaka’ole & Embroidery Bea Ellis Hensley * Musicians Pualani Kanaka’ole Rancho De Taos, NM Appalachian Blacksmith Makawao, HI Kanahele Spruce Pine, NC Hula Masters Violet Hilbert * Will Keys * Hilo, HI Native American (Skagit) Nathan Jackson Anglo-American Banjo Player Storyteller/Conservator Tlingit Alaskan Woodcaver/ Gray, TN Everett Kapayou * Ca Conner, WA Metalsmith/Dancer Native American Singer Ketchikan, AK Joaquin Lujan * (Meskwaki) Sosie Shizuye Chamorro Blacksmith Tama, IA Matsumoto * Danongan Kalanduyan * GMF, GU Japanese Tea Ceremony Master Filipino-American Kulintang McIntosh County Los Angeles, CA Musician Eva McAdams Shouters South San Francisco, CA Shoshone Crafts/Beadwork African-American Spiritual/ D.l. Menard * Fort Washakie, WY Shout Ensemble Cajun Musician/Songwriter Robert Jr. Lockwood * St. Simons Island, GA Erath, LA African-American Delta Blues John Mealing & Cornelius Singer/Guitarist Wright, Jr. * Elmer Miller * Simon Shaheen Cleveland, OH African-American Work Songs Bit and Spur Maker/Silversmith Arab American Oud Player Birmingham, AL Nampa, ID Brooklyn, NY Israel “Cachao” López * Afro-Cuban Bassist, Composer, Vernon Owens Jack Owens * Lily Vorperian and Bandleader Anglo-American Potter Blues Singer/Guitarist Armenian (Marash-Style) Miami, FL Seagrove, NC Bentonia, MS Embroidery Glendale, CA Nellie Star Boy Menard * Dolly Spencer * Mone & Vanxay Lakota Sioux Quiltmaker Inupiat Dollmaker Saenphimmachak Elder Roma Wilson * Rosebud, SD Homer, AK Lao Weaver/Needleworker African-American Harmonica and Loom Maker Player Buck Ramsey * St. Louis, MO Oxford, MS Anglo-American Cowboy Poet, Singer Liang-Xing Tang Amarillo, TX Chinese-American Pipa (Lute) Player Bayside, NY

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 31 1997 1998 1999 2000

Edward Babb * Apsara Ensemble Frisner Augustin * Bounxou Chanthraphone “Shout” Band Gospel Trombonist Cambodian Musicians & Dancers Haitian Drummer Lao Weaver, Embroiderer & Band Leader Fort Washington, MD New York, NY Brookland Park, MN Jamaica, NY Eddie Blazonczyk * Lila Greengrass Blackdeer Dixie Hummingbirds * Charles Brown * Polish Polka Musician/Bandleader Hocak Black Ash Basketmaker, African-American Gospel Quartet West Coast Blues Pianist & Bridgeview, IL Needleworker Philadelphia, PA Composer Black River Falls, WI Berkeley, CA Bruce Caesar Felipe García Villamil Sac Fox-Pawnee German Shirley Caesar Afro-Cuban Drummer/Santero Gladys Leblanc Clark * Silversmith Gospel Singer Los Angeles, CA Acadian (Cajun) Spinner & Anadarko, OK Durham, NC Weaver José González * Duson, LA Dale Calhoun * Alfredo Campos Puerto Rican Hammock Weaver Boatbuilder (Reelfoot Lake Horeshair Hitcher San Sebastián, PR Georgia Harris * Stumpjumper) Federal Way, WA Catawba Potter Tiptonville, TN Nettie Jackson Atlanta, GA Mary Louise Defender Klickitat Basketmaker Antonio De La Rosa * Wilson White Swan, WA Wen-Yi Hua Tejano Conjunto Accordionist Dakota Hidatsa Traditionalist Chinese Kunqu Opera Singer Riviera, TX and Storyteller Santiago Jiménez, Jr Arcadia, CA Shields, ND Tex-Mex Accordionist/Singer Epstein Brothers San Antonio, TX Ali Akbar Khan * Klezmer Musicians Jimmy “Slyde” Godbolt * North Indian Sarod Player Sarasota, FL African-American Tap Dancer Genoa Keawe * & Raga Composer Hanson, MA Hawaiian Tto Singer/ San Anselmo, CA Sophia George Ukulele Player Yakima Colville Beadwork Ulysses “Uly” Goode * Honolulu, HI Ramón José López and Regalia Western Mono Basketmaker Santero & Metalsmith Gresham, OR North Fork, CA Frankie Manning * Santa Fe, NM Lindy Hop Dancer Nadjeschda Overgaard * Bob Holt * Choreographer/Innovator Jim* & Jesse McReynolds Danish Hardanger Embroidery Ozark Fiddler Corona, NY Bluegrass Musician Kimballton, IA Ava, MO Gallatin, TN Joe Willie “Pinetop” Harilaos Papapostolou * Zakir Hussain Perkins * Phong Nguyen Byzantine Chant, Greek Orthodox North Indian Master Tabla Blues Piano Player Vietnamese Musician/Scholar Potomac, MD Drummer La Porte, IN Kent, OH San Anselmo, CA Roebuck “Pops” Staples * Konstantinos Pilarinos Hystercine Rankin * Gospel /Blues Musician Elliott “Ellie” Manette * Orthodox Byzantine Icon African-American Quilter Dalton, IL Trinidadian Steel Pan Builder, Woodcarver Lorman, MS Tuner, Performer Astoria, NY Claude “The Fiddler” Osage, WV Francis Whitaker * Williams * Chris Strachwitz Blacksmith/Ornamental Jazz Swing Fiddler Mick Moloney (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Iron Work Kansas City, MO Irish Musician Record Producer/Label Founder Carbondale, CO New York, NY El Cerrito, CA

