Index

Absenteeism, in industry, 48 Adenoviruses (cant.) Adenoviruses (cant.) Absolute risk, defined, 4 ether-resistant, 70 sibling excreting virus, 73 Abu Becr, 397 genes, number of, 69 size, 69 ACAV, see Catalogue of Arthropod• geographic distribution of, 70 skin rashes, 77 Borne Viruses of the World heat resistance, 70 survival outside host, 69 Accra area, Ghana, 208 hemagglutinin inhibition syndrome, specific, 71-77 Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis antibody and, 69 associated with A24 and, 225 historical background in, 67-68 acute hemorrhagiC cystitis, freedom from, in Western in Holland, 75 76 hemisphere, 242 host response in, 78 intussusception, 76-77 pandemic of, 203 human, groups I, II, Ill, 69 pertussis-like syndrome, 77 poliomyelitis-like illness and, 223 hybridization, 70 temperature range, 70 Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 76 immunity, 78 temporal distribution, 70 adenoviruses and, 67 incidence, 70-71 in tonsils, surgically removed, 72 Acute respiratory , 21, see intussusception and, 76-77 77 also Respiratory ; isolation of, 67, 69 transmission, 71, 77 Respiratory syncytial virus laboratory tests for, 68-69 type 2 spread in infants, 71 Acyclovir, herpesvirus and, 37 latency of, 80 unresolved problems of, 79-80 Adenitis, 73 long-term effect of, 80 vaccine for, 34 Adenocarcinomas, 653 in lower respiratory tract illness, Aedes aegypti, 13, 96, 101, 117-118, Adenoviruses, 67-80 71 134 acute hemorrhagic cystitis in, 76 mechanisms and route of Aedes albopictus, 118 age, 70 transmission in, 77 Aedes triseriatus, 109, 115 antibody immunology, 71 methodology involved in AlEquil2l63-like viruses, 374 in New Orleans, 71 epidemiological analysis Aerosols, in virus transmission, 11 in New York, 71 of,68 AFHF, see African hemorrhagic in Seattle, 71 in military recruits, 67-68, 73 in Stockholm, 71 in Netherlands, 75 A/FMl1/47 virus, 373 characteristics of viruses, 69 neutralizing antibodies, 71 AIFMl1/47 virus, 373 childhood , 71-72 occupation, 70 Africa, in, 608, complement fixation test, 68-69 occurrence in different settings, see also Burkitt lymphoma control of, 78-79 70 African green monkey kidney cells, defined, 67 pathogenesis of, 13, 77-78 293 descriptive epidemiology of, 70 persistence of, 15, 80 African hemorrhagic fever, 85-92 DNA, double-stranded, 69 pertussis-like syndrome and, 77 clinical features of, 87 endemic,71 pharyngoconjunctival fever, 75 diagnosis of, 87, 90-91 envelope lacking, 7-8 pH range, 70 epidemiology of, 86-88 epidemic behavior of, 70 pneumonia, in children, 71, 78 "exotic" infections and, 91-92 in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, prevalence of, 70 host response in, 90-91 76 prevention of, 78-79 in man, 90 epidemiological and clinical problems, unresolved, 79-80 in nonhuman primates, 90 aspects by specific setting, occurence in different, 70 pathogenesis and immunity in, syndromes, 71-77 sex, 70 89-90

697 698 Index

African hemorrhagic fever (cant.) Ao/PRl8/34 virus, 373 Arboviruses (cant.) prevention and control of, 91-92 Aphthovirus, 187 pattern of, 101 transmission of, 88-89 Apodemus agrarius, 144 plague of man, modern, 95 unresolved problems of, 92 Apodemus sylvaticus, 144 Powassan virus, 116 African horse sickness, 96 Arboviruses, 21, 25, 95-122, see also prevaleri'ce, 102-103 African swine fever virus, 101 Encephalitis prevention, 111-112 Agargel immunodiffusion, 330 age, 104 problems, unresolved, 120 AHC, see Acute hemorrhagic arthropods and, 95 as RNA virus, 101 conjunctivitis California encephalitis, 97-98, RNA homology, 121 AHF, see Argentinian hemorrhagic 104 St. Louis encephalitis, 114 fever categories, 120-121 sex, 104 AlHong Kong/1l68 virus, 373 characteristics of viruses, 112-120 survival of, 102 Alastrium strains, of smallpox chikungunya, 93-94 the term, definition of, 95 virus, 546 classification, 97 tick-borne encephalitis, 119 Amantadine hydrochloride, 36 clinical features, 110 transmission of, 97-98, 121 Amapari virus, 130-131 Colorado tick, 115 by ticks, 98 American Cancer Society, 666 Congo virus, 120 transovarial, 98 American Immunological Society, control, 111-112, 122 in the U.S.A., 102-103, 112-116 30 Crimean hemorrhagic fever, 120 western equine encephalitis, American Public Health defined, 95 113-116 Association, 192 dengue and dengue hemorrhagic vaccines for, 122 p-Aminosalicylate, 28 fever, 118 vectors in, 120-121 Analytic epidemiology, 4 diagnosis, 110-111 Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA distribution 116-117 antigens and, 60 geographic, 103-104 vertebrate hosts, 121 Antibody temporal, 104 vertical transmission, 104 fluorescent, 128, 130, 153 eastern equine encephalitis, 112 vesicular stomatitis, 116 heterophile, 253-257, 270-272, epidemic behavior, 103 ARD (acute respiratory disease), see see also Heterophile epidemiology Respiratory diseases; antibodies descriptive (U.S.A.), 105-109, Respiratory humoral, 17 112-116 syncytial virus incidence of, 55 general, 103-104 Arenaviridae, 127 level of, 237-239 methodology, 98 Arenaviruses, 127-145 measurements of, for factors, 102-103 antigenic properties of, 130-131 rhinoviruses, 493-494 geographic distribution, 103-104 Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, patterns of, 52-53, 103 groups, 96, 101 136 prevalence. of, 52 history, 95-98 biochemical and physical vaccine and, 457 host response in, 110-111 properties of viruses, 129 surveys of, 51-55 immunity, 104-110 biological properties of viruses, tagged,96 incidence of, 102-103 131-132 tests for, 58, 195-196, 457 infections of humans, 106-107 Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 139 Antigen(s) isolation, 100 complement fixation test for, 128, early, 601 in Kenya, 100 130-131 in , Japanese encephalitis, 119 cytopathiC effect of, 131 267-268 laboratory studies of, 100-101 defined, 127 membrane, 601 mechanism and route of effect on man, 132 for rhinoviruses, 494-495 transmission, 104 ether, inactivation by, 129 viral capsid, see Viral capsid morbidity, 98-99 fluorescent-antibody test for, 128, antigen mortality, 98 130 Antigen-antibody system, hepatitis Murray Valley encephalitis, 119 geographic distribution of, 145 B virus and, 332 number of, 102 historical background of, 127 Antigen detection, human rota virus nutritional, genetic, and immunopathology of, 145 and,288 socioeconomic factors, 104 laboratory diagnosis in, 128-129 Antigenic drift or shift, 373 o'nyong nyong, 110 Lassa fever and, 108, 140-141 Ao/NWS virus, 9 pathogenesis, 104-105 lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 133 Index 699

Arenaviruses (cont.) Asian (cont.) British Medical Research Council, methodology for, 128-129 epidemic upsurge of, 386 151 morphology and morphogenesis surveillance programs for, 44 Bronchiolotis of, 127, 129-130 A2/Singapore/1/57 virus, 373 in infancy, 480 mortality and morbidity in, 128 Alswine/31 virus, 373 risk of in respiratory synctial neutralization test in, 128 Alswine/lowa/31 virus, 373 virus, 474 pathogenesis and immunity in, Ataxia, echovirus and, 223 Bronchitis, parainfluenza viruses 132-133 AlUSSRl90/77(H1N1)-related in, 442-444 persistent tolerant and, influenza, 385 Buffalopox, 546 131-132 Australian antigen particles, Bunyamwera-like arboviruses, problems, unresolved, 119-121 hepatitis Band, 329 96-97 properties supergroup, 96, 105 biochemical, 129 Bunyaviruses, 97 biological, 131-132 B lymphocytes (see Lymphocytes) Burkitt lymphoma, 268, 272, physical, 129 Babesia bigemina, 95 599-614, see also Epstein• replication of, 131 Bacillus mycoides, 502 Barr virus RNA content of, 129 Bacteria, in infectious disease, 31 age, 607-608 serological surveys in, 128 Barbados (West Indies), serological cell transformation in, 602-603, serum therapy in, 144-145 survey in, 53-54 609-610 vaccines for, 144-145 Bat caves, rabies in, 458, 460-462 cell-virus relationships in, Vero cells and, 129 Beef-cell hemolysin test, 256, 271 601-602 viruses BHF, see Bolivian hemorrhagic fever chemotherapy in, 613 biochemical and physical Bifurcated needle, in smallpox clinical findings, 585-586 properties, 129 vaccination, 561 control, 613-614 biological properties, 131-132 Biological gradient, in host description of tumor (1958), 599 morphology, 127, 129-130 response, 19-20 description of virus, 599, see also Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, 127 Biological transmission, of Epstein-Barr virus characteristics of, 136-139 adenovirus, 95 distribution of tumor, 607-608 clinical features of, 137-138 BK virus, 680 in Kenya, 608 control, 138-139 BL, see Burkitt lymphoma in Uganda, 603 diagnosis of, 138 Blackflies, in arbovirus ONCB delayed hypersensitivity endothelium swelling in, 132 transmission, 95, 104 in, 610-611 epidemiology of, 136-137 Blood-brain barrier, virus entry epidemiology of, 605-609 geographic and seasonal and, 15 Epstein-Barr virus and, 32, 257, distribution of, 137 Blood transfusion 599,621 host response in, 137-138 CMV, 178-179 genetic and other host factors in, LCM and, 138 EBV,257 608-609 mortality in, 128 , 338 geographic factors in, 606-607 occurrence of, 138 Bluetongue virus of sheep, 96-97 hemoglobin genotype, 609 prevention of, 138-139 Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 127 historical background, 599-600 reservoir, 137 characteristics of, 139-140 host response in, 608-609, transmission of, 137 diagnosis of, 140 611-612 treatment of, 138-139 endothelium swelling in, 132 humidity, 606 Arthritis, and, 431 epidemiology of, 139 immunological serveillance in, Arthropod-borne encephalitis, geographic distribution of, 139 610-611 mortality in, 103 host response in, 140 incidence of, 605-606 Arthropod-Borne Viruses of the World, 95 mortality in, 128 in Kenya, tribal distribution, Arthropods prevention of, 140 605-606 arboviruses and, 95 transmission of, 139-140 laboratory diagnosis of, 600 in viral infection transmission, 13 treatment and control of, 140 LYOMA in, 610 Artibeus bats, viruses from, 131 Bordetella pertussis, 77 and malaria, 606, 610-611, 613 Aseptic meningitis, 22, 204, 220 Bornholm disease, 223 malaria control in, 613 causes of, 23 Boston exanthem disease, 227 membrane antigen in, 610 Asian influenza Bovine tracheal epithelium, organ methodology, 600 age factor in, 385 cultures of, 504 morbidity and mortality in, 600 700 Index

