DOCSLIB.ORG

Taking Root: Arab-American Community Studies, Volume

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Taking Root: Arab-American Community Studies, Volume DOCUMENT RESUME ED 361 275 SO 023 307 AUTHOR Hooglund, Eric, Ed. TITLE Taking Root: Arab-American Community Studies,Volwae INSTITUTION American Arab Anti Discrimination Committee, Washington, DC. REPORT NO ISBN-0-53A079-01-3 PUB DATE 85 NOTE 163p.; For volume I (1984), see SO 023 306. AVAILABLE FROMADC Publications, 4201 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 ($5, prepaid). PUB TYPE Books (010) Reports Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Arabs; Community Study; *Cultural Influences; *Ethnic Groups; *Immigrants; *North Americans;United States History ABSTRACT This book is the second in a series of worksthat seeks to examine the Arab-American experience. The original1984 publication, "Taking Root, Bearing Fruit: TheArab-American Experience" featured surveys of 12 communitiesin all geographic regions of the United States. Suchwas the response to that report that its creators decided to continue the seriesuntil they studied all Arab-American communities. Chapters in thesecond volume include: (1) "Mosque on the Prairie" (Gregory Orfalea);(2) "Dabkeh in the Delta" (Joseph Schechla); (3) "The Mohamedsin Mississippi" (Joseph Schechla);(4) "Syrians in Tin City" (Anthony B. Toth);(5) "Mahrajan in Michigan" (Christopher Mansour);(6) "Celebrating Tradition in Rhode Island" (Eleanor Doumato); and (7) "GoingHome" (Eugene Tinory). The book includesa preface and an introduction and notes on the contributors. (SG) *******************************************************************k*** Reproductions supplied by EDRSare the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** a Ilk A 0 DEPASTMENT Of EDUCATION OfflosEduceneme Reeserch and Immovement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (EFNC) document has been reproduced es Tbciivid horn the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Qualify POWs 01.1Vi or 00mons Stated in thisdoctr ment do not netelleiffily moment official OERI powtioa or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" Fc; (NO wasser Taking Root I1 Takifig Root Arab-American Community Studies Volume II Eric Hooglund, Editor The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee ADC Research Institute Washington, D.C. 1985 American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee 1731 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 797-7662 James Abourezk ADC National Chairman Omar M. Kader ADC Executive Director Eric Hooglund Director, ADC Research Instil:de Anne Mooney Director of Publication.> The American-At abAnn-Discrimination Committee (ADC)isanon-sectarian, non- partisan senice organization committed to de- fending the rights and promoting the heritage of Arab-Americans. The largest grassroots Arab- American organization in the United States, ADC was founded in 1980 by former U.S. Sen- ator James Abourezk in response to stereotyp- ing, defamation and discrimination directed against Americans of Arab descent. The ADC Research Institute publishes in- formation onissuesof concernto Arab- Americans and provides educational materials on Arab history and culture, and on the ethnic experiences of Arabs in America. © 1985 ADC Research Institute ISBN 0-934079-01-3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries may be addressed to Director, ADC Research Institute, 1731 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington. D.C. 20009. Printed in the United States of America. Book Design by Take Two Design, Washington, D.C. For those who made the journey. C Preface The contributions of our ancestors to this American culture are rich and varied; however, their stories and the value of early Arab- American contributions are generallynot known outside of our own community. Many of our forebears arrived here from the Arab world before the turn of the 20th century, and by that date centers of Arab heritage were already taking root in American cities, towns and farms. The Arabic of our parents and great-grandparents was the common means of communication at the harbors, mines, mills, shops and on the great plains of this vast country. Of course, for many second-, third- and fourth-generation Arab- Americans, the Arabic language is a secondary means of communica- tion. But the stories of our forefathers are still being told. In ADC's permanent commitment to preserving