Eudokia Sorochaniuk * B. Dorothy Thompson * Ukranian Weaver, Textile Artists, Appalachian Weaver Embroidery Davis, WV Pennsuaken, NJ Don Walser * Ralph Stanley Cowboy & Western Singer/ Master Boatbuilder, (Friendship Guitarist/Composer Sloop) Austin, TX Southwest Harbor, ME

* Deceased

32 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 2001 2002 2003 2004

Celestino Avilés * Ralph Blizard * Basque “Bertsolari” Poets Anjani Ambegaokar Santero Old-Time Fiddler Jesus Arriada Kathak Dancer Orocovis, PR Blountville, TN San Francisco, CA Diamond Bar, CA Mozell Benson * Loren Bommelyn Johnny Curutchet Charles “Chuck” T. African-American Quilter Tolowa Singer, Tradition Bearer, South San Francisco, CA Campbell Opelika, AL Basketmaker Martin Goicoechea Gospel Steel Guitarist Crescent City, CA Rock Springs, WY Rochester, NY Wilson “Boozoo” Chavis * Jesus Goni Zydeco Accordionist Kevin Burke Reno, NV Joe Derrane * Lake Charles, LA Irish Fiddler Irish-American Button Portland, OR Rosa Elene Egipciaco Accordionist Hazel Dickens * Puerto Rican Bobbin Lace Randolph, MA Appalachian Singer Francis & Rose Cree * “Mundillo” Washington, DC Ojibwa Basketmakers/Storytellers New York, NY Jerry Douglas Dunseith, ND Dobro Player Evalena Henry Agnes Oshanee Kenmille * Nashville, TN Apache Basketweaver Luderin Darbone/ Salish Beadwork and Tanning Peridot, AZ Edwin Duhon * Ronan, MT Gerald Subiyay Miller * Cajun Fiddler and Accordionist Skokomish Tradition Bearer Peter Kyvelos * Sulphur/Westlake, LA Norman Kennedy Shelton, WA Oud Builder Weaver/Ballad Singer Bedford, MA Nadim Dlaikan Marshfield,VT Milan Opacich * Lebanese Nye (Reed Flute) Player Tamburitza Instrument Maker João “João Grande” Southgate, MI Roberto * & Lorenzo Schererville, IN Olivera Dos Santos Martinez Capoeira Angola Master David “Honeyboy” Hispanic Guitarist & Violinist Eliseo & Paula Rodriguez * New York, NY Edwards * Albuquerque, NM Straw Applique Artists Delta Blues Guitarist/Singer Santa Fe, NM Eddie Pennington Chicago, IL Norma Miller * Thumbpicking Style Guitarist African-American Jazz Dancer, Koko Taylor * Princeton, KY Flory Jagoda Choreographer Blues Musician Sephardic Musician/Composer Cape Coral, FL Country Club Hills, IL Qi Shu Fang Alexandria, VA Peking Opera Performer Carmencristina Moreno Yuqin Wang & Zhengli Xu Woodhaven, NY Losang Samten (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Chinese Rod Puppeteers Tibetan Sand Mandala Painter Mexican-American Singer, Tigard, OR Seiichi Tanaka Philadephia, PA Composer, Teacher Taiko Drummer Dojo Founder Fresno, CA Chum Ngek San Francisco, CA Bob McQuillen * (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Contra Dance Musician Composer Ron Poast Cambodian Musician and Teacher Dorothy Trumpold * Peterborough, NH Hardanger Fiddle Luthier Gaithersburg, MD Rug Weaver and Player High Amana, IA Clara Neptune Keezer * Black Earth, WI Passamaquoddy Basketmaker Fred Tsoodle * Perry, ME Felipe I. & Joseph K. Ruak Kiowa Sacred Song Leader Carolinian Stick Dance Leaders Mountian View, OK Jean Ritchie * Saipan, MP (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Joseph Wilson * Appalachian Singer/Songwriter Manoochehr Sadeghi (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Dulcimer Player Persian Santour Player Folklorist/Advocate/Presenter Port Washington, NY Sherman Oaks, CA Fries, VA Domingo “Mingo” Saldivar Nicholas Toth Conjunto Accordionist Diving Helmet Builder San Antonio, TX Tarpon Springs, FL