Burkitt lymphoma (cont.) Carcinoma in situ (cont.) (cont.) oncogenicity, 602-603, 609-610 mortality rates for, 654 frequency of, 657 organ involvement in, 612 Cardiac diseases, enterviruses in, geographic distribution of, pathogenesis of, 609-611 225-226 660-661 pathological features, 611-612 , and, 655 postmortem findings, 612 coxsackievirus and, 226 herpesvirus cell interactions in, problems unresolved, 614 Cardiovirus, 187 663 'prospective seroepidemiological Caribbean Epidemiological Center, histologic methods, 655 study of, 604-605 98 historical background of, 653-654 serological features of, 612-613 Cartilage-hair hypoplasia, varicella HLA B-12 antigens and, 661 serological surveys of, 600 and,581 host response in, 665-666 serology, 600, 603, 612-613 Case/control studies, 4 HSV infection in, 662 sex, 607-608 Catalogue of Arthropod-Borne Viruses HSV-2 antibodies and, 658-659, transformation of cell, 602-603, of the World (Taylor), 95 661 609-610 Cattle rabies, in Latin America, 461 immunity mechanisms in, 664 tumor, virus in, 603 Causation, in viral infections, 30-32 incidence, 659-660 unresolved problems in, 614 CDC, see Center for Disease iodine test, 654 vaccines in, 613-614 Control lifetime risk of, 660 virus CEA see Carcinoembryonic antigen lymph-node involvement in, 665 biology of, 600-605 Cell-mediated immunity, 18 methodology, 654-655 cell-associted antigen and cell• Hodgkin's disease in, 16 morbidity and mortality in, virus relationships, following rubella vaccination, 533 654-655 601-602 in surveillance, 50 natural history, 656 relationship to Burkitt virus persistence and, 32 Pap smears and, 666 lymphoma, 603 Cendehill vaccine, 532 pathogenesis and immunity in, structure and morphology of, Center for Disease Control, 21, 43, 662-664 600-601 98, 111,234, 255, 333, 352, progression time in, 665 transformation and 376, 398, 420, 464, 541 prostitutes and, 661 oncogenicity of, 602-603, Central nervous system religion and, 661 609-610 encephalitis and, 110 risk factors, 657-659, 660 herpes zoster and, 586 in Scandanavia, 660 California encephalitis, 97-98, 104 infections of, 15, 21-22 SEER program and, 660 characteristics of, 114-115 mumps,and, 430-431 seroepidemiological studies in, transmission of, 109 rabies and, 455, 462 658 Calomys callosus, 130, 139-140 viral infections of, 15 serological features of, 665-666 Calomys laucha, 137 CEP, see Counterelectrophoresis sexual contact in, 661 Calomys musculinus, 137 Cercopithecus spp., 400 socioeconomic status and, 661 CAM, see Chorioallantoic Cercopithecus aethiops, 553 sperm, role of, 662 membranes Cercopithecus mona, 553 squamous cell carcinoma, 653, Cancer, see also Carcinoma in situ Cercopithecus nictitans, 553 665 cervical, see Cervical cancer Cercopithecus petaurista, 553 suceptibility to, 657 viruses associated with, 59 Cercopithecus polykomos, 553 survival rate, 660 virus reactivation in, 32 Cervical cancer, 653-667 Swedish studies in, 659 Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, age, 660 therapy and control in, 666-667 623 biology of, 656-657 transmission of, 661-662 Canine distemper viruses, 300 causation of, 667 Treponema pallidum in, 662 Cantonese "boat people," 632 clinical picture, 665 Trichomonas vaginalis and, 662 Carcinoembryonic antigen, 666 control, 655, 656, 666, 667 unresolved problems of, 667 Carcinogenesis, herpes simplex and, 662 viral DNA and RNA in cancer virus as cause of, 667 defective viral DNA in, 662 cells of, 656 Carcinoma, see Cancer; defined, 653 virus marker detection in, 656 dysplasia in, 665 CF test, see Complement-fixation Carcinoma in situ epidemiology of, 655-656, test cervical cancer progression from, 659-661 Chemoprophylaxis, viral, 36 656-657 ethnic or religious origin of, 661 CHH, see Cartilage-hair hypoplasia Index 701

ChickenpQx, 569-590, see also Clinical syndromes (cont.) Congo virus, 120 Varicella; Varicella-zQster common respiratQry syndrQmes, Conjunctivitis virus 21 acute hemorrhagic, 203, 225,.242 as childhQQd disease, 580 congenital infections, 24-25 in, 225 deaths frQm, 570, 575 diarrheal, 25 ConventiQnal viruses, slQW in Guatemala, 579 dUQvirus, 25 infections caused by, 676, infectivity Qf, 574 enteroviruses, 25 see also Viruses in Massachusetts, 576, 578, 580 hQspital infectiQns, 26-27 CQmaviruses, 151-163 in schQQI children, 576-577 immunosuppressed and surgical age, 160 Chikungunya virus infectiQn, 118 patients, 26 biQlQgical characteristics Qf epidemiQIQgy Qf, 107 infectiQus encephalitis, 23 viruses, 154-156 mumps as disease Qf, 432 pneumonia syndromes, 23 children, schoQI-age, 160 parainfluenza virus infectiQns in, renal syndrQmes, 27 cQld-like illness, 162 443 sexually transmitted infectiQns, complement fixatiQn tests in, 154 Children 26 cQntrQl and preventiQn Qf, 163 adenQvirus infectiQns Qf, 68 viral gastrQenteritis, 24 defined, 151 adenQvirus pneumQnia in, 71, 78 , 24 as diarrheal agents, 313 diarrhea in, 283 CMV, see distributiQn infectiQn in, 206, CNS, see Central nervQUS system geographic, 159 209-210, 215 Coeliac disease, HLA antigens and, tempQral, 159-160 HSV incidence in, 357 60 epidemiQlQgy of, 156-161 poliQvirus iSQlation from, 216 Cohort studies, 4 descriptive, 156-161 respiratory syncytial virus Cold, common, see CQmmQn cold methQdQlQgy, 152-154 infection in, 475 Colobus badius, 553 in Tecumseh, Michigan, 156 varicella in, 576-579 Colorado tick fever, 14, 96, 101 fluorescent antibQdy tests, China, nasQpharyngeal carcinQma age and sex factQrs in, 104 indirect, 154 in, 622 characteristics of virus, 115 frequency of infection Qr illness, Chinese, age-adjusted NPC diagnosis of, 115 156 mQrbidity in, 633 epidemiolQgy Qf, 105 geQgraphic distribution, 159 Chiu Chau language group, NPC mortality in, 103 hemagglutinin inhibitiQn test, 154 in, 632 temporal distribution of, 104 histQry, 151-152 Chlamydia trachomatis, 21, 75 transmissiQn of, 109 hQst response in, 162 ChorioallantQic membranes, Colorado (SnQw Mountain) virus, immunity, 161, 162 smallpQx virus and, 545 290-291, 297 incidence, 158 Chronic active hepatitis, HAL Colposcopic methods, in cervical infection factors, 161 antigens and, 60 cancer detection, 655 iSQlatiQn Qf virus, 153 Chronic illness, "epidemics" of, 6 , see also Rhinovirus labQratory methQds in, 153-154 Chronic neurolQgical diseases, infection longitudinal studies in, 153 675-690 in children, 507-508 methQdQlogy in study Qf, Cimicidae, arbQrviruses and, 95 etiology of, 22 152-154 Cigarette smoking, rhinovirus rhinovirus illness rates and, 497 mQrbidity data fQr, 152-153 infectiQn and, 505, 508 seasonal distribution of, 498-520 mQrphology, 151 CJD, see Creutzfeld-Jakob disease Complementary DNA, 236, see also mortality, 152 Clethrionomys glareolus, 144 DNA neutralizatiQn tests Qn, 154 Cleveland Family Study, 283 Complement fixation test OC38-43 virus and, 154-160 Climate, role of, 8 in arbovirus identification, 96 pathogenesis in, 161-162 Clinical cases, incidence rate and, 3 for arenoviruses, 128-131 RNA content of, 154 Clinical hQst response, factors for cytomegalovirus, 168 serological surveys and tests for, influencing, 8-9 in enterovirus infection, 194-196 153-155 Clinical syndromes, in host in mumps diagnosis, 421 strains resPQnse, 21 in serology, 287 8814, 152 arboviruses, 25 Congenital rubella, immunity in, 229E, 152-153, 156-161 aseptic meningitis, 23 526, see also Rubella studies, 156-157 commQn exanthems, 22-23 Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever, in swine, 162 CQmmQn infections of CNS, 21-22 96 temporal distribution, 156-160 702 Index