Arab-American heritage, this second volume of Taking Root captures some of the stories and experiences, the anecdotes and the voices of those who contributed so much to making us what we are today: 2 to 3 million Americans with a profound respect and appreciation for family, tradition and Arab culturefor itis the Arab world that has provided the seed for us to and flourish. Taking Root is a celebration and a tribute to all Arab-Americans. But perhaps more important than a means for Arab-Americans to know themselves, this volume provides an opportunity for others to know and appreciate us as well. Omar Kader Executive Director, ADC Notes on Contributers Eleanor Doumato, author of "Arab-Americans in Rhode Island," is a candidate for a Ph.D. in Middle East History at Columbia University. She studied at Oxford University under Albert Hourani and lived for many years in the Middle East, including Beirut and Riyadh. Currently she resides in Providence. Eric Hooglund, editor of Taking Root, is Director of the ADC Research Institute. He has a Ph.D. in Middle East Studies from Johns Hopkins University and taught Middle East politics for several years. He is the author of several books and articles on the Middle East. Christopher Mansour, author of "Mahrajan in Michigan," is a na- tive of Flint, Michigan. After graduating from Georgetown University with an M.A. in Arab Studies, he spent two years living and working in the Middle East. He currently works for a congressional office in Washington, D.C. Gregory Orfalea, author of "Mosque on the Prairie," is the author of Before the Flames: An Arab-American Search, which is to be published by the University of Texas Press in 1986. He has also written three collections of poetry, Pictures at an Exibition, NightJump, and The Capital of Solitude, and a volume of fiction, The Dinosaur and Other Stories. He is currently co-editing an anthology of 19 Arab-American writers. Mr. Orfalea works as an editor in Washington, D.C. where he lives with his wife and son. Joseph Schechla, author of "Dabkeh in the Delta," is a graduate of Georgetown University with an M.A. in Middle East Studies. Before joining the ADC Research Institute he was an editor for the,/ ournal of Palestine Studies. Anthony B. Toth, author of "Arab-Americans in Newcastle," recieved his M.A. in Middle East history from Georgetown University. From 1982 - 85 he was a member of the research staff and served as official photographer for ADC. He is currently a Washington, D.C. writer and editor. Introduction By Eric Hoogiund Many ADC members who were born prior to 1945 have fond memories of growing up in Arab ethnic neighbor- hoods. The United States in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s was still a country whose cities, especially in the industrial belt of the Northeast and Great Lakes regions, contained ethnically distinct neighborhoods. In these unique areas millions of immigrants and their American-born children sought simultaneously to preserve cherished traditions and to assimilate into the new culture. During the past 30 years, however, most of these neighborhoods have fallen victim to the relentless wrecking balls and the new migration to "melting pot" suburban developments. The disappearence of America's ethnic neighborhoods has meant the loss of many visable symbols of history. Some groups, notably Germans, Irish, Italians, Jews, Poles and Scandanavians, have organizations which have done valuable work in documenting the history of their communities in our country. Un- fortunately, the history of Arabs in America is one which is little known, except in the form cf oral history among Arab-Americans, and it is in danger of being lost to future generations. Concern about preserving the history of Arab immigration to the United States and documenting the process of becoming Americans prompted members to express an interest in having ADC undertake efforts to ensure that the Arab-American experience would be passed on to their children and descendants. In 1982 the ADC Research In- stitute initiated a project to study and record Arab-Americancommu- nities all across the country. The first result of this projectwas the publication in 1984 of Taking Root, Bearing Fruit. This book featured surveys of 12 communities in all the geographic regions of the United States. 