AND a MENTAL CHANGE Injune and July, 1915, There Arrived in Egypt from Australia Reinforcements of Special Importance
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
CHAPTER XV NEW TROOPS-AND A MENTAL CHANGE INJune and July, 1915, there arrived in Egypt from Australia reinforcements of special Importance. For some time after the departure of the Gallipoli expedition the only Australian troops regularly arriving had been the n~onthlydrafts to maintain the strength of units already at the front. These came forward with absolute regularity, the quotas being whatever was laid down for the British Army. For example, when in December, 1914,the British War Office, after experience of the heavy losses in France, decided to send forward monthly 15 per cent. of the full strength of each infantry unit and IO per cent. for each unit of cavalry, Australia adopted the same scale. At that time the force consisted of- One (1st) infantry division, One additional (4th) infantry brigade, Three (Ist, 2nd, and 3rd) light horse brigades, and Certain base or L.-of-C. units. For these the increased monthly reinforcement would be 3,227 officers and men. This number was therefore regularly despatched from Australia. But the recruits who continued to offer were more numerous than could be absorbed in these drafts. The great tide of enlistment which set in after the Landing had not, indeed, yet commenced, but since the sailing of the early contingents there had been steadily enrolled a somewhat different class of men from that which had first rushed to the recruiting offices. They were men who perceived that the war was likely to be longer and more difficult than had at first appeared; men who waited to settle their family or business affairs before considering themselves free to enlist ; men who had begun to realise that, if the war was to be won, each individual citizen must put his shoulder to the wheel. A high proportion voltinteered not so much from impetuosity of spirit as because of a reasoned patriotism. The newspapers, in the effort to encourage enlistment, pointed out that these men were perhaps more truly representative of Australia 419 420 THE STORY OF ANZAC [Jan.-Apr., 1915 than the adventurous 1st ’ Division, and that they were impressing all beholders as the finest troops yet raised in the Commonwealth. Men of the 1st Division, reduced, war-worn, sickening in their trenches at Anzac, read such eulogies with sardonic comments, and at once christened these future arrivals the “ Dinkum ” (that is, “ the genuine ”) Australians. When this class began to maintain the flood of enrolment and the camps in Australia were found to be receiving far larger numbers than would he required for mere reinforce- ments, the Commonwealth Government cabled to Great Britain offering to organise, despatch, and maintain fresh units of a strength of 10,000. This proposal was accepted, the British Government asking that as large a percentage as possible should be infantry. On February aid, therefore, the Common- wealth notified London that the new force would comprise- Two (5th and 6th) infantry brigades. One (4th) light horse brigade. On April 1st this was increased I)y the additional offer of- One (7th) infantry brigade. The three infantry brigades were raised as follows :- In New South Wales- 5th (17th, ISth, Igth, and 20th Battalions). In Victoria- 6th (21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th Battalions). Tn other States- 7th Brigadel- 25th Battalion (Queensland) . 26th Battalion (half Queensland, half Tasmania). 27th Battalion (South Australia). 28th Battalion [Western Australia), It happened that at the time when these troops were being raised the military portion of the force which in the early days of the war had captured German New Guinea’ was released from service in that territory. Of these troops, who had been raised in New South Wales, a very large number re-enlisted in the 5th BriEade, of which their commander, 1 Certain portions of N S W. were included in the Q’land and S. Aust. military districts (sce foot-notes in Vol I bb 22 and 40). 2 The Australian Naval and hlllitary Expeditionary Force (see 6’01 X and Vol I P 36). Mar.-Apr., 19151 A MENTAL CHANGE 42 1 Colonel Holmes,' was appointed brigadier. Most of them were young and of particularly. fine physical standard. They included many from the University of Sydney, and all belonged to that eager class which had rushed to arms within the first fortnight of the war. Following the arrangements suggested before the war: each brigade was accompanied by its proportion of signallers, a field ambulance, a company of transport, and-according to sound British rule-the first monthly quota of reinforce- ments. The new contingent therefore amounted to 17,183 officers and men, for whose raising, organising, and equipment the staffs of the Commonwealth headquarters in Melbourne and those of the six military districts were responsible, the Chief of the