Cornaviruses (cant.) Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (cant.) Cytomegalovirus (cant.) transmission, 161 eating human brain, 688 epidemiology, descriptive, unsolved problems, 163 eating sheep eyeballs, 688 170-174 Coughing, virus transmission epidemiology of, 685-687 Epstein-Barr antibody, 272 through, 10-11 first description,684 genitourinary transmission of, 12 Counterelectrophoresis, in viral historical background, 684 geographic distribution of, hepatitis detection, 330 host response, 689 173-174 Cowpox virus, 546 immunity,688-689 giant form, 169 , 22, 187-188, 204, incidence, 686-685 hepatitis and, 178 208-209, 213-214, 221 methods, 684 history, 167-168 antigenic characteristics of, morbidity and mortality data, 684 host response, 176-180 197-198 pathogenesis and immunity of, immunity, 176 diabetes and, 227 688-689 immunization, 180-181 diagnosis, 219-220 prevention, 689 immunosuppressive therapy, 175 epidemic slow infections caused by, 676 incidence, 170-173 at boys' camp on lake, 217 transmission of, 689 in freshman college students, among Eskimos, 208 unresolved problems of, 689 173 Faulkner strain, 198 virus and, 686-687 in Marine recruits, 173 from healthy children, 215 Crimean hemorrhagic fever, 120 in pregnant women, 170-173 herpangina and, 224 epidemiology of, 107 in prospective studies, 172 host response, 219-220 Crocidura spp., 466 in surgical patients, 172, 173 isolation of, 193 CTF, see Colorado tick fever in young adults, 172-173 in lake water, 217 Culex nigripalpus, 109, 114 infection, asymptomatic, meningitis and, 223 Culex pipiens, 109, 114 168-169, 176 myocardiopathy, 225-226 Culex quinquifasciatus, 109, 114 isolation of virus, 168 in nasal secretions, 217 Culex tarsalis, 108, 113-114, 122 laboratory diagnosis, 168-169 neutralizing antibodies to, 210 Culicoides spp., 95, 104, 466 malignant disease and, 179 in newborn mice, 199 Culiseta melanura, 108, 113 methodology, 168-169 paresis, 221 "Cutter incident," 44 mononucleosis and, 178 pleurodynia, 223 Cystitis, acute, 76 morbidity and mortality data in, replication of, 220 Cytomegalia, defined, 167 168 respiratory infections, 225 Cytomegalic inclusion disease, 168 neonatal or congenital, 175 strains, 222 Cytomegalovirus, 9, 167-181,352 neonatal infections in, 176-177 summer minor illness, 227 acqUired, 177 occupation, 174 syndromes, clinical, 220-227 age, 173-174 oncogenicity, 169 Coxsackievirus A, 221 allograft reception, 179 open-heart surgery and, 178 Bornholm disease and, 223-224 antibody, 167 organ transplant and, 175-179 serotypes of, 192 antibody posttransfusion effects host response, 176-180 Coxsackievirus A16, 204 in, 178 pathogenesis of, 174-176 Coxsackievirus A21, 13 antigen, 168 posttransfusion, 175 Coxsackievirus B, 199, 221, 225 biolOgical characteristics of virus, pathogenesis, 14, 174-176 maternal, 26 169 pregnancy, 170, 173 in neonate, 226 in blood of donor, 178 prevalence of, 170-173 Coxsackieviruses B3 and B5, 209 cancer and, 178 problems, unresolved, 181 Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, is in children, 177-180 racial and socioeconomic factors, amantadine helpful, 689 classic syndrome of, 177 174 biological characteristics of virus, colitis, ulcerative, 178 renal transplant, 179 684-685 complement-fixation test for, 168 serological surveys and tests in, cause unidentified, 685 in congenital infections, 24-25 168-171 classification, 684 diagnosis of, 28 sex factors, 173-174 comparative epidemiology, distribution skin and, 12 686-687 geographic, 173-174 in transfusion and postsurgical control, 689 temporal, 174 groups, 173, 175-179 defined, 683 world-wide, 170, 173 transmission of, 10-12, 174 distribution, world-wide, 685 encephalitis and, 180 ulcerative colitis, 180 Index 703

Cytomegalovirus (cont.) Distemper virus, 300 Echovirus, 22-24, 187 virus characterization, 169 Ditchling virus, 297 type, strain, and origin of, 222 in young adults, 173 DNA Echovirus infection, see also Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis, complementary, 236 Enteroviruses, (187-242) 175-178 recombinant, 236 by age, 207 Cytopathic effect sequences of, in EBV, 628 in conjunctivitis, 225 in arenaviruses, 131 DNA virus, double-stranded, 546 Echovirus type II infection, 203 in , 151 Dog rabies Ectromelia, 546 in enteroviruses, 193 human rabies and, 458 Eczema vaccinatum, in smallpox Cytopathogenic effect, in laboratory in Southeast Asia, 460 vaccination, 560 tests, 69 DPT inoculation, see Diphtheria• Edinburgh Medical Journal, 519 Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses, pertussis-tetanus EEE, see Eastern equine encephalitis 292 inoculation Eidolon helvum, 466 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 18, see Drusenfieber, 253 EKC, see Epidemic also T cells; T lymphocytes Duoviruses, 24-25 keratoconjunctivitis Duvenhage virus, rabies and, 466 Electron microscope studies, of DCA, see Deoxycholic acid Dysentery, bacillary, 286, see also Norwalk virus group, 309, Deafness, mumps and, 430 Diarrhea 312 Delayed hypersensitivity reaction, Dysplasia ELISA (enzyme-linked 18 cervical cancer and, 665 immunoabsorbent assay) Dengue prevalence ratio of, 655 test, 24, 29, 46, 145 epidemiology of, 106 in respiratory syncytial virus four types of, 110, 118 Early antigen, EBV and, 601 detection, 482 hemorrhagic fever, 118 East Africa, Burkitt lymphoma in, 603 in rotavirus detection, 287-289, host response in, 111 Eastern equine encephalitis 309-310 shock syndrome, 118 characteristics of, 112-113, 117 for rubella, 520 virus, 96-97 epidemic behavior of, 103 in viral , 293 Deoxycholic acid, sensitivity to, 101 epidemiology of, 105 EMC, see Encephalomyocarditis Dermacentor anderson ii, 109, 115 host response in, 110 Encephalitis Descriptive epidemiology, 4 identification of, 96 arthropod-borne, 103 Diabetes, mumps and, 431 mechanism and route of California, 98, 99, 112, 114-116 Diagnosis, viral tests for, 27-29 transmission for, 108 causes of, 23 Diarrhea, see also Viral in tick-tissue explants, 102 coxsackievirus and, 223 gastroenteritis vaccines for, 122 equine, 98, 112, 113, 116, 117 chemical syndrome, causes, 25 EBNA (Epstein-Barr virus herpes viruses, 365 cornaviruses and, 313 associated nuclear antigen) infectious, 23, 25, 99 deaths from, 283 test, 257, 268-269 Japanese, 106, 119, 121 enteroviruses and, 227 Burkitt lymphoma and, 600 measles, 411 epidemiological analysis of, Raji cells and, 602 mumps and, 422, 425 286-290 Eboli fever, 46 postvaccinal, 560, 563 in gastroenteritis, 283 Eboli virus, 85-92 types of, 103 historical background of, 284-286 discovery of, 86 Venezuelan, 107, 112, 116, 117 rotavirus and, 24, 292, 294 Eboli virus infection Encephalitis virus types, 96-97 Diarrheal illness characteristics of virus, 87-88 Encephalomyocarditis, 26 incubation period for, 305 epidemiology of, 88 picornavirus and, 201 mortality from, 311 host response in, 90-91 Encyclopedia of Chinese Medical Terms Dimethyloxide, 52 laboratory diagnosis of, 86 (Wu),622 Dinitrochlorobenzene, in Burkitt prevention and control of, 91-92 Endemic adenovirus infections, lymphoma, 610-611 serological relationship for, 87-88 71-73, see also Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus transmission of, 89 Adenoviruses inoculation, 228 unresolved problems of, 89 Enteroviral exanthems, causes of, 24 Diplococcus pneumoniae, 21, 23 virus-specific antibodies in, 86 Enteroviruses, 70, 203, 187-242, see Disease EBV, see Epstein-Barr virus also Coxsackieviruses; incidence of, 3 ECHO (enteric cytopathogenic Echoviruses; prevalence of, 4 human orphan) virus, 189 Poliomyelitis; 704 Index