'The response to this book was enthusiastic and convincedus that Taking Root should be but the first volume in a series that could continue until all of the communities of Arab-Americans had been studied. In undertaking research on Arab immigration to this country,one is struck by the pattern of t wo distinct waves: the immigration priorto 1924 and that after 1965. Individual Arabs came to what isnow the Taking Root, blame Il United States as members of Spanishexploration teams in the 16th and 17th centuries. And the oralhistories of some Hispanic families who have lived in the Southwest forthree centuries include Arab ancestors. The earliestdocumented Arabs to settle in the United States are believed to be theWahab brothers who established families on Ocracoke Island, North Carolina, atthe end of the 18th century. Dur- ing the first half of the 19th centuryother Arabs purchased property in various states. One example wasJermiah Mahomet who, in the early 1800s, settled in Frederick, Maryland,where he raised race horses and was a successfulreal estate dealer. The first real wave of immigration,that is significant numbers of Arabs, began slowly in the 1870s;:eached a crescendo between 1900- 1913, and continued at a reducedlevel until 1924. In the next year, im- migration from Arab areas was effectivelycurtailed by a new Immigra- tion Act.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Virtual Assyria Dan Lundberg
    Virtual Assyria Dan Lundberg (The content of this site is based on data collected 1996-1997) Illustration: Ann Ahlbom Sundqvist Introduction (2010) Some comments on the re-publishing of this study of Assyrian cultural activities on the Internet – more than 10 years later. This study is based on fieldwork and other data collections that I conducted during the second half of the 1990s. I can truly say that I was impressed by all the web enthusiasts that were striving to create a transnational Assyrian community – a "cyber nation" on the Internet. However, the development has been incredibly fast during the last decades and today (2010) it is hard to imagine the almost science fictional impression that ideas about cyber communities gave back in the nineties. When looking back at the development of the Internet it seems as if the "cyber space" that was announced on the home page of Nineveh On-line 1997 has become less virtual over the years. Today we are living in both worlds – using the Internet for shopping, reading, finding information, communication, playing, dating, etc, etc.The boarder between virtual and real often appears to be diffuse and in fact, not so important any more. Svenskt visarkiv shut down this website in 2008 because we felt we could no longer guarantee that all links were relevant and functioning. The lifespan of articles online can sometimes be quite short. However, we have received many requests to publish it again, an indication that the content is still regarded as important. This new edition has some corrected links and dead links have been deleted, but otherwise the text has not been changed at all.
    [Show full text]
  • American Jewish Yearbook
    JEWISH STATISTICS 277 JEWISH STATISTICS The statistics of Jews in the world rest largely upon estimates. In Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and a few other countries, official figures are obtainable. In the main, however, the num- bers given are based upon estimates repeated and added to by one statistical authority after another. For the statistics given below various authorities have been consulted, among them the " Statesman's Year Book" for 1910, the English " Jewish Year Book " for 5670-71, " The Jewish Ency- clopedia," Jildische Statistik, and the Alliance Israelite Uni- verselle reports. THE UNITED STATES ESTIMATES As the census of the United States has, in accordance with the spirit of American institutions, taken no heed of the religious convictions of American citizens, whether native-born or natural- ized, all statements concerning the number of Jews living in this country are based upon estimates. The Jewish population was estimated— In 1818 by Mordecai M. Noah at 3,000 In 1824 by Solomon Etting at 6,000 In 1826 by Isaac C. Harby at 6,000 In 1840 by the American Almanac at 15,000 In 1848 by M. A. Berk at 50,000 In 1880 by Wm. B. Hackenburg at 230,257 In 1888 by Isaac Markens at 400,000 In 1897 by David Sulzberger at 937,800 In 1905 by "The Jewish Encyclopedia" at 1,508,435 In 1907 by " The American Jewish Year Book " at 1,777,185 In 1910 by " The American Je\rish Year Book" at 2,044,762 DISTRIBUTION The following table by States presents two sets of estimates.