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 33 2005 2006 2007 2008

Herminia Albarrán Charles M. Carrillo Nicholas Benson Horace P. Axtell * Romero Santero (Carver and Painter Stone Letter Carver and Nez Perce Elder, Spiritual Leader, Paper-Cutting Artist of Sacred Figures) Calligrapher and Drum Maker San Francisco, CA Santa Fe, NM Newport, RI Lewiston, ID

Eldrid Skjold Arntzen Delores E. Churchill Sidiki Conde Dale Harwood Norwegian-American Rosemaler Haida (Native Alaskan) Weaver Guinean Dancer and Musician Saddlemaker Watertown, CT Ketchican, AK New York, NY Shelley, ID

Earl Barthé * Henry Gray Violet De Cristoforo * Bettye Kimbrell * Decorative Building Craftsman Blues Piano Player, Singer Haiku Poet And Historian Quilter New Orleans, LA Baton Rouge, LA Salinas, CA Mt. Olive, AL

Chuck Brown * Doyle Lawson Roland Freeman Jeronimo E. Lozano African-American Gospel and Bluegrass Singer, (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Retablo Maker Musical Innovator Arranger, and Bandleader Photo Documentarian, Author, Salt Lake City, UT Brandywine, MD Bristol, TN and Exhibit Curator Washington, DC Walter Murray Chiesa * Janette Carter * Esther Martinez * (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Native American Linguist Pat Courtney Gold Traditional Crafts Advocate Appalachian Musician, Advocate and Storyteller Wasco Sally Bag Weaver Bayamón, PR Hiltons, VA San Juan Pueblo, NM Scappoose, Or Oneida Hymn Singers Michael Doucet Diomedes Matos Eddie Kamae * Of Wisconsin Cajun Fiddler, Composer, Cuatro (10-String Puerto Hawaiian Musician, Composer, Hymn Singing and Band Leader Rican Guitar) Maker Filmmaker Oneida, WI Lafayette, LA Deltona, FL Honolulu, HI Sue Yeon Park Jerry Grcevich George Na’ope * Agustin Lira Korean Dancer and Musician Tamburitza Musician, Kumu Hula (Hula Master) Chicano Singer, Musician, New York, NY Prim Player Hilo, HI Composer North Huntingdon, PA Fresno, CA Moges Seyoum Wilho Saari Ethiopian Church Musician Grace Henderson Nez * Finnish Kantele (Lap-Harp) Player Julia Parker Alexandria, VA Navajo Weaver Naselle, WA Kashia Pomo Basketmaker Ganado, AZ Midpines, CA Jelon Vieira Mavis Staples Capoeira Master Wanda Jackson Gospel, Rhythm and Blues Singer Mary Jane Queen * New York, NY Early Country, Rockabilly, and Chicago, IL Appalachian Musician Gospel Singer Cullowhee, NC Michael G. White Oklahoma City, OK Nancy Sweezy * Jazz Clarinetist, Band Leader, (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Joe Thompson * Scholar Beyle Schaechter- Advocate, Scholar, Presenter, African-American String New Orleans, LA Gottesman * and Preservationist Band Musician Yiddish Singer, Poet, Songwriter Lexington, MA Mebane, NC Mac Wiseman * Bronx, NY Bluegrass and Country Singer and Treme Brass Band Irvin L. Trujillo Musician Albertina Walker * New Orleans Brass Band Rio Grande Weaver Nashville, TN Gospel Singer New Orleans, LA Chimayo, NM Chicago, IL Elaine Hoffman Watts * James Ka’upena Wong Klezmer Musician Hawaiian Chanter Havertown, PA Waianae, HI

