Charles Jencks

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Charles Jencks 1 Institut Supérieur d’Architecture de la Communauté Française – La Cambre 19 Place Flagey 1050 Bruxelles Charles Jencks Œuvre, histoire et fortune du critique d’architecture Par Roels Christine Travail de Fin d’Etudes Promoteur : Jean-Didier Bergilez Année académique 2008-2009 – Travail de Fin d’Etudes – septembre/octobre 2009 2 En couverture « Another issue we produced in 1987 was “Post-Modernism and Discontinuity”. You can see on the cover a funny mixture of characters. The painting by Karl Loubin shows Andreas Papadakis, the publisher, talking to Jim Stirling and Jim Stirling, talking to Leon Krier ; James Gowan, Terry Farrell, Fenella Dixon and me, all set within Jeremy Dixon’s new opera house. That gives you an idea of the way Andreas saw Post-Modernism. You can see that with the Dixon and Jones building it is becoming close to a revival of the classicism that Leon was promoting. We also published in this issue the Clore Gallery of Jim Stirling, and Terry Farrell’s urban work. Farrell, of course, became the most famous London practitioner of Post-Modernism. » Charles JENCKS in Helen CASTLE, « A critical contribution: Charles Jencks and AD, 1977-2000 », Architectural Design, vol. 70, n° 6, décembre 2000, p. 99. Les notes à suivre sont, comme ce tableau, un récit construit avec des codes de forme et des inspirations du réel, pour rendre de façon imagée une situation faite de relations entre personnes, des édifications d’un environnement culturel et des idées menant à leur évolution d’ensemble. Charles Jencks y est un personnage. L’origine de ce document graphique, et le moment de l’histoire de l’architecture qu’il représente, renvoient à la période de la vie professionnelle de Charles Jencks dont il sera beaucoup question dans la suite. 3 Table des matières En couverture Table des matières Préface (1 page) Introduction: Charles Jencks (5 pages) Intermède (1 page) Chapitre I : Son arbre évolutionniste (10 pages/ 8 planches d’illustration) Intermède (1 page) Chapitre II : Sa théorie du langage architectural (13 pages/ 2 planches d’illustration) Intermède (1 page) Chapitre III : Sa participation à la Biennale de Venise de 1980 (20 pages/ 21 planches d’illustration) Intermède (1 page) Chapitre IV : Sa bibliographie (31 pages) Glossaire des citations (3 pages) Conclusion : Charles Jencks, un critique d’architecture (7 pages) Postface : « Le Corbusier, c’est John Wayne ! » (5 pages) Bibliographie Abstract et remerciements 4 Préface 5 Il examine la couverture d’un de ces livres posés sur un plan de travail et dit : « Charles qui ? Charles J…Jen… ?! Charles Jencks ! Un illustre inconnu pour moi. » Ce meuble est l’un de ceux introduits dans la plupart des ateliers du petit monde de l’architecture : un panneau de MDF posé sur deux trépieds. Je n’oserais dire la même chose à propos d’un bouquin de Charles Jencks mais j’annonce qu’il s’agit bien ici de traiter de cet illustre auteur. Ce travail de fin d’études a été réalisé avec l’ambition de concevoir une monographie d’un critique d’architecture. Ces deux concepts m’étaient, au départ, relativement étrangers dans leur propre genre, d’objet et de sujet. Ils se retrouvent néanmoins au sein de cette forme finale, au sein d’un ensemble d’écrits thématisé autour de la fortune des œuvres de Charles Jencks. Cette question n’est pourtant pas l’objet de la recherche mais un motif de liaison discursive entre divers éclairages sur une large production aux multiples aboutissements. A l’instar du constat de Charles Jencks de la pluralité de l’écriture de l’histoire de l’architecture, sont défendus, au sein de ce travail, la pluralité des approches d’un sujet et d’un thème, la construction originale et spécifique d’un récit de type monographique. Je voulais que celui-ci soit le reflet de la personnalité complexe de son sujet. Jencks est ici considéré autant par son statut professionnel le plus abstrait, un nom indiqué en fin d’article, que par sa carrure d’homme de terrain, identifié à travers ses contacts professionnels ou comme humble être humain, confronté au sort de la vie. J’allie volontiers la petite histoire aux développements à caractère théorique car l’insignifiant au premier abord peut, selon moi, mettre pertinemment les idées en contexte. La lecture érudite et exhaustive des œuvres de Charles Jencks n’est certainement pas un objectif. Par contre, je propose une présentation du sujet, qualifiée à armer le lecteur pour de futurs parcours croisant celui-ci. En vue de ce dernier objectif, le moteur de l’écriture de ce travail a été d’enrichir les textes dans leur dimension informative et interprétative vis-à-vis du lecteur. Ils sont des corps hétérogènes constitués de paraphrases, de citations, d’énumérations factuelles, de critiques personnelles. Je convoque une série de personnes ayant partagé publiquement leurs avis sur la conduite de Charles Jencks. Ils marquent autant leur empathie pour ses travaux que leur hostilité. Je crois qu’il est important de traiter d’un critique d’architecture selon le degré et la constitution de sa participation au débat commun. Celui-ci est