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Immunohistochemical Detection of KI Polyomavirus in Lung and Spleen

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Immunohistochemical Detection of KI Polyomavirus in Lung and Spleen Virology 468-470 (2014) 178–184 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro Immunohistochemical detection of KI polyomavirus in lung and spleen Erica A. Siebrasse 1,a, Nang L. Nguyen a,1, Colin Smith b, Peter Simmonds c, David Wang a,n a Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8230, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA b Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK c Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK article info abstract Article history: Little is known about the tissue tropism of KI polyomavirus (KIPyV), and there are no studies to date Received 23 April 2014 describing any specific cell types it infects. The limited knowledge of KIPyV tropism has hindered study of Returned to author for revisions this virus and understanding of its potential pathogenesis in humans. We describe tissues from two 28 July 2014 immunocompromised patients that stained positive for KIPyV antigen using a newly developed immuno- Accepted 5 August 2014 histochemical assay targeting the KIPyV VP1 (KVP1) capsid protein. In the first patient, a pediatric bone Available online 3 September 2014 marrow transplant recipient, KVP1 was detected in lung tissue. Double immunohistochemical staining Keywords: demonstrated that approximately 50% of the KVP1-positive cells were CD68-positive cells of the macro- KI polyomavirus phage/monocyte lineage. In the second case, an HIV-positive patient, KVP1 was detected in spleen and lung Tissue tropism tissues. These results provide the first identification of a specific cell type in which KVP1 can be detected and Immunohistochemistry expand our understanding of basic properties and in vivo tropism of KIPyV. HIV & Macrophage 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction respiratory secretions, but there have been only minimal efforts to explore additional specimen types. In addition, prior studies have KI polyomavirus (KIPyV) was discovered in 2007 in patients relied exclusively on PCR approaches to detect viral genomes in with respiratory tract infections (Allander et al., 2007). Subsequent bulk-extracted nucleic acid, making it impossible to define the studies have detected KIPyV in respiratory tract secretions, blood, specific cell type(s) that harbor KIPyV. There have also been no stool and tonsil tissue (Babakir-Mina et al., 2011) and have published reports describing the detection of KIPyV antigens in suggested a seroprevalence of 55–70% (Nguyen et al., 2009; Kean tissues. In order to define the tissue and cell tropism of KIPyV and et al., 2009), with infection occurring most frequently in child- as a step toward understanding the role of KIPyV in human hood. KIPyV is not currently associated with any human disease(s). disease, we developed an immunohistochemical (IHC) assay tar- However, other polyomaviruses are known to be important human geting KIPyV VP1 (KVP1), the viral capsid protein. We applied this pathogens. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) causes BK nephropathy and assay to tissue specimens from patients positive for KIPyV by PCR hemorrhagic cystitis, while JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the etiolo- described in the published literature (Siebrasse et al., 2012; Sharp gical agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. For et al., 2009). Tissues from two different patients were positive. both BKPyV and JCPyV, disease only manifests when the host is KVP1 was detected in the lung tissue of a pediatric bone marrow immunocompromised (Knowles, 2006). As the more recently transplant recipient, and a portion of the positive cells was discovered Merkel cell carcinoma polyomavirus and Trichodyspla- identified as being CD68-positive using a double immunohisto- sia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus are also thought to cause chemical stain. In addition, KVP1 was detected in the spleen and disease in the context of immunosuppression (Kazem et al., 2012; lung tissues of a deceased HIV-positive patient. These results Gjoerup and Chang, 2010), a significant question is whether KIPyV provide the first insights into a specific cell type in which KIPyV follows this paradigm and causes disease in immunocompromised can be detected. patients. Since little is known about the in vivo tropism of KIPyV, it is not yet possible to accurately identify potential diseases with which it Results may be associated. The virus has most commonly been detected in Establishment of a KVP1-specific immunohistochemistry assay n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ1 314 286 1123. E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Wang). To study the cell and tissue tropism of KIPyV, we established 1 Contributed equally to this work. an IHC assay using a newly developed monoclonal anti-KVP1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.005 0042-6822/& 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. E.A. Siebrasse et al. / Virology 468-470 (2014) 178–184 179 Fig. 1. Validation of anti-KVP1 monoclonal antibody specificity. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of 293T cells transfected with pDEST26-KVP1 and stained with (A, B) a KVP1 monoclonal antibody or with (C) an isotype control. (D) IHC of mock transfected 293T cells stained with a KVP1 monoclonal antibody. Panels A and C are at 400 Â ; panel B is at 600 Â , and panel D is at 200 Â . (E) Western blot using a WVP1 monoclonal antibody of protein lysates from mock transfected 293T cells (lane 3) or cells transfected with pDEST26-KVP1 (lane 2) or pDEST26-WVP1 (lane 1). The blot was stripped and re-blotted using a KVP1 monoclonal antibody. antibody. To validate the new IHC assay and evaluate its specificity, Detection of KVP1 in a pediatric transplant recipient we developed a positive control cell pellet. Fig. 1a shows 293T cells transfected with the pDEST26-KVP1 construct, which expressed During the course of a recent study to evaluate the prevalence KVP1 from a CMV promoter, and stained with the KVP1 antibody. of human polyomaviruses in a prospective pediatric transplant Several cells showed prominent dark brown staining (Fig. 1a and cohort (Siebrasse et al., 2012), we identified one patient (#3001) b), while cells from both a sequentially cut slide stained with the whose nasopharyngeal aspirate sample (NPA) was strongly posi- isotype control (Fig. 1c) and mock transfected 293T cells stained tive for KIPyV by real-time PCR. The patient's clinical parameters with the KVP1 antibody (Fig. 1d) did not. have been described in detail (Siebrasse et al., 2012). In brief, the To independently evaluate the specificity of the KVP1 mono- patient was a 17-month-old child who received a bone marrow clonal antibody, a subset of the transfected cells were lysed to transplant as treatment for Fanconi anemia in April 2009. The extract proteins for Western blot analysis (Fig. 1e). As negative patient's disease course was complicated by recurrent pulmonary controls, lysates of 293T cells from a mock transfection and from a hemorrhage, severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and renal transfection of an analogous plasmid expressing the VP1 protein of failure. The patient ultimately died of acute respiratory failure and WU polyomavirus (pDEST26-WVP1) were included. We first extensive pulmonary hemorrhage several months later. The blotted with a primary antibody against WU polyomavirus VP1 autopsy of the lung revealed evidence of chronic pulmonary (WVP1), which is the most closely related virus to KIPyV and has hemorrhage with numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages in also been detected in respiratory tract secretions. A single band the alveolar spaces. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage leading to was detected in the WVP1 lysate, while no band was seen in the respiratory failure was the listed likely cause of death. Infection KVP1 lysate or in the mock transfected cells (Fig. 1e). After the was considered less likely due to the negative results of routine membrane was stripped, we blotted with the KVP1 monoclonal microbiology testing (via culture and/or PCR). There was no antibody. A single band corresponding to the predicted size of significant inflammation or airway fibrosis to suggest GVHD in KVP1 was detected in the KVP1 lysate, while no band is seen in the lungs. A NPA sample collected 24 days prior to the death of the mock transfected cells or in the WVP1 lysate (Fig. 1e). The blot was patient was strongly positive for KIPyV (1.3 Â 109 genome copies stripped a second time and blotted for actin (Millipore #MAB1501, per mL of transport media) (Siebrasse et al., 2012). Billerica, MA) as a loading control. Given these data, we concluded Tissue blocks obtained at autopsy from 17 different body sites the KVP1 antibody is specific for KI polyomavirus, and the KVP1 were available for KVP1 IHC testing. These included skin, liver, IHC assay can detect KI polyomavirus antigen in formalin-fixed lung, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pan- paraffin-embedded cell pellets. Potential cross reactivity of the creas, spleen, right kidney, left kidney, bladder, left ventricle, right KVP1 assay with human polyomaviruses 6 and 7, which are the ventricle and pituitary, right adrenal and left adrenal glands. Of next most closely related polyomaviruses to KIPyV, was not these, only the lung was positive by IHC (Fig. 2). Two patterns of explicitly tested. However, we believe cross reactivity with these cellular staining were seen—strong, dark nuclear staining (arrows) viruses to be highly unlikely as they are much more divergent and weaker, granular staining exclusively in the cytoplasm (arrow from KIPyV than WUPyV. heads). Several controls were performed on serial sections to 180 E.A. Siebrasse et al. / Virology 468-470 (2014) 178–184 Fig. 2. Immunohistochemical staining of human lung with a KVP1 monoclonal antibody. Tissue stained with (A) an isotype control or (B) the KVP1 antibody (both at 200 Â ). (C) Higher magnification (600 Â ) of KVP1 staining in panel B. analyze this staining pattern, including a corresponding IgG2b One caveat to this interpretation is the absence of a gold standard isotype control (Fig.
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