Enteroviruses (cant.) Enteroviruses (cant.) Epidemiology acid sensitivity of, 196-197 Picornaviridae and, 196 analytical, 4 acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis poliomyelitis, 212-213 defined, 3 and,203 portal of entry, 217 descriptive, 4 age, 209-;-210 prevalence, 202-203 experimental, 5 antibody tests, 195-196 prevention, 228-241 serological, 5 antigen, 197-198 problems, unresolved, 241-242 Epitheliomas, tribal distribution of aseptic meningitis, 23 reaction to chemical and physical in Kenya, 606 asymptomatic, 219 agents, 197 Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen, 60 biological characteristics of replication of, 200-202 Epstein-Barr virus, 253-273, 352, see viruses, 196-202 in respiratory illnesses, 225 also Burkitt lymphoma; in cardiac disease, 225-226 RNA and, 187-188, 201 Mononucleosis, infectious; in children, 206, 209-210 serological surveys, 191 Nasopharyngeal climate, 206 serological tests, 188-189 Carcinoma (32, 60, 257, clinical picture, 219-227 sewage treatment, 241 621-652) in closed ecological unit, 210 sex, 209-210 age, 263, 604 CNS disease and, 203-204 socioeconomic factors, 212 antibodies, 53, 59, 256, 258 community infections from, 192 summer minor illnesses, 227 to early antigen, 252 complement-fixation tests, 198 surface waters, isolation of EBNA, 256 conjunctivitis, acute hemorrhagic, viruses in, 192 heterophile, 256-257 203 transmission of, 216-217 IgG,255 control, 241 types of, 220 IgM,253 coxsackievirus and, 203 in United Kingdom, 204 antigen, 60, 256 cross-relationships between, 198 unresolved problems of, 241-242 biological characteristics of virus, CSF and, 193 vectors, 216-217 257-259, 600-605, 630-632 cytopathogenicity, 204 viruses included under, 187 biological variants of, 601 D and C antigens, 198 virus isolation from surface biology of, 600-601 defined, 187 waters as indicator of BurkitUymphoma and, 32, 59, in diabetes, 227 community infections, 192 257, 599, 603-605, 621 diagnosis of, 227-228 water supply and, 241 causation, proof of, 258 diarrhea and, 227 WHO reports on, 207-208 cell-associated antigens, 601-603 distribution, geographic, 206-209 Environment, epidemic agent and, cell-virus relationship, 603 epidemiological analysis, 189-196 8 in children of developing epidemiology of, 202-216 Enzyme-linked fluorescence assay, coun tries, 261 in eye infections, 225 289 complement-fixation test, 256 in Glasgow area, 205 Epidemics con trol, 272 in hand, foot, and mouth agent in, 7-8 defined, 253 disease, 225 defined, 5 diagnosis, 270 in hepatitis, 227 environment and, 8 discovery of, 57, 258-259 as, 187 hemorrhagic disease virus of distribution historical background of, 188-189 deer, 97 geographic, 262 hospital transmission of, 27 host and, 8-9 temporal, 262-263 host range in vivo and in vitro, investigation of, 6-7, 46-47 DNA sequences in, 603, 628 199 jaundice, 327 early antigen, 252 immunity, 217-218 keratoconjunctivitis, 76 EBNA test, 256 incidence, 192-196 mathematical models of, 6 epidemiological behavior of, inhibition of, 197 , 223 638-639 laboratory studies of, 192-196 parotitis, 424 epidemiology of, 259-265 morbidity and mortality data for, reporting of, 45-46 experiments with, 259 189-191 requirements for, 6 extracellular, low yield, 257 mRNA and, 200 threshold, 45 genome, 30, 257, 492, 599-602 new, 187, 223 Epidemiological analysis, geographic distribution, 262 non , 204, 208 methodology in, 68-69 as herpes group member, 253, 257 in , 227 Epidemiological concept, and heterophile antibody tests and, pathogenesis, 2l7-218 methods, 3-37 256-257 Index 705

Epstein-Barr virus (cont.) Epstein-Barr virus (cont.) Gastroenteritis (cont.) historical background, 253-254 in throat, 265 general (cont.) Hodgkin's disease and, 59 transformation of, 254-255 Montgomery virus in, 291 host response in, 269-272 transmission of, 10, 265 mortality, 286 hybridization test, 603-604 in tumor, 492 agent, 292 immortalization with, 602 at U.S. Military Academy, outbreaks of, 297 immunity, 269 260-262 serolOgical surveys, 287 immunofluorescent method, 256, vaccine for, 643 Norwalk group of virus, 287-288, 620-623 VCA and EA IgG and IgA 290-292,294 incidence of, 255 geometric mean titers from age factor in, 298 incubation period, 266 Chinese NPC patients, 628 biological characteristics of infection, 14, 175, 258, 266, 609 virolOgical evidence in, 258 viruses, 290-292 infectious mononucleosis, 32, in World War II military camps, clinical features of, 306 253, 255, 258-259 261 control and prevention of laboratory methods, 256, 608-609 in Yale University students, 55 310-312 latent infection by, 631 in young adults, 259 diagnosis, 306-308 long-term persistence of, 257 Escherichia coli, recombinant DNA epidemiology, 292-298 lymphoblastoid transformation and,236 epidemic behavior, 295-298 and,631 EshunnaCode, 455 geographical distribution, 298 as lymphotropic virus, 257 Exanthems, 14-15 historical background, 284 membrane fluorescence test, 256 defined, 22-23 host response, 306 methodology, 254-255 viral causes of, 22-24 immunity, 304-305 "molecular epidemiology" of, 257 Experimental epidemiology, 5 incidence, 294-295 mononucleosis, 29-32, 253-255, Extracellular fluids, virus spread incubation period, 305 258-259 and,18 laboratory methods, 287-288 morbidity, 255 Eye disease, enteroviruses in, 225 methodology, 286-294 morphology, 600 Eye, portal of entry, 77, 688 outbreaks, 297 mortality, 254 pathogenesis, 304 nasopharyngeal carcinoma and, Factor, association with disease, 5 prevention, 310-312 59, 621, 624, 630-632, FAMA procedure, in varicella• race, 298 642-643 zoster infections, 572, 583, serological surveys, 287 nucleic acid, 257 588 sex factor in, 298 occupation, 264 FA test, see Fluorescent antibody temporal distribution, 298 occurrence, 264 test transmission, 303 oncogenicity, 265, 600-601 Fijiviruses, 292 unresolved problems, 312-314 oral transmission, 265 Fluorescent-antibody test virus, 290-292 pathogenesis, 14, 266 for arenaviruses, 128, 130 , 288-290, 292-294, prevalence, 259-260 in studies, 153 300 prevention, 272 FM 1 virus, 373 age factor, 302 problems, unresolved, 272-273 Frio Cave (Texas), rabies in, 461 biological characteristics of race, 264 viruses, 292-294 reactivities, geometric mean titers Gamma globulin clinical features, 308-309 in, 632 in local immunity, 18 control and prevention, recovery of virus from throat, 265 treatment with ammonium 310-312 saliva and, 265, 639 sulfate, 400 diagnosis, 309-310 seroepidemiological relationship, Gastroenteritis, viral, epidemic behavior 300-301 604 general epidemiology, 298-302 serological surveys, 256-257, 600, adenoviruses and, 313 geographic distribution, 301 625 biological causes of, 24, 283 host response, 308 serological tests, 257, 626 cockle virus in, 291 immunity,305-306 sex, 254 Ditchling virus in, 291 incidence, 298-300 socioeconomic factors, 265 Hawaii virus, 291 incubation period, 306 structure, 257 history, 284-286 methodology, 286-290 subclinical/clinical ration, 20 in infants and new born, 302 outbreaks of, 300-301 temporal distribution, 262-263 methodology pathogenesis, 305 706 Index

Gastroenteritis (cant.) HAV antigen, in viral hepatitis, 24, Hepatitis viruses (cant.) rotaviruses (cant.) see also Hepatitis a virus hepatitis A (HAV) (cont.) prevention, 310-312 HbcAg (hepatitis B core antigen), complement fixation test, 330 race, 302 332 control, 342-344 sex, 302 HBeAg/anti-HBe antigen-antibody distribution socioeconomic status, 302 system, 332 geographic, 334 temporal distribution, 301-302 HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) temporal, 334 transmission, 303-304 and, 338, 340 epidemic, 333 unresolved problems, 313-314 viral transmission and, 338 epidemiology virus, 292, 294 HBV (hepatitis B virus) antigen, in descriptive, 333-337 Gastrointestinal disease viral hepatitis, 24 methodology, 328-331 enteroviruses and, 227 Heart, mumps and, 431, see also geographic distribution, 334 pathogenesis in, 14 Cardiac diseases history, 327-328 syndromes, causes of, 14 Helioscurius refobrachium, 554 host response, 341 transmission of, 11-12 Helper T. cells, 18 clinical features, 343 Genetics, viral diseases and, 60 Hemagglutination inhibition immunity, 340 Genital infections in arbovirus identification, 96 infection, intestinal, 340 in herpes simplex virus in viral gastroenteritis evaluation, laboratory diagnoses, 342 infections, 359-360 289 in marmoset, 328, 332 transmission of, 12 Hemagglutinin protein, in methodology, 328-331 Genitourinary infections, 12-13 influenza viruses, 378 morbidity, 328-329 German measles, see Rubella Hemolysin-inhibition titers, mortality, 328 Ghana, West Africa 399-400 occupation, 335 Burkitt lymphoma in, 603 Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, acute, in oyster, 338 poliomyelitis in, 213 see Acute hemorrhagic pathogenesis, 340 in, 208 conjunctivitis prevention, 343 Glasgow, enterovirus infection in, Hemorrhagic cystitis, adenoviruses problems, unresolved, 344-345 205 and,67 race, 336 Global Commission for the Hemorrhagic fever with renal replication, viral, 340 Certification of Smallpox syndrome, 143-144 in rhesus monkeys, 333 Eradication, 561-562 Henle-Koch postulates, 29-30 serological survey, 329 Glycopolypeptides, in Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, 309 sex, 334-335 coronaviruses, 154 Hepatitis viruses, 327-345, see also surveillance, 44 GMK test, see Green monkey Viral hepatitis survey, serological, 329 kidney test general temporal distribution, 334 Gonorrhea, HSV and, 26 characteristics, biological, of tissue culture, 331-332 Gradient, biological, 19-21 viruses, 331-333 transmission, 337-338 Greenland Eskimos, NPC in, 633 history, 327-328 virus, biological characteristics, Green monkey kidney test, in epidemiology, descriptive, 331-332 rubella, 520-521 333-337 hepatitis B (HBV) G-6-PD enzyme, in Burkitt laboratory methods, 330-331 age, 335-336 lymphoma, 609 methodology, 328-331 antibody, 329 Guanidine-cytosine, in DNA, 70 morbidity, 328 antigen, 29-30, 57, 329, 342-343 Guarnieri bodies, 442 mortality, 328 Australia, 328-329, 332 Guillain-Barre syndrome serological surveys, 329-330 in blood donor, 329 mumps and, 430 unresolved problems, 344-345 characteristics, biological of influenza and, 391 hepatitis A (HAV), 12-13, virus, 331-333 197-198, 327-329, 331, and chimpanzee, 330 HA-l and HA-2 viruses, 441 333-335, 337-338 committee on, 329 Habel test, 456 age, 334-335 complement fixation test, 330 Halodeoxyuridines, 129 antibody, 329 control, 343-344 Hamsters antigen, 329 counterelectrophoresis, 330 LCM virus and, 135 Australia antigen, 329 Dane particle, 329 sarcomas in, 657-658 characteristics of virus, 329-330 distribu tion Hasbah (measles), 397 in chimpanzees, 329 geographic, 335 Index 707

