General View the Vulva the Vagina
Southeast Iowa Reproduction Workshop General View Brain Hypothalamus vagina Pituitary cervix
vulva Overview of the Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology of the Female Pig External urethral opening Rob Knox Swine Reproduction Extension Specialist Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois-Urbana uterus bladder ovary
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uterus The Vulva
• Passage for AI catheters ovary or Boar penis cervix oviduct • Swells and changes color in gilts at estrus but not in bladder sows vagina • Source of bacteria entry
Urethral • Clean wet feces off opening vulva •Use lubricant
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The vagina uterus
• ~12 inches in length ovary • Low pH protects cervix against bacteria oviduct • Some mucus bladder • Can become folded vagina • Lubrication eases rod passing Urethral opening vulva • Houses the urethral opening
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1 The cervix Cervical lock
• Gate system for • Allows boar to the uterus ejaculate • 5 inter-digitating pads • Allows insemination with minimal backflow • Locks penis or AI 5 catheters 4 3 • Uterine catheters • Secretes mucus 2 pass just ahead 1
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Size changes in uterus during The uterus pregnancy • A passageway for sperm to the oviduct – Muscle contractions
• Immune cell infiltration
• A site for fetal development – Spacing – Attachment – Blood supply – Grows dramatically and involutes
• Made up of – Endometrium –Stroma – Muscle
• Repairs itself after delivery
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uterus The oviduct
ovary • Site of fertilization cervix oviduct • Sperm reservoir bladder vagina • Limits entry and Urethral exit under hormone opening vulva control
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2 Fimbria The ovaries encloses ovary to catch eggs • Are paired structures
• Surrounded by a sac called fimbria
• Produce eggs in follicles
• Produce hormones estrogen, progesterone
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The Physiology of Reproduction The Physiology of Female Reproduction
PRL ty Oxytocin ri TSH a H P GnRH o us which induces FSH and LH release from the pituitary
L ii n FSH and LH travel via blood aa g cc Factors to reach the ovary tt aa Diet/feeding tt ii Protein/energy/diet influences insulin and IGF oo n
L Stressors ee influences cortisol n gg tt h Prolactin ent gem Thyroxin ana Temperature alters The ovary produces steroids M Estrogen, progesterone, androgen, and protein hormones University of Illinois- Champaign-Urbana and inhibins feedbackUniversity to control of Illinois (+/-)- Champaign GnRH -Urbana
The ovarian estrous cycle The cyclic ovary changes daily The Ovarian Cycle of the Pig
Prepubertal gilt Cyclic gilts or sows Weaned sow estrus estrus ++++++++++++////------+++++++++------
-5 -1 0 +2 +4 +7 +10 +12 +14 +16
Day of the Estrous Cycle 0 5 10 15 20 22 5 10 15 20 22 Estrus Ovulate Estrus Ovulate
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3 Follicles grow in response to FSH and Theca Externa LH
A + Theca Interna produce estrogen E FSH
PRL Granulosa •Plasma like Basal Lamina •Proteins P + •Enzymes Germinal Epithelium E Antrum:Fluid & Tunica Albuginea •Proteoglycans •Cytokines •Steroids
Ovum
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Estrogen and estrus Follicle Ovulation
• High estrogen in • Induced by LH follicles and blood • Enzymes weaken follicle induces: and stigma forms – estrus behaviors – changes in the • egg & fluid expelled into reproductive tract oviduct – An LH surge
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Ovulation Rate and Litter Size AI and Sperm Transport UTJ R R Oviduct:
14 site of fertilization C C 12 C Transport must allow for C 10 - establishment of reservoir R 8 - capacitation of sperm C Total Born Alive 6
4 Cervix: Site of deposition 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122 Ovulation rate
University of Illinois- Champaign-Urbana King and Williams, 1984; n= 318 University of Illinois- Champaign-Urbana Wu et al., 1987; n = 278
4 Fertilization Embryo Development
• d 9-expand
•d 11
• d 13-15 – Elongation – attachment
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Limitations to Litter Size -Eggs ovulated, embryo survival, and Uterine capacity Day 30 Pregnancy
Pregnancy requires 3-4 embryos at d 14
Progesterone prevents delivery (abortion) until d 114
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Best/Worst Times for RTU Avoid Problems-Fluid Vesicles Time To Diagnose and Fluid Diameter Day 27 Day 39 45 9
40 8
35 7
30 6
25 5 Time to decision 20 Diameter 4
15 3 Time to DecisionTime (s) Fluid Diameter (cm) Diameter Fluid 6.6 cm 4.5 cm 10 2 5 1
0 0 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 Day of Gestation
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5 Establishing Born Alive Litter Size Late gestation in Swine
Ovulation Rate
Early/Late embryo loss 20 7 9 Early fetal Loss 6 18 16 Mid fetal loss/Mummy 11 8 10 14 Late loss/Stillborn 12 Potential Born Alive 4 10 5 Litter Size 3 8 6 1 4 2 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Day of pregnancy University of Illinois- Champaign-Urbana University of Illinois- Champaign-Urbana
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