* Deceased

34 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 2009 2010 2011 2012

The Birmingham Sunlights Yacub Addy * Laverne Brackens Mike Auldridge * A Cappella Gospel Group Ghanaian Drum Master Quilter Dobro Player Birmingham, AL Latham, NY Fairfield,TX Silver Spring, MD

Edwin Colón Zayas Jim “Texas Shorty” Bo Dollis * Paul & Darlene Bergren Cuatro Player Chancellor Mardi Gras Indian Chief Dog Sled and Snowshoe Orocovis, PR Fiddler New Orleans, LA Designers and Builders Rockwall, TX Minot, ND Chitresh Das * Jim Griffith Kathak Dancer and Gladys Kukana Grace * (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Harold A. Burnham Choreographer Lauhala (Palm Leaf) Weaver Folklorist Master Shipwright San Francisco, CA Honolulu, HI Tuscon, AZ Essex, MA

Leroy Graber * Mary Jackson Roy and Pj Hirabayashi Albert B. Head German-Russian Willow Sweetgrass Basketweaver Taiko Drum Leaders (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Basketmaker Johns Island, SC San Jose, CA Traditional Arts Advocate Freeman, SD Montgomery, AL Del McCoury Ledward Kaapana “Queen” Ida Guillory Bluegrass Guitarist and Singer Slack Key Guitarist Leonardo “Flaco” Jimenez Zydeco Musician Hendersonville, TN Kaneohe, HI Tejano Accordion Player Daly City, CA San Antonio, TX Judith McCulloh * Frank Newsome Dudley Laufman (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Old Regular Baptist Singer Lynne Yoshiko Nakasone Dance Caller and Musician Folklorist and Editor Haysi, VA Okinawan Dancer Cantebury, NH Urbana, IL Honolulu, HI Carlinhos Pandeiro De Amma D. McKen Kamala Lakshmi Ouro Molly Jeannette Yoruba Orisha Singer Narayanan Frame Drum Player and Neptune Parker Brooklyn, NY Bharatanatyam Indian Dancer Percussionist Passamaquoddy Basket Maker Mastic, NY Los Angeles, CA Princeton, ME Joel Nelson Cowboy Poet Mike Rafferty * Warner Williams The Paschall Brothers Alpine, TX Irish Flute Player Piedmont Blues Songster Tidewater Gospel Quartet Hasbrouck Heights, NJ Gaithersburg, MD Chesapeake, VA Teri Rofkar * Tlingit Weaver and Basketmaker Ezequiel Torres Yuri Yunakov Andy Statman Sitka, AK Afro-Cuban Drummer and Bulgarian Saxophonist Klezmer Clarinetist, Mandolinist, Drum Builder Bloomfield,NJ and Composer Mike Seeger * Miami, FL Brooklyn, NY (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Musician, Cultural Scholar, and Advocate Lexington, VA

Sophiline Cheam Shapiro Cambodian Classical Dancer and Choregrapher Long Beach, CA