General Staff being Colonel Legge, and the Adjutant-General Colonel Dodds.6 Some of the Australian training-camps had by this time been removed to more suitahle areas, farther from the great cities, and several were now developing into the large permanent camps-military cities of wood and galvanised iron-which continued to be the Aus- tralian training-dc5p;ts during the war.e In these the new brigades received a preliminary instruction, which, however, differed in one important respect from that given to the first force. A reaction had set in against the plan of allowing brigade and battalion commanders to choose the oficers for their infantry regiments.' This duty was now entrusted to selection boards, appointed by the Minister for Defence, which sat in the various capitals and tended to make choice of a rather senior and academic type of officer from the citizen forces. Battalion commanders were consequently forced to contrive as best they could by " compromise and adjustment "* to secure the best " team '' of officers possible in the circum- stances. Even Colonel Holmes, returning with his force from New Guinea, failed to obtain in the 5th Brigade a selection which entirely satisfied him. Many of his former officers, 'Maj.-Cen W. Holmes, CMC, D S.O.. V.D Commanded A.N & M.E.F, iprq/rg; 5th Inf. Bde., r915/16; 4th Div, 1916/17 Secretary, Water and Sewerage Board, Sydney; b. Sydney, 12 Sept , 1862 Killed in action, 2 July, 1917. 4 Scr-.. Vnl.. .. I. r,bb --2R-9. -- 'Maj.-Gen. T. H. Dodds, C.M.G.. CV.0, DSO., D.AG., A.I.F., 1917/18. Officer of Aust Permanent Forces; of Brisbane and Melbourne, b. Ncwcastlc-on- Tyne, Eng.. 11 Nov., 1873. See 1'01 XI-Aurtmlra During the War; and Vol. XII, plate 704 7 Vol. I, pp. 51-4 a The 28th (history of 28th Bn., A.I.F.). Vol. I. 422 THE STORY OF ANZAC [Mar.-June, 19x5 however, secured commands. Lieutenant-Colonel Russell Watson,B a citizen officer with. a good South African record, who had led the infantry in New Guinea, became colonel of the 24th Battalion in the 6th Brigade, with Captain Manning'O (previously Judge-Advocate General in New Guinea) as his adjutant ; Colonel Paton,l' second-in-command of the New Guinea infantry, was appointed to the 25th Battalion of the 7th Brigade; other members of Holmes' former staff were scattered through the 5th Brigade. The command of the 6th Brigade was given to Colonel Linton,'a then a brigadier in the Citizen Forces, and that of the 7th to Colonel Burston,l' formerly Lord Mayor of Melbourne, a keen citizen officer but one whose age seemed likely to tell against him on service. At the time of these appointments Australian brigadiers still held only the rank of colonel, it being the policy in Australia, as in America, to have few officers of high title in time of peace. In Jdy, 1915,however, this policy was changed, since by reason of it the Australian brigadiers in the field were finding themselves always junior to their British, Canadian, and other colleagues. In July, therefore, all commanders of infantry and light horse brigades at the front were raised to " temporary brigadier-generals." The new brigades began to sail from Australia in May, their last units leaving in June. The Indian Ocean now being entirely safe, the transports made their journey singly, sailing at various dates, without escort. As the units arrived in Egypt, they were moved to the camping-grounds of their respective brigades outside Cairo," where they contintied their training under their own officers and the staff of Major- General Spens. * Col. W W. R Watson, C B, C M.G , V.D Commanded 24th Bn, i915/17; Overseas Training Bde., igii/i9 Company director, of Balmain, N S.W.. b Sydney, 19 May. 1875. Died 30 June. 1924 10 Ma). C E. Manning: 24th Bn. Barrister-at-law: of Hunter's Hill, N.S W.; b Hunter's Hill, 24 Oct , 1879. Killed in action, 7 Aug , 1916. "Maj.-Gen. J. Paton. C.B. CMG, V.D. Commanded 7th Inf. Bde.. 19i5/17: 6th Inf. Bde., i9iy/i8. Merchant; of Waratah, N S W; b. Newcastle, N S W.. 18 Nov., 1867 "Col R Linton. Commanded 6th Inf. Rde.. 1915 Hardware merchant. of Melbourne: b. Dalton, Lockerhie, Scotland, 3 Nov., 1861. Died at sea, 2 Sept , i915 (Seep SDO). "hfaj -Gen J. Burston. V D Commanded 7th Inf. Bde, 1915 lfalster; of Hawthorn. Vic , b Kilmore, Vic , I May. 1856. Died 4 March. 1920. "The 5th and 6th Bdes went into the Aerodrome Camp on the N E. outskirts of Heliopolis with the 4th L H. Bde. The 7th was quartered at Ahbassia. S W. of Heliopolis These were each about five miles from the centre of Cairo June-July, 19151 A MENTAL CHANGE 423 In the middle of June General Legge, on his way to assume command of the 1st Division, reached Egypt, and at Birdwood's request stayed there a few days in order to inform himself of the state of affairs at the base.I6 At that time the new brigades which he had raised in Australia were beginning their Egyptian training, and he carried to Anzac the latest news of this important reinforcement.