    [Show full text]
  • Stirring the American Melting Pot: Middle Eastern Immigration, the Progressives, and the Legal Construction of Whiteness, 1880-1
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 Stirring the American Melting Pot: Middle Eastern Immigration, the Progressives and the Legal Construction of Whiteness, 1880-1924 Richard Soash Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES STIRRING THE AMERICAN MELTING POT: MIDDLE EASTERN IMMIGRATION, THE PROGRESSIVES AND THE LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF WHITENESS, 1880-1924 By RICHARD SOASH A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2013 Richard Soash defended this thesis on March 7, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Jennifer Koslow Professor Directing Thesis Suzanne Sinke Committee Member Peter Garretson Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my Grandparents: Evan & Verena Soash Richard & Patricia Fluck iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am extremely thankful for both the academic and financial support that Florida State University has provided for me in the past two years. I would also like to express my gratitude to the FSU History Department for giving me the opportunity to pursue my graduate education here. My academic advisor and committee members – Dr. Koslow, Dr. Sinke, and Dr. Garretson – have been wonderful teachers and mentors during my time in the Master’s Program; I greatly appreciate their patience, humor, and knowledge, both inside and outside of the classroom.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Transnationalism in the First Syrian-American Community, 1890-1930
    Abstract Title of Thesis: RACE ACROSS BORDERS: RACE AND TRANSNATIONALISM IN THE FIRST SYRIAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY, 1890-1930 Zeinab Emad Abrahim, Master of Arts, 2013 Thesis Directed By: Professor, Madeline Zilfi Department of History This research explores the transnational nature of the citizenship campaign amongst the first Syrian Americans, by analyzing the communication between Syrians in the United States with Syrians in the Middle East, primarily Jurji Zaydan, a Middle-Eastern anthropologist and literary figure. The goal is to demonstrate that while Syrian Americans negotiated their racial identity in the United States in order to attain the right to naturalize, they did so within a transnational framework. Placing the Syrian citizenship struggle in a larger context brings to light many issues regarding national and racial identity in both the United States and the Middle East during the turn of the twentieth century. RACE ACROSS BORDERS: RACE AND TRANSNATIONALISM IN THE FIRST SYRIAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY, 1890-1930 by Zeinab Emad Abrahim Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor, Madeline Zilfi, Chair Professor, David Freund Professor, Peter Wien © Copyright by Zeinab Emad Abrahim 2013 For Mahmud, Emad, and Iman ii Table of Contents List of Images…………………………………………………………………....iv Introduction………………………………………………………………………1-12 Chapter 1: Historical Contextualization………………………………………13-25
    [Show full text]
  • Part 2 (Bcharre)
    The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report (1) Fauna and Flora During the construction phase, fauna and flora will be not negatively impacted because of the tourism facilities will be constructed avoiding the inhabiting areas of important fauna and flora. (2) Air Pollution, Noise During the construction and operating phases air quality and noise will not be negatively impacted because that the construction will be not so large scale and the increase of tourist vehicles is not so much comparing present amount. (3) Water Quality, Solid Waste During the construction and operating phases water quality and solid waste will not be negatively impacted because that the construction will be not so large scale and the increase of tourist excreta is not so much comparing present amount. (4) Other Items During the construction and operating phases all of other items will not be negatively impacted. Part 2 (Bcharre) 2.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS Exhibits 9 and 10 present sensitive eco-system and land cover for Bcharre Qaza. ANNEX-15 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report tem Map s Figure 9 Sensitive Ecosy Qnat Bcharre Qaza ANNEX-16 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report Figure 10 Land Cover Map ANNEX-17 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report 2.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY The study area could be divided into two main topographic units.