Hepatitis viruses (cont.) Hepatitis viruses (cont.) Herpes simplex viruses (cont.) hepatitis B (HBV) (cont.) hepatitis B (HBV) (cont.) laboratory diagnosis of, 353-355 distribution (cont.) transmission (cont.) morbidity and mortality in, temporal, 335 tattooing, 335 352-353 epidemic, 339 transfusion of whole blood, mouth and respiratory or epidemiology, 335 338 gastrointestinal tract in, desa:iptive, 335-336 vector, 339 363-364 methodology, 328-331 non-A, non-B neonatal, 361, 365-366 geographic distribution, 335 biological characteristics of of nervous system, 365 in hemodialysis, 338 virus, 332 neurolOgical, 360-361 in hepatitis, acute, 340-341 descriptive epidemiology, 337 occupation and, 359 history, 327-328 laboratory methods, 331 oral, 360, 363-364 host response, 246 pathogenesis, 341 pathogenesis and immunity in, illicit drug use, 335 transmission, 339-340 362-363 immunity,340 Hepatoma, hepatitis Band, 342 in pregnancy, 26, 356 cell-mediated, 340 Herd immunity level, 6 prevalence of, 356-357 immunoelectronmicroscopy, Herpangina, coxsackievirus and, race and sex factors in, 359 330-331 224 reduction of source of virus immunofluorescence, 330-331 Herpes, defined, 352 transmissible to others, 367 jaundice, 341 Herpes labialis, recurrent, 357 respiratory, 360 in Korea, 344 Herpes simplex sexual transmission of, 26 laboratory methods, 330-331 in congenital infections, 24 of skin, 360-365 in liver inflammation, 327 transmission of, 10 socioeconomic status and, 359 in marmoset, 328, 332 Herpes simplex Type I infections, 12 temporal distribution of, 358 methodology, 328-330 Herpes Simplex viruses, 59, transmission of, 361-362 military significance, 327 351-367, see also tumor-associated, 664 morbidity,327-329 Herpesvirus; Herpes zoster unresolved problems of, 367 mortality, 328 acyclovir in, 37 of urogenital tract, 365 in mosquito, 339 age, 358 urological and morphological nomenclature, 329-330 animal vectors of, 361 methods in diagnosis of, occupation, 336 antibody, 658, 661 354 pathogenesis, 340-341 biological characteristics of urological surveys of, 353-354 perinatal transmission, 338 viruses, 355-356, 657 Herpesvirus, see also Herpes prevalence, 340-341 cell-mediated immunity assays simplex viruses prevention, 343 of,353 acyclovir in, 37 problems, unresolved, 344 cervical cancer and, 655-656 cell-to-cell spread of, 18 race, 336 control, 366-367 in cervical cancer, 59, 663 radioimmunoassay, 344 defined, 351 oncogenic potential of, 657 replication, viral, 340 epidemiological analysis of, persistence of, 15 reservoir, 338 352-355 type 2,59 in rhesus monkey, 332 epidemiology, 356-361 Herpesvirus saimiri, 643 serological survey, 329 evolutionary and historical Herpesvirus varicelIae, 569 serum sickness, transient, 340-341 background of, 351-352 Herpes zoster serum transaminase, elevated, 341 of eyes, 363-365 age factor in, 579, 581 setting, 336 of fetus and newborn, 365-366 eNS and, 586 sex, 335-336 genital infections and, 359-360 deaths from, 570-571 subtypes, 332 geographic distribution, 358 defective memory or "forgetting surveillance, 44 vs. herpes zoster and varicella- factor" in, 571 survey, serological, 329 zoster viruses, 570 diagnosis in, 586-587 tattooing, 335 host response in, 363-366 etiological agent in, 572 temporal distribution, 335 humoral or cellular factors in, 362 geographic distribution of, 577 tissue culture, 328 immunization in, 366 historical background of, 569-570 transmission, 328, 332, 339-340 immunology of, 362 Hodgkin's disease and, 582 perinatal, 329 incidence of, 356-357 host defense mechanisms in, 584 sexual,339 labial, 360-364 host response in, 586-587 708 Index

Herpes zoster (cont.) IgA immunoglobulins, 18 Infection iatrogenic factors, 582 IgG immunoglobulins, Fc portion without clinical disease, 5 incubation period, 585 of, 18 host and, 8-9, 19-21 infectivity of, 575, 583 I lymphocytes, 257 iceberg concept of, 20 interferon and, 588 Immortalization process, cell prediction of, 49 lymphatic leukemia and, 582 transformation and, 602 viral, see Viral infection pathogenesis of, 584-585 Immune adherence Infectious disease as sporadic endemic disease, 574 hemagglutination assay, bacteria vs. viruses in, 31 symptoms in, 586-587 287 causation in, 29-33 transmission of, 583 Immune electron microscopy, 284 epidemiology of, 3-5 trauma in, 580 Norwalk group and, 287 "Infectious disease varicella and, 569-590 Norwalk virus and, 294 prognostication," 49-50 "Herpetic eruptions," 352 in viral hepatitis, 328 Infectious encephalitis, causes of, Herpetic keratitis, 360 Immune response, 17-19 23,25,99 Heterophile antibody, 253-254, Immune serum globulin, in rubella Infectious hepatitis, 327 270-271 infection, 532 Infectious mononucleosis, see beef (ox) cell hemolysin test, 256 Immunity Mononucleosis, infectious commercial kits, 256 cell-mediated, 18-19 Influenza-pneumonia deaths in diagnosis, 270-271 humoral, 17 age factor in, 385 discovery of, 253 local (secretory), 18 in pandemic influenza, 386 enzyme test by Wollner, 256 Immunization programs Influenza-Respiratory Disease horse-cell test, 270-271 evaluation of, 56 Surveillance Report, 376 immune adherence objectives of, 33 Influenza vaccines, 34, 373, 390 hemagglutination assay, schedules for, 34-35 Influenza viruses, 9, 373-392 287 Immunoglobulin G, in viral age factor in, 384-385 Paul-Bunnell test, 256 hepatitis A, 340 antibody persistence, 271 Immunoglobulin M, in hepatitis A nasal, 388 sheep-cell test, 271 viral infection, 340 secretory, 388 tests for, 256-257 Immunoglobulins humoral, 388 Hippocrates and epidemic jaundice, classes of, 17 surveys, 51 327 in seroepidemiological studies, 58 antigenic drift or shift in, 373 HLA antigens, see also Antigen(s) viral-specific, 18 biological characteristics of ABO blood group and, 60 Incidence, 3-4 viruses, 378-379 A2 subtype, 62 Incidence rate, 3 cellular exudate in, 387 disease relationships with, 60 "Inclusion body disease," 168 clinical picture, 388-389 lymphocytic responses and, 50 Incubation period, control measures in, 390-391 in NPC patients, 638 infectiousness and, 16-17 death from, 379 profiles of, in nasopharyngeal of viral infections, 16-17 diagnosis of, 389-390 carcinoma, 631, 643 Indirect fluorescent antibody test, distribution in varicella-zoster geographic, 384 IAHA, see Immune adherence infections, 572 temporal, 384 hemagglutination assay Indirect hemagglutination reaction, epidemic behavior, 381-384 ICD-O codes in WHO classified in varicella-zoster epidemics, 373 listing of upper respiratory infection, 572 epidemiology, 376, 379-387 tract Indirect immunofluorescence geographic distribution, 384 neoplasms, 625 antibodies, in African hemaglutinin protein in, 378 "Iceberg" concept of infection, 20 hemorrhagic , 86-87 herd immunity in, 390 Idoxuridine Infantile gastroenteritis, 284 high-risk categories, 381 epithelial tumor cells and, 630 Infants historical background, 374-375 viral DNA synthesis and, 588 bronchiolitis in pneumonia risk IFA test, see Indirect fluorescent in, 474 Hong Kong type, 374 antibody test respiratory synctical virus in, 478, host response in, 388-390 IFF antibodies, see Indirect 480 immunity, 388 immunofluorescence rota virus gastroenteritis and, incidence of, 388 antibodies 302-303 laboratory isolation of, 377-378 Index 709