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 35 2013 2014 2015 2016

Sheila Kay Adams Henry Arquette * Rahim AlHaj Bryan Akipa Ballad Singer, Musician, Mohawk Basketmaker Oud Player & Composer Dakota Flute Maker and Player & Storyteller Hogansburg, NY Albuquerque, NM Sisseton, SD Marshall, NC Manuel “Cowboy” Donley Michael Alpert Joseph Pierre “Big Chief Ralph Burns Tejano Musician and Singer Yiddish Musician and Monk” Boudreaux Storyteller, Pyramid Lake Austin, TX Tradition Bearer Mardi Gras Indian Craftsman Paiute Tribe New York, NY and Musician Nixon, NV Kevin Doyle New Orleans, LA Irish Step Dancer Mary Lee Bendolph, Verónica Castillo Barrington, RI Lucy Mingo, and Billy McComiskey Ceramicist & Clay Sculptor Loretta Pettway Irish Button Accordionist San Antonio, TX The Holmes Brothers Quilters of Gee’s Bend Baltimore, MD Sherman Holmes Boykin, AL Séamus Connolly Wendell Holmes * Artemio Posadas Irish Fiddler Dolly Jacobs (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) North Yarmouth, ME Popsy Dixon * Master Huastecan Son Musician Blues, Gospel, and Rhythm Circus Aerialist and Advocate and Blues Band Sarasota, FL San Jose, CA Nicolae Feraru Rosedale, MD Cimbalom Player Saluda, VA Yary Livan Chicago, IL Cambodian Ceramicist Clarissa Rizal * Lowell, MA Tlingit Ceremonial Regalia Maker Yvonne Walker Keshick Juneau, AK Carol Fran Odawa Quillworker Swamp Blues Singer & Pianist Petoskey, MI Daniel Sheehy Lafayette, LA (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Theresa Secord Ethnomusicologist/Folklorist Penobscot Nation Ash/ Carolyn Mazloomi Sweetgrass Basketmaker Pauline Hillaire (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Falls Church, VA (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Waterville, ME Quilting Community Advocate Tradition Bearer, Lummi Tribe West Chester, OH Drink Small Bellingham, WA Blues Artist Bounxeung Synanonh Columbia, SC Laotian Khaen (free-reed mouth Vera Nakonechny organ) Player David Ivey Ukrainian Embroiderer, Weaver Sacred Harp Hymn Singer Fresno, CA and Beadworker Gertrude Yukie Tsutsumi Huntsville, AL Philadelphia, PA Japanese Classical Dancer Honolulu, HI Michael Vlahovich Ramón “Chunky” Singing and Praying Bands Master Shipwright Sánchez * Sidonka Wadina Tacoma, WA/St. Michaels, MD Chicano Musician & of MD and DE African-American Religious Slovak Straw Artist/Egg Culture Bearer Singers Decorator Leona Waddell San Diego, CA White Oak Basketmaker Maryland and Delaware Lyons, WI Cecilia, KY Rufus White Omaha Traditional Singer and Drum Group Leader Walthill, NE

* Deceased

36 2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIPS 2017 2018

Norik Astvatsaturov Feryal Abbasi-Ghnaim Armenian Repoussé Metal Artist Palestinian Embroiderer Wahpeton, ND Milwaukie, OR

Anna Brown Ehlers Eddie Bond Chilkat Weaver Appalachian Old-Time Fiddler Juneau, AK Fries, VA

Modesto Cepeda Kelly Church Bomba and Plena Musician Anishinabe (Gun Lake Band) San Juan, PR Black Ash Basketmaker Allegan, MI Ella Jenkins Children’s Folk Singer Marion Coleman * and Musician African-American Quilter Chicago, IL Castro Valley, CA

Dwight Lamb Manuel Cuevas (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Rodeo Tailor Danish Button Accordionist and Nashville, TN Missouri-Style Fiddler Onawa, IA Ofelia Esparza Chicana Altarista (Day of the Thomas Maupin Dead Altar Maker) Old-time Buckdancer Los Angeles, CA Murfreesboro, TN Barbara Lynn Cyril Pahinui * R&B Musician Hawaiian Slack-key Guitarist, Beaumont, TX Waipahu, HI Ethel Raim Phil Wiggins (Bess Lomax Hawes Award) Acoustic Blues Harmonica Player Traditional Music and Dance Takoma Park, MD Advocate New York, NY Eva Ybarra Conjunto Accordionist and Don & Cindy Roy Band Leader Franco-American Musicians San Antonio, TX Gorham, ME

Detail of Josephine Lobato embroidery Photo by Carol S. Dass

III The 2019 National Heritage Fellows

Dan Ansotegui Grant Bulltail Bob Fulcher Linda Goss James F. Jackson Basque Musician and Crow Storyteller Folklorist and State African-American Leatherworker Tradition Bearer Park Manager Storyteller

Balla Kouyaté Josephine Lobato Rich Smoker LAS TESOROS DE SAN ANTONIO Balafon Player Spanish Colcha Decoy Carver Beatriz (La Paloma del Norte) Llamas and Djeli Embroiderer and Blanquita (Blanca Rosa) Rodríguez Tejano Singers

Dan Ansotegui photo by Tom Pich; Grant Bulltail photo by Tom Pich; Bob Fulcher photo by Sarah Terpstra Hanson; Linda Gross photo by Edwin Remsberg; James F. Jackson photo by Tom Pich; Balla Kouyaté photo by Brendan Mercure Photography; Josephine Lobato photo by Carol S. Dass; Rich Smoker photo by Edwin Remsberg; Las Tesoros de San Antonio photo courtesy of Esperanza Peace and Justice Center