    [Show full text]
  • “No One's Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in Al-Bayda
    HUMAN RIGHTS “No One’s Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in al-Bayda & Baniyas WATCH “No One’s Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in al-Bayda and Baniyas Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-62313-0480 Printed in the United States of America Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org SEPTEMBER 2013 978-1-62313-0480 “No One’s Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in al-Bayda and Baniyas Maps ................................................................................................................................... i Summary ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Report: WHO Syria, Week 19-20, 2019
    WHO Syria: SITUATION REPORT Weeks 32 – 33 (2 – 15 August), 2019 I. General Development, Political and Security Situation (22 June - 4 July), 2019 The security situation in the country remains volatile and unstable. The main hot spots remain Daraa, Al- Hassakah, Deir Ezzor, Latakia, Hama, Aleppo and Idlib governorates. The security situation in Idlib and North rural Hama witnessed a notable escalation in the military activities between SAA and NSAGs, with SAA advancement in the area. Syrian government forces, supported by fighters from allied popular defense groups, have taken control of a number of villages in the southern countryside of the northwestern province of Idlib, reaching the outskirts of a major stronghold of foreign-sponsored Takfiri militants there The Southern area, particularly in Daraa Governorate, experienced multiple attacks targeting SAA soldiers . The security situation in the Central area remains tense and affected by the ongoing armed conflict in North rural Hama. The exchange of shelling between SAA and NSAGs witnessed a notable increase resulting in a high number of casualties among civilians. The threat of ERWs, UXOs and Landmines is still of concern in the central area. Two children were killed, and three others were seriously injured as a result of a landmine explosion in Hawsh Haju town of North rural Homs. The general situation in the coastal area is likely to remain calm. However, SAA military operations are expected to continue in North rural Latakia and asymmetric attacks in the form of IEDs, PBIEDs, and VBIEDs cannot be ruled out. II. Key Health Issues Response to Al Hol camp: The Security situation is still considered as unstable inside the camp due to the stress caused by the deplorable and unbearable living conditions the inhabitants of the camp have been experiencing .
    [Show full text]
  • Salvaging Syria's Economy
    Research Paper David Butter Middle East and North Africa Programme | March 2016 Salvaging Syria’s Economy Contents Summary 2 Introduction 3 Institutional Survival 6 Government Reach 11 Resource Depletion 14 Property Rights and Finance 22 Prospects: Dependency and Decentralization 24 About the Author 27 Acknowledgments 27 1 | Chatham House Salvaging Syria’s Economy Summary • Economic activity under the continuing conflict conditions in Syria has been reduced to the imperatives of survival. The central government remains the most important state-like actor, paying salaries and pensions to an estimated 2 million people, but most Syrians depend in some measure on aid and the war economy. • In the continued absence of a political solution to the conflict, ensuring that refugees and people in need within Syria are given adequate humanitarian support, including education, training and possibilities of employment, should be the priority for the international community. • The majority of Syrians still living in the country reside in areas under the control of President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, which means that a significant portion of donor assistance goes through Damascus channels. • Similarly, any meaningful post-conflict reconstruction programme will need to involve considerable external financial support to the Syrian government. Some of this could be forthcoming from Iran, Russia, the UN and, perhaps, China; but, for a genuine economic recovery to take hold, Western and Arab aid will be essential. While this provides leverage, the military intervention of Russia and the reluctance of Western powers to challenge Assad mean that his regime remains in a strong position to dictate terms for any reconstruction programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Zgharta Caza