Influenza viruses (cant.) Japanese encephalitis Lagos bat rabies, 460 mortality and morbidity in, characteristics of, 119 Lassa fever, 20, 46, 127, 130 379-381 epidemiology of, 106 characteristics of, 140-143 pandemic, 381, 386 first identification of, 96 clinical features of, 142 pathogenesis and immunity of, vaccines for, 122 diagnosis of, 142-143 387-388 Jaundice, epidemic, 327 epidemiology of, 141 pneumonia as complication of, 389 JC virus, 680 first observation of, 140 polypeptides of, 379 Jenner, Edward, 542 geographic distribution, 141 seroepidemiological studies of, Jungle fever, epidemiology of, 106 host response in, 142-143 374 Junin virus, 130, 137-138 incubation period, 142 serological surveys of, 377-378 insolation of virus, 142-143 structure of, 378 K cell, 18 liver biopsy in, 132 surveillance, 44, 376 Kemerovo orbovirus, 96 mortality in, 128, 141 swine, 374 Kenya, tribal distribution of prevention and control of, 143 symptoms, 388~389 lymphomas and rodents and, 142 temporal distribution, 384 epitheliomas in, 606 transmission of, 141-142 transmission of, 10, 387 Killed poliovaccine, advantages and transportation of patient, 143 type A problems of, 229-231 treatment in, 143 epidemics of, 373 Killer T cells, 18 virus of, 20, 130 geographic distribution of, 384 Koch's postulates, 29-30 Latent infection, by EBV, 631 prior prevalence of, 375 Koplik spots, in measles, 409 Latin America, cattle rabies in, 461 temporal distribution of, 384 Korean hemorrhagic fever, 143 Latino virus, 130 type B Kotonkan virus, rabies and, 466 LCM, see Lymphocytic epidemics of, 373 Kuru, 15, 681-683, 689 choriomeningitis geographic distribution, 384 biological characteristics of virus, Live influenza virus vaccines, 391, temporal distribution, 384 682 see also Influenza type C cannibalism and, 682-683 Live poliovaccine, 231-235 designation of, 375 control and prevention of, 683 Local immunity, in immune temporal distribution of, 384 defined, 681 response, 18 as "uncontrollable plague," 373 epidemiology of, 682 Longitudinal studies, 4 unresolved problems in, 391 as first subacute fatal CNS LYDMA, see Lymphocyte-detected vaccination in, 34, 373, 390 disease, 675 membrane antigen in Yale University students, 55 Fore linguistic group, 681 Lymphatic leukemia, herpes zoster Insect cells, in culture, 101 historical background of, 681 in, 582 Interference, 232 host response in, 683 Lymphoblastoid transformation, Interferon immunity, 683 631 in antiviral therapy, 36 methodology, 681-682 Lymphocytes in varicella-zoster virus infection, morbidity and mortality in, atypical, 176 588 681-682 B cell, 267-268, 630-631 International Agency for Cancer neuropathology, 682 cytotoxic T cell, 267-268 Research, 600 pathogenesis and immunity in, killer, 18 International Committee on 683 T cell, 266-268, 630-631 Taxonomy of Viruses, 127 prevention, 683 Lymphocyte-detected membrane International Nomenclature problems, unresolved, 683 antigen, 268 Committee, 97 symptomatology, 683 in Burkitt lymphoma, 610 Intussusception, adenovirus transmission of, 682-683 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 127 infection and, 67, 76-77 Kwantung Chinese, NPC in, 634, in adult mouse, 132 ISG, see Immune serum globulin 636 age, sex, and occupation factors IUdR, see Idoxuridine "Kwantung tumor," 622 in, 134 Ixodes cookei, 116, 119 Kyasanur Forest disease, 107, 119 AHF and, 138 Ixodes marxi, 116, 119 characteristics of, 133-136 Ixodes persulcatus, 116, 119 Labial herpes, 364, see also Herpes diagnosis of, 136 Ixode ricinus, 116, 119 simplex virus infection epidemiology, 133-134 La Crosse encephalitis, 98, 104 first isolation of, 133 lap 305 virus 9 transovarial transmission, 98 geographic distribution of, 134 710 Index

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (cont.) Mastomys natalensis, 142-143, 554 Measles virus (cont.) host response in, 136 Mastomys rat virus, 131 unresolved problems of, 413-414 house mice and, 134 Maternal infections, complications in U.S. armed forces, 407 incidence and prevalence of, of,26 vaccination for, 34, 412-413 133-134 Mathematical models, vaccine virus, 406 in military personnel, 133 Mather, Cotton, 542 virgin-soil epidemics in, 405-406 prevention, 136 Measles virus, 397-414 Mechanical transmission, of reservoir, 134-136 aerosol, 408 arboviruses, 95 seroepidemiological surveys of, age factor, 403-404 Membrane antigen 145 antibody titers, 399 in Burkitt lymphoma, 610 sex, 134 atypical, 410-411 Epstein-Barr virus and, 601 spread of, 134 biological characteristics of virus, Meningitis Syrian hamster and, 135 400 aseptic, 220 transmission, 134 clinical features, 408-410 causes of, 23 treatment and prevention of, 136 control and prevention of, coxsackieviruses and, 223 in U.S. military personnel, 133 412-413 paresis and, 221 Lymphocytosis, in EBV, 28 defined, 397 Merck Institute for Therapeutic Lymphoepithelioma, NPC and, 622 diagnosis of, 411-412 Research, 484 Lymphomas as "distinct disease," 397 Mesocricetus auratus, 135 Burkitt's, 599-619 encephalitis and, 411 Microtus fortis, 114 EBV-induced, 611 endemic, 406 Military personnel tribal distribution of, in Kenya, epidemic behavior of, 401-403 acute respiratory disease in, 606 epidemiology of, 398-408 73-75 Lymphosarcoma, 680 eradication of, 414 mumps in, 426-427 eruption, 397 Mink encephalopathy Machupo virus, 130 geographic distribution, 403 slow infections caused by, 676 Malaria historical background of, 397-398 transmissible, 15 surveillance and appraisal of, 44 host response in, 410-412 MisIingar (measles), 398 and Burkitt's lymphoma, IgG and IgM in, 400 MMWR, see Morbidity and Mortality 606, 610-611, 613 incidence of, 401 Weekly Report Malignant lymphoproliferative killed vaccine for, 412 Mokola virus, rabies in, 460 diseases, 680 Koplik spots in, 409 Molluscum contagiosum, Malnutrition, varicella and, 581 laboratory studies in, 400 transmission of, 10 Mansonia uniformis, 466 maternal antibody in, 403-404 Mongoose, rabies in, 460 Marburg fever, 46 morbidity and mortality in, Monkeypox virus, 546, 563 Marburg virus, 85-92 398-399, 404, 406 Mononucleosis, CMV, 151-152, 154 characteristics of virus, 87-88 multiple sclerosis and, 414 Mononucleosis, infectious, EBV, 57 historical background of, 85-86 nutrition factors in, 408 age factor in, 263-264 laboratory diagnosis of, 86 occupation factor in, 407 antigens in, 268 serologic relationships for, 87-88 pathogenesis and immunity in, in college students, 260-262 unresolved nature of, 89 408-410 control, 272 Marburg virus infection prodromal stage in, 409 cytomegalovirus and, 178 epidemiology of, 88 race factor in, 404-405 diagnosis of, 270-272 host response in, 90-91 rash in, 409 epidemiology, 261-262 mechanism and route of serological surveys in, 399-400 Epstein-Barr virus in, 253 transmission for, 88-89 sex factor in, 404 etiological agent of, 254 prevention and control of, 91-92 social characteristics in, 407 geographic distribution, 262 vaccines in, 613 socioeconomic status and, HLA antigens in, 265 virus-specific antibodies in, 86 407-408 hospitalization rates for, in Marek's disease, 639 subacute sclerosing armed forces, 260 vaccine, 613 panencephalitis and, 59, host response in, 269-272 Marin County virus, 290-291, 297 411 incidence of, 260-261 Massachusetts subclinical/clinical ratio in, 20 liver-function test abnormalities chickenpox cases in, 575-580 temporal distribution of, 403 in, 269 excess annual death rate in, 380 transmission of, 408 lymphocyte responsiveness in, 267 Index nl