mené dans les universités, dans les pages de revues, dans les colloques, lors de grands rassemblements. Si les regards rétrospectifs sont aussi considérés, ce débat ne s’éteint jamais. La sélection, que j’ai effectuée sur des documents d’origine et des intervenants, apporte des exemples concrets à cette intuition de départ. Chaque chapitre de ce volume se distingue donc par ses deux corps ; soit un document tiré de la littérature relative à Jencks, à la nature variable mais anticipée avec préparation - telle une prise dans une partie de pêche sur un grand lac - et un texte le précédant, à caractère introductif, descriptif et analytique, écrit de ma main. Ce travail s’est construit lentement, au cours de deux années académiques, au fil d’autres travaux, sous la gouverne lâche mais toujours présente d’une thématique d’ateliers et de cours à options, « Les années septante et leur actualité », revisitée par le Laboratoire Histoire Théorie Critique de l’ Institut Supérieur d’Architecture La Cambre. Le champ d’investigation y a reçu peu à peu ses limites. La plupart des réflexions y ont été alimentées par les contacts entre ce sujet et mon entourage intellectuel, qu’ils aient été provoqués, indirects ou fortuits – par les recherches, discussions, anecdotes, lectures, conférences, notes, humeurs, etc. Pour cela, je leur suis reconnaissante. 6 Introduction Charles Jencks 7 Fortune : chance, hasard, malchance, vicissitude, risque, adversité, bonheur, malheur… Charles Alexander Jencks est né en 1939 à Baltimore, une ville du Maryland, un Etat de la côte Nord-Est des Etats-Unis. Il campe malgré ses origines un personnage savoureusement british. En 1961, il décroche un baccalauréat en littérature anglaise à l’Université de Harvard et poursuit ses études en architecture à la Graduate School of Design jusqu’en 1965. Lors de celles-ci, il reçoit les enseignements de Siegfried Giedion. Cette même année de la mi-décennie marque son arrivée en Grande-Bretagne. De 1965 à 1967, il est étudiant de la prestigieuse Architectural Association School . En 1970, il achève un doctorat en histoire de l’architecture à l’Université de Londres, mené sous la direction de Reyner Banham. L’ouvrage, « Modern Movements in Architecture », publié dès 1973, est la thèse qu’il rédige sur deux ans. De 1968 à 1988, Charles Jencks tient un poste d’enseignant dans cette école qu’il a fréquenté quelques années auparavant, la AA School . Il y a rencontré en 1971 sa future épouse et mère de ses deux enfants, John et Lily. Maggie Keswick Jencks est auteure, architecte paysagiste et peintre. Tandis qu’elle affine ses connaissances de l’art du jardin chinois, Charles Jencks débute une longue et prometteuse carrière de critique d’architecture. Entre 1969 et 2007, la parution de livres signés de son nom peut se compter à un rythme presque annuel, de nombreux ouvrages bénéficiant de traductions multiples jusqu’en 1990 et certains incontournables, comme « The Language of Post-Modern Architecture », revus à l’occasion de plusieurs rééditions. Cette production régulière couplée à une participation active au marché de la presse d’architecture assoit sa renommée internationale. Celle-ci se manifeste encore par ses visites et conférences dans plus de quarante universités européennes ou nord-américaines et atteint un point d’orgue en 2003, par cet événement mondial que seuls les plus grands peuvent revendiquer à leur actif, par un World Lecture Tour, « The Garden of Cosmic Speculation ». Sa popularité – « le remarquable Charles Jencks1 » ; « l’étrange attracteur2 » ; « Il est une icône, vingt ans auparavant ce n’était que de la théorie, et regardez ce qu’il fait maintenant !3 » - doit être due à son attachement tant au milieu des initiés qu’à celui du grand public, et à sa capacité à mener sa barque vers des horizons toujours nouveaux, sans pour autant laisser ce qu’il dépose dans son sillage disparaître trop rapidement. Il rédige ainsi des articles pour des revues spécialisées. Il est éditeur aux Academy Editions. Il contribue à des parutions de journaux de la grande presse anglaise. Plus originales sont ses apparitions dans ou créations de documentaires télévisuels, comme ceux consacrés à Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright et Michael Graves, pour la BBC. À côté du chercheur et de l’écrivain, Charles Jencks mène une pratique de concepteur. Jusqu’au milieu des années 1980, il est à l’origine d’objets de fourniture domestique comme le service à thé et à café Alessi de 1983, « Architecture in Silver », et d’édifices : la « Garagia Rotunda » à Truro dans le Massachusetts, 1976-1977, « The Elemental House » avec Buzz Yudell à Los Angeles et « The Thematic 1 Titre de l’article de Janjaap RUIJSSENAARS, archined – NAI Maastricht, 31 mars 2008, http://www.archined.nl/nieuws/charles-jencks-strange-attractor/ (Je traduis.) 2 Titre de l’article de Hugh PEARMAN, « The remarkable Charles Jencks and his Highlands Maggie's Centre: a new building type emerges », The Sunday Times, 12 juin 2005, sous le titre « Healthy and wise » ou http://www.hughpearman.com/articles5/maggies_highlan.html .
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