    Roads and Employment Project Environmental and Social Management Plan Zgharta Caza Final Associated Consulting Engineers 1|P a g e Roads and Employment Project Environmental and Social Management Plan Zgharta Caza TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................2 List of Tables ..........................................................................................................................6 List of Figures .........................................................................................................................7 List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................8 Executive Summary – Non-Technical Summary .........................................................................9 19 ................................................................................................... ملخص تنفيذي - موجز غير تقني 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 28 1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................... 28 1.2 Project Rationale ................................................................................................... 28 1.3 Report Objectives .................................................................................................. 29 1.4 Methodology .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Reign of Terror'
    ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Ottomans in the Ranks: Pro-Entente Military Recruitment Among Syrians in the Americas, 1916–18*
    Journal of Global History (2016), 11,pp.88–112 © Cambridge University Press 2016 doi:10.1017/S1740022815000364 Former Ottomans in the ranks: pro-Entente military recruitment among Syrians in the Americas, 1916–18* Stacy D. Fahrenthold Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract For half a million ‘Syrian’ Ottoman subjects living outside the empire, the First World War initiated a massive political rift with Istanbul. Beginning in 1916, Syrian and Lebanese emigrants from both North and South America sought to enlist, recruit, and conscript immigrant men into the militaries of the Entente. Employing press items, correspondence, and memoirs written by émigré recruiters during the war, this article reconstructs the transnational networks that facilitated the voluntary enlistment of an estimated 10,000 Syrian emigrants into the armies of the Entente, particularly the United States Army after 1917. As Ottoman nationals, many Syrian recruits used this as a practical means of obtaining American citizen- ship and shedding their legal ties to Istanbul. Émigré recruiters folded their military service into broader goals for ‘Syrian’ and ‘Lebanese’ national liberation under the auspices of American political support. Keywords First World War, Lebanon, mobilization, Syria, transnationalism Is it often said that the First World War was a time of unprecedented military mobilization. Between 1914 and 1918, empires around the world imposed powers of conscription on their
    [Show full text]
  • Baalbek Hermel Zahleh Jbayl Aakar Koura Metn Batroun West Bekaa Zgharta Kesrouane Rachaiya Miniyeh-Danniyeh Bcharreh Baabda Aale
    305 307308 Borhaniya - Rehwaniyeh Borj el Aarab HakourMazraatKarm el Aasfourel Ghatas Sbagha Shaqdouf Aakkar 309 El Aayoun Fadeliyeh Hamediyeh Zouq el Hosniye Jebrayel old Tekrit New Tekrit 332ZouqDeir El DalloumMqachrine Ilat Ain Yaaqoub Aakkar El Aatqa Er Rouaime Moh El Aabdé Dahr Aayas El Qantara Tikrit Beit Daoud El Aabde 326 Zouq el Hbalsa Ein Elsafa - Akum Mseitbeh 302 306310 Zouk Haddara Bezbina Wadi Hanna Saqraja - Ein Eltannur 303 Mar Touma Bqerzla Boustane Aartoussi 317 347 Western Zeita Al-Qusayr Nahr El Bared El318 Mahammara Rahbe Sawadiya Kalidiyeh Bhannine 316 El Khirbe El Houaich Memnaa 336 Bebnine Ouadi Ej jamous Majdala Tashea Qloud ElEl Baqie Mbar kiye Mrah Ech Chaab A a k a r Hmaire Haouchariye 34°30'0"N 338 Qanafez 337 Hariqa Abu Juri BEKKA INFORMALEr Rihaniye TENTEDBaddouaa El Hmaira SETTLEMENTS Bajaa Saissouq Jouar El Hachich En Nabi Kzaiber Mrah esh Shmis Mazraat Et Talle Qarqaf Berkayel Masriyeh Hamam El Minié Er Raouda Chane Mrah El Dalil Qasr El Minie El Kroum El Qraiyat Beit es Semmaqa Mrah Ez Zakbe Diyabiyeh Dinbou El Qorne Fnaydek Mrah el Arab Al Quasir 341 Beit el Haouch Berqayel Khraibe Fnaideq Fissane 339 Beit Ayoub El Minieh - Plot 256 Bzal Mishmish Hosh Morshed Samaan 340 Aayoun El Ghezlane Mrah El Ain Salhat El Ma 343 Beit Younes En Nabi Khaled Shayahat Ech Cheikh Maarouf Habchit Kouakh El Minieh - Plots: 1797 1796 1798 1799 Jdeidet El Qaitaa Khirbit Ej Jord En Nabi Youchaa Souaisse 342 Sfainet el Qaitaa Jawz Karm El Akhras Haouch Es Saiyad AaliHosh Elsayed Ali Deir Aamar Hrar Aalaiqa Mrah Qamar ed Dine
    [Show full text]