Mononucleosis, infectious (cont.) Miunps virus (cont.) (cont.) in Marine recruits, 264 from bloodstream, 428 parotitis, epidemi~419,420,424 in military academy, 262 cardiac involvement, 431 pathogenesis and immunity of, morbidity and mortality in, characteristics of viruses, 420 428-429 254-255 clinical factors in, 429-430 pneumonia, 427 in nurseries, 266 clinical features, 429-430 in pregnancy, 429 occupation factor in, 264 CNS involvement in, 430-431 prevalence, 421-423 occurrence of in different complement fixation in, 429-430 prevention, 432-434 settings, 264 complications, 431-432 race and occupation factors in, 426 pathogenesis and immunity in, contagiousness of, 424 in rhesus monkeys, 419-420 266-269 control, 432-434 in saliva, 428 proof of EBV causation of, cultivation of, 420 serological surveys in, 421 258-259 deafness and, 430-431 sex factors in, 426 psychosocial factors, 265 defined, 419 skin test for, 421, 435 race factor in, 264 diabetes and, 431, 435 socioeconomic factors in, 427 serological surveys in, 255 as disease of childhood, 432 sterility and, 431 sex factor in, 264 encephalitis, 421-422 surveillance program, 420 socioeconomic factors in, 265 epidemic behavior of, 424 survey data for, 423-424 symptoms, 266-267 epidemics temporal distribution of, 425 transmission of, 265-266 in military personnel, 426-427 testicular atrophy in, 431 in U.S. Military Academy cadets, in virgin populations, 424, 430 transmission of, 427 262-269 epidemiology of, 420-427 United States incidence of, 425 in Yale University students, 55 in families, 426 unresolved problems of, 434-435 Montgomery County virus, 297 geographic distribution of, 425 in urine, 428-429 Morbella, in Middle Ages, 397 Guillain-Barre syndrome and, 430 vaccine for, 432 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly heart involvement, 431 viral agent in, 420 Reports, 375, 420 hemagglutination inhibition, in, virgin-soil outbreak of, 430 Morbidity data, public health action 421 viruria and, 431 and,43 historical background of, 419 in World Wars I and II, 419, 426, Morbidity reporting, 45 in hospitals and institutions, 427 429 Mortality data, public health action host response in, 429-432 Mumps Surveillance Reports, 433 and,43 immunity,428-429 Mumps vaccine, 34, 432-433 Mortality, excess in influenza, 376 incidence and prevalence of, immunization programs and, 434 Mortality reporting, 98 421-423, 426 Murray Valley encephalitis, 96, 107, Mosquitos, see individual species in institutions, 427 119 Mouse hepatitis virus, 152 isolation of, 421 Mus musculus, 134, 139 Mouse, LCM virus infection and, laboratory diagnosis of, 421 Myalgia, epidemic, 223 132-135 mastitis and, 429 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 21 Mozambique virus, 130 meningitis, aseptic, and, 430 Myocardiopathy, coxsackievirus B mRNA, see also RNA methodology, 420-421 infection and, 215-216 enteroviruses and, 200 in military personnel, 73-75, Myxoviruses virus spread and, 7 426-429 essential lipid in, 151 MS, see Multiple sclerosis in milk, 428 hospital transmission of, 27 Mucopolysaccharide, 13 in monkeys, 419-421 Myxovirus parotiditis, 420 Multiple sclerosis mortality in, 421-422, 426 measles and, 414 multiple sclerosis and, 432 N antibody response, in respiratory mumps and, 432 myxovirus and, 419 synctial virus, 479 Multipurpose antibody surveys, 53 . N antibodies in, 421 Nasal secretion proteins, in Mumps virus neuraminadase, 420 rhiovirus infection, 506 age, 425-426 neutralization test, 421 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 272, antibodies, 428 occupation, 426 621-643 in Army popUlations, 73-75, occurrence of in different in African and Asian 426-429 settings, 426 populations, 634 arthritis and, 431 orchitis and, 429-431 age-adjusted mortality figures aseptic meningitis, 421-422 outbreaks of, 424 for, 623 712 Index

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (cant.) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (cont.) Neutralization tests, see individual antibodies of IgA class in, 625 morbidity and mortality data in, viruses antiviral chemotherapy in, 643 622-624, 636 antibodies and, 103 causation, 6 occupation factor in, 635 in arena viruses, 128 chemical and environmental pathogenesis of, 639-640 Newborn, herpes simplex virus factors in causation of, 643 prevention, 641-642 infection in, 365-366 in China and Chinese relative-frequency data for, 624 New Guinea, Burkitt lymphoma in, populations, 60, 622 salted fish diet and, 636 608 clinical course of, 640 seroepidemiology; 638 New York City clinical types of, 640-641 serological surveys in, 624-625 chickenpox cases in, 578 complement-fixation tests for, 625 serology of, 626, 635 neutralizing antibody, 57 control and prevention of, sex, 624, 635 New York City Virus Watch, 641-642 sociological surveys in, 625 210-211 cranial nerve impairment, 640 symptoms of, 640 Non-A, non-B viral hepatitis, EA and MA tests for, 624 transmission of, 639 331-333, see also Hepatitis EBNA test for, 624-625 treatment, 641 virus EBVand,624 tumor, 641, 643 control and prevention of, 344 EBV biological characteristics unresolved problems in, 642-643 epidemiology of, 337 and, 630-632 VCA test in, 624, 643 immunity and, 341 EBV epidemiological behavior viral markers in, 628 transmission of, 339-340 and,638 virus associated with, 630-632 Nonlymphoproliferative diseases, EBV in management and control Yankaver speculum and, 641 680 of, 642-643 National Center for Health Nonpolio enteroviruses EBV serological reactivities in, Statistics, 286, 570 age distribution in, 210 626-627 National Disease and Therapeutic neurological disease and, 223 education in, 641 Index, 48 Norwalk agent, 24 environmental factors in, 636-637 National Institute of Allergy and Norwalk virus group, 287-288 epidemic behavior of, 635 Infectious Diseases, 194, age factor in, 298 epidemiological and virological 286 antibody, 295 studies in, 622-630 National Institutes of Health, 49, biological characteristics of epidemiology of, 632-639 152 viruses, 290-292 Epstein-Barr virus in, 624-625, National Poliomyelitis Surveillance control, 310 642-643 Program, 44 diagnosis of, 306-307 etiology, 639-640 National Registry for the electron microscope studies of, genetic factors in, 637-638 Congenital Rubella 309, 312 genetic markers and, 643 Syndrome, 522 epidemic behavior of, 295-297 geographic distribution, 632-635 National Research epidemiology of, 294-303 in Greenland Eskimos, 633 Council-National gastroenteritis outbreak and, 297 histopathology of, 625-626 Academy of Sciences, 329 geographic distribution of, 298 historical background of, 621-622 NCI National Cancer Survey, 654 host response to, 306-308 HLA antigen and, 638, 641, 643 Neacomys rats, 131 incubation period for, 304 host response in, 640-649 Negri bodies, 456, 457 in infant gastroenteritis, 294 ICD-O codes and, 625 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 662 pathogenesis and immunity of, IgG antibodies and, 626 Neonatal disease, coxsackievirus 304-305 immunity, 641 and,226 serum antibody prevalence in immunofluorescence tests in, 624 Neonatal encephalomyocarditis, 26 children, 296 immunoprecipitation test in, 625 Neonatal herpes, 361 temporal distribution, 298 incidence, 632-635 Neuraminidase, viral, 10, 378, 387 transmission of, 303 invasive type, 641 Neurological diseases, chronic, unresolved problems of, 312-313 laboratory diagnosis in, 625-630 675-690 Norwalk virus particle, 284-285 lymph node enlargement, 640 Neurotropic NPC, see Nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastatic type, 640-641 Surveillance program, Nuclear antigen, Epstein-Barr virus methodology, 622-630 234 and,601 migration risks in, 636 Neutralization, in arbovirus molecular virology, 602 identification, 96 Obodhiang virus, 460 Index 713

OC strain of coronavirus, 152, 160 Parainfluenza virus (cont.) Period prevalence, 4 Oncogenicity host response in, 448-449 Pt:rsistent viruses, 15-16 cell transformation and, 602-603 immunity, 447-448 Person-ta-person transmission, 13 EBV and, 602, 603, 630-632 incidence, 443-444 Pertussis-like diseases, 67, 77 Oulou Fato virus, 459 isolation of virus, 442-443 Petichiae, 140, 269 O'nyong nyong, 118 laboratory diagnosis of, 442-443 Pharyngitis, causes of, in infectious Orbiviruses, 96 methodology, 441-443 mononucleosis, 269 rotaviruses and, 292 morbidity and mortality data for, Pharyngoconjunctival fever, 67, 75 tick-transmitted, 101 441-442 control and prevention of, 79 Orchitis, mumps and, 429, 431 occupation, 446 from swimming pool, 73 Orthopoxyvirus genus, 546 pathogenesis, 447-448 PHC, see Primary hepatocellular Oryzomys rats, 131 pneumonia, 441, 448 carcinoma Oulou Fato rabies, 459 prevalence, 443-444 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal prevention, 449-450 Society of London, 542 Pan American Health Organization, race factors in, 446 Phlebotomus fever virus, 96, 101, 98,286 reinfection, 448 104 Pancarditis, coxsackievirus B4 in, in respiratory illnesses, 442 Phlebotomus spp., 95 226 Sendai virus and, 447 Pichinde virus, 131 Pancreatitis, enteroviruses and, 227 serological surveys of, 442 Picornavirus, defined, 187 Pandemic influenza, 381, see also serotypes, Picornavirus family, subgroups of, Influenza sex factors in, 446 201 Panum on Faroe Islands, 398 socioeconomic status and, 446 Plague, pneumonic, 43 Papanicolaou smears, in cervical symptoms, 448 Plague formation, in enteroviruses, cancer, 666 temporal distribution, 445 200 Papova, PML and, 59 tissue culture of, 442-443 Pleurodynia, coxsackieviruses and, Papovavirus infections transmission, 446-447 223-224 incubation period in, 16 unresolved problems of, 450 PML, see Progressive multifocal PML and, 680 Paralytic disease leukoencephalopathy Para 1 (HA-2) virus, 441, 443, see coxsackievirus and, 223 Pneumonia also Parainfluenza virus poliomyelitis and, 188, 202, 213, adenovirus, 71 Sendai virus and, 447 220-221, 239 cause of, 23 Para 2 (CA) virus, 441, see also , 441 excess deaths due to, 379-381 Parainfluenza virus Paramyxovirus infections, 441-442 as complication of influenza, 389 Para 3 (HA-1) virus, 441, 444 Parana virus, 130 viral, 14, 73, 388, 441, 448, age distribution in, 446 Parotitis, see also Mumps 474-475,481-482 Para 4 virus infections, 444 epidemic, 419 Pneumonia-influenza death rates, Parainfluenza virus, 441-450 mumps virus and, 428 U.S., 382-383 age, 445-446 Parramatta virus, 290-291, 297 Pneumonia syndromes, causes of, biological characteristics of Paschen bodies, 546 23 viruses, 443 Pathogenesis of viral infections, Pneumonitis, acute respiratory bovine, 447-448, 449-450 13-16; see also individual disease and, 73-74 in childhood, 443 viruses Poliomyelitis clinical and epidemiological Paul-Bunnell antigen, 268 abortive, 220 manifestations of, 448 Paul-Bunnell-positive 1M, EBV and, antibody, tests for, 53, 195-196 contagiousness of, 444-445 631 antigens, 197-199 control, 449-450 Paul-Bunnell test, see Heterophile bed rest in, 240 defined, 441 antibody clinical picture, 219 diagnosis of, 448-449 PCF, see Pharyngoconjunctival control, 228-242 epidemic behavior of, 444-445 fever control and prevention of, epidemiological analysis of, Penicillin campaigns, WHO 228-229, 240 441-443 evaluation of, 53 diagnOSis, 227-228 epidemiology of, 443-446 , 657 DPT inoculation in, 228 geographic distribution of, 445 Peoples Republic of China, 642 enteroviruses and, 188 historical, 441 Pericardiopathy, coxsackievirus B epidemiological patterns of, hospital acquired, 446 and, 225-226 212-216 714 Index

