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Archaeology, Arable Landscapes and Drainage in the Fenland of Eastern England

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Archaeology, Arable Landscapes and Drainage in the Fenland of Eastern England Appendix Jiv Archaeology, arable landscapes and drainage in the Fenland of Eastern England John Honnor and Tom Lane © Archaeological Project Services, 2002 Oxford Archaeology May 2002 (revised December 2002) ARCHAEOLOGY, ARABLE LANDSCAPES AND DRAINAGE IN THE FENLAND OF EASTERN ENGLAND Work Undertaken For Oxford Archaeology Report Compiled by John Honnor and Tom Lane February 2002 A.P.S. Report No: 27/02 CONTENTS List of Figures List of Plates Summary.............................................................................................................1 Introduction.........................................................................................................1 Geology, Topography and Soils.........................................................................2 Aims ................................................................................................................2 Methods..............................................................................................................3 Brief Archaeological background.......................................................................3 Brief History of the Drainage..............................................................................5 Survey of the Landowners..................................................................................6 Results ................................................................................................................9 The Wider Perspective........................................................................................9 The Future ..........................................................................................................16 Conclusion..........................................................................................................17 Bibliography.......................................................................................................18 Appendices 1 Questionnaire List of Figures Figure 1 Location of main surface soil types Figure 2 Location of holdings Figure 3 Morton Fen, Lincs, with contours and sites of Roman and Iron age date Figure 4 Deeping Fen as surveyed and divided in 1670 Figure 5 Ditched boundaries of the medieval landscape Figure 6 Grassland on the silts of Holland, Lincs, 1931 Figure 7 Arable land on the fens of Kesteven and Holland, Lincs, 1931 Figure 8 Iron Age and Roman sites on the fens north of Bourne List of Plates Plate 1 Morton Fen, Lincs. Roman canal extending through peat onto silt Plate 2 Plough damage to Middle Saxon settlement on silt in Gosberton Fen Plate 3 Hacconby Fen, north of Bourne as earthworks and soilmarks Plate 4 Roman earthwork and cropmarks at Horbling Fen, Lincolnshire Plate 5 Roman saltern and settlement in Pinchbeck South Fen Plate 6 Land drainage on Crowland Common Plate 7 A’Fen Blow’ on Crowland Common Archaeology, Arable landscapes and Drainage in the Fenland of Eastern England by John Honnor and Tom Lane Summary Concern has been expressed by archaeologists over a long period regarding the effects of intensive agriculture on archaeology of the Fenland. Acknowledging those concerns English Heritage funded a large-scale survey and excavation project, the Fenland Project, the results of which emphasised the extent of the archaeological resource and its vulnerability. Using the results of the Fenland Project as a framework this paper set out to examine the recent agricultural histories of farms on three different fen soils - silts, clays and peats. Results of discussions with the farmers indicate that use of the fenland for arable purposes has a longer history than sometimes stated. Intensification of arable agriculture in the second half of the last century and associated drainage works have served to cause irreparable damage to near surface sites. For the future the farmers see no reduction in the intensive use of the land, although there is a move now to minimal cultivation of the fenland fields and stabilisation, rather than continual lowering of groundwater levels, In addition to the agricultural histories rates of peat wastage, where recorded, are discussed in terms of archaeological loss. Additionally, some of the lesser publicised threats to Fenland archaeology, such as deep rooting crops and loss of land (and archaeological sites) to drainage features are considered. Introduction The Fenland of Eastern England is one of the most distinctive landscapes in Britain. Covering c.400,000ha it is the country's largest area of former coastal wetland, extending some 120km from Lincoln in the north to Cambridge in the south and 50km from Peterborough to the modern coast. Characteristically low lying, with little of the land surface exceeding 3.5m OD, it is a basin through which flows the rivers draining the greater part of central England. The twin threats to the archaeological resource of arable agriculture and drainage are nowhere more pronounced than in the Fenland. Despite an earlier reputation as the richest pasture land in the country, the region underwent extensive drainage schemes, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, and is now one of the Europe's most intensively cultivated arable landscapes, with the surface silts, clays and peats all generating high crop yields. Despite (or because of) its former wetland character, the Fenland has yielded some of the most densely distributed and best preserved archaeological sites in Britain. In recognition of the archaeological potential of the region and the perceived threat from intensive arable agriculture and continued drainage, English Heritage selected the Fenland for investigation by means of extensive field surveys, limited excavations and, where appropriate, the implementation of management policies. In addition to the published volumes detailing the results of this 20 year programme, the survey has been summarised by Hall and Coles (1994) and the excavations by Crowson et al (2000). 1 Because of the high archaeological potential of the predominantly arable landscapes of the Fenland Oxford Archaeology commissioned the following report as part of the Management of Archaeological Sites in Arable Landscapes Project. The report sets out examine recent historical data from a small area of the Fenland and combine it with information supplied by local farmers and Drainage Authorities in an effort to determine recent impacts on the rich archaeological resource within this working landscape and to assess how archaeology fits into or conflicts with the continued agri-industrial usage of the Fenland. Geology, Topography and Soils The geological history of the Fenland has been summarised most recently by Waller (1994, 7). While itself fascinating, the older, pre-holocene geological detail is not vital to this paper. What is more relevant is the development of the region over the last 10,000 years. At its simplest level this has seen gradual increases in sea-level with the resultant deposition of silts and clays. In turn, this has affected the draining of the major rivers through the Fenland, causing increased groundwater levels and ponding back of the freshwaters. The resultant development of peats on the landward side of 'marine' sediments is reflected in the modern map of surface soils (Fig. 1). In truth, the development of the Fenland deposits has been infinitely more complex than that stated above. Sea level rise has not been at a constant rate, but has fluctuated, resulting in separate periods of transgression and regression. Increased bed loads in the rivers, following de- forestation and initial cultivation of middle England brought sediments to the Fenland at the same time as sea levels were rising. In addition, erosion of the coastline to the north of the Wash has also served to increase sedimentary deposition around seaward side of the Fenland. There has always been a battle between the freshwaters running off the surrounding high ground on three sides of the Fens and the sea on the fourth. These events are reflected in the vertical stratigraphy of the Fenland deposits. Initial peat growth on the floor of the Fenland was overwhelmed by extensive 'marine' beds of clays and silts before renewed peat growth took place above the clays and silts. While this, the classic Fenland vertical sequence, is accurate for part of the region, in particular the southern Fens, Waller (1994,14 and Plate III) has emphasised the complexities of the sequence and the variations occurring elsewhere in the Fenland. While the three main Fenland surface soil types of peat, clay and silt each have their own characteristics, overall they share one crucial element - they are all extremely fertile, all Grade 1 and 2 land. Therefore, all have been and continue to be heavily exploited for arable agriculture. Aims The enormity and complexity of the Fenland region (400,000ha) prevents a detailed study of the agricultural issues in archaeology for the whole area in the short time available. Instead a small area (1200ha) has been chosen, in south Lincolnshire, which encompasses the three major soil types, silt, clay and peat, along with a length of fen edge gravel (Fig. 2). This area has been selected for a study which will serve as an example of how farming in the Fenland currently impacts upon the archaeological resource. At the outset the major aims stated were to gather data to assist in determining the current, and predicting the future, rates of erosion of archaeological sites in the different Fenland regions. These included 2 * Examining the recent agricultural and drainage histories
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