Poliomyelitis (cant.) Postvaccinal encephalitis, in (cant.) eradication of, 214-215, 242 smallpox vaccination, 560 bat-transmitted, 458, 461 geographic distribution, 206, 209 Powassan virus infection, 116 biological characteristics of in Ghana, 208, 213 Poxviruses, transmission of, 10, see viruses, 458 host response in, 219-228 also Cowpox; Smallpox cat-transmitted, 459 immunity against, 236-239 virus cattle-transmitted, 459, 461 interference, 234-235 PR8 virus, 373 CDC recommendation for isolation of patient, 240-241 Pregnancy prevention, isolation of virus, 193-194 CMV infection in, 26, 170 in central nervous system, major epidemiological phases in, HSV and, 26, 356 changes in, 467 212 mumps and, 429 clinical features of, 462-463 neural spread in, 15 rubella and, 26, 531-532 control, 464-466 non paralytic, 220 Prevalence, defined, 4 corneal transplant transmission, nonspecific control measures for, Prevalence rate, 4, see individual 462 240-241 viruses as dead-end disease in man, 458 outbreaks, 202-20 Primary , defined, 455 paralytic, 220 hepatitis Band, 342 diagnosis, 463 as social failure, 239-240 Progressive multifocal dog-transmitted, 458-459 pathogenesis of, 217-218 leukoencephalopathy, 59, epidemic behavior, 460 postvaccine epidemiological 679-681 epidemiology, 456-461 patterns in, 214 biological characteristics of virus, eradication of, 463-464 in postvaccine era, 213-214 680 fluorescent test for, 457 prevalence, 102 comparison with other slow fox-transmitted, 460 prevention, 240 viruses, 686 Frio Cave type, 461 surveillance, 189-191 epidemiology of, 680-681 genetic factors, 461 serological, 191-192 historical background of, 679 geographic distribution of, in temperate zones and host response in, 681 460-461 developed cnuntries, immunity, 681 history of, 456 212-213 and JC virus, 680 host response in, 462-463 transmission, 216-217 methodology, 679-680 human, 458-459 in tropical areas and developing morbidity and mortality data for, human immune globulin for, 465 countries, 213 679-680 human vs. dog, 458 in United States, 214 pathogenesis and immunity in, immune globulin, 466 in USSR, 213 680-681 immunity, 462, 467 vaccination, 229-235 renal transplant, PML following, immunization concepts and vaccine viruses in, 214 680 practices in, 464-466 Poliovaccines, 34, 215 SV 40 virus, 680 immunization regimens for, 465 future use of, 235-236 unresolved problems of, 681 immunopathology, 462 killed, 229-231 Progressive vaccinia, in smallpox inapparent infection, 462 live attenuated, 231-235 vaccination, 560 incidence, 458-460 "social failures" in administration Prospective method, defined, 4 isolation of virus, 457 of,239-240 Protexuris strangeri, 554 laboratory detection of, 457-458 Poliovirus, see also Enteroviruses; Psoriasis, HLA antigens in, 60 morbidity and mortality in, 456 Poliomyelitis Public Health Service, U.S., 48, 98, mosquitoes and, 466 antibodies to, 53, 218 118, 381 negri bodies, 457 antibody prevalence, 237 Public Health Service Advisory occupation, 461 "defective interfering" particles Committee on origin of, 455 and,202 Immunization Practices, Oulou Fato type, 459 enteroviruses and, 187 433 pathogenesis and immunity in, genetic map for, 201 462,467 in Ghana, 208, 213 Rabies virus, 455-467 postexposure prophylaxis guide, immunity to, 215-219 age, 461 464 types and origin of, 220 airborne transmission, 458 preexposure vaccination for, types 1 and 2 antibody, 457 465-466 common antigens in, 197 antigens, 458, 466 prevention of, 463-466 compared with HAV, 188 in bat caves, 458 race, 461 Index 715

Rabies virus (cant.) Respiratory diseases (cant.) Respiratory syncytial virus (cant.) in racoon, 459-460 surveys (cant.) neutralization test, 472-473 Semple vaccine for, 456 in Great Britain, 442 nutrition, 477 in serological surveys, 456-457 in Seattle, Washington, 442 occupation, 477 sex, 461 in Tecumseh, Michigan, 442 occurrence, 477 skin tests, 457 in Washington, D.C., 442 in older children and adults, 478 in skunk, 459 syndrome, 21 otitis media and, 484 socioeconomic factors, 461 transmission, 77 parainfluenza vaccine and, 483 spread of, 462-463 viruses, 13-14, 21, see also pathogenesis, 13-14, 477-481 subclinical/clinical ratio in, 20 individual viruses peribronchial lymphocytic temporal distribution, 461 Respiratory syncytial virus, 471-485 infiltration in, 482 transmission, 10, 461-462 age, 476 plaque reduction technique in, airborne, 458 antibody, 473, 478 472-473,477-478 unresolved problems, 466-467 biological characteristics of the pneumonia, 474 vaccination for, 35, 456-457 virus, 473 prevalence, 473 463-467 bronchiolitis, 474, 478 prevention, 482-483 in vampire bats, 461-462 clinical picture, 474, 481-482 problems, unresolved, 485 virulence of, 467 complement-fixation test, race, 477 virus, 458 472-473 reinfection, frequent, 473-474 viruses, related, 466 control, 482-483 risk of infection and reinfection, wildlife, 466 diagnosis, 482 473 in wolf, 466 distribution role in clinical syndromes, Radioimmunoassay, Norwalk virus geographic, 476 474-475 and, 287 temporal, 476 sensitization hypothesis, 478-479 Raji, cell line prototype, 601 in Trinidad, 476 serological survey, 472-473 RCA, see Red-cell agglutination epidemic behavior, 475-476 serum N antibody and, 478-479 Receptor-destroying enzyme, 378 epidemiology, 473 settings, occurrence in different, Recombinant DNA, polypeptide descriptive, 473-476 477 vaccines from, 236 methodology, 472-473 sex, 477 Recruit training, adenovirus factors, 477 socioeconomic factors, 477 epidemics in, 67-68, genetics, 477 symptoms, 471-472 73-75, 424-429, see also geographic distribution, 476 temporal distribution, 476 United States Military history, 471 transmission, 477 Academy host response, 21, 481-482 by secretions, 477 Recurrent herpes labialis, 357 immunity,477-478 in Trinidad, 476 Red water fever of cattle, 95 immunopathology, 479 unresolved problems, 485 Reinfection rate, 168 immunoprophylaxis, 484 vaccine, live, attenuated, 482-483 cytomegalovirus, 168 incidence, 473-475 exaggerated response, 483 parainfluenza, 447 incubation period, 478 in Washington, D.C. area, respiratory syncytial, 473-474 in infants, 478, 480 476-477 rubella, 526 infection, risk of, 473-474 Retrospective studies, defined, 4 Reed, Walter, 95 isolation of virus, 473 Reye's syndrome, rotavirus Renal syndrome, 27 laboratory methods, 473 infection and, 309 with hemorrhagic fever, 143 local antibody to, 478-479 influenza and, 389 Respiratory diseases lower respiratory tract infection, Rhabdovirus group of arboviruses, acute, 48, 68, 73-75 471 96 causes, 21-22 methodology, 472-473 Rhazes, 397-398, 541 epidemics, 68 morbidity, 472 Rhinitis, viral, see Rhinoviruses epithelium, desquamation of, 13 morphology, 471 Rhinorrhea, in rhinovirus infection, longitudinal study in Tecumseh, mortality, 472 507 Michigan, 153, 442 major cause of death in first Rhinoviruses, 491-509 in military recruits, 73-75 year of life, 472 age, 496 pathogenesis, 13-14 mutant, temperature-sensitive, 483 antibody route of infection, 9 N antibody, 478-479 measurements, 493-495 surveys, 442 necrotizing or interstitial neutralization test, 493 in Chapel Hill, N.C., 442 pneumonitis in, 481 response in, 505-506 716 Index

Rhinoviruses (cont.) Rhinoviruses (cont.) Rubella (cont.) antigenic characteristics of sex, 496 biological characteristics virus, viruses, 494-495 from sneezing, 502-505 521-522 antigenicity alteration from, 495 temperature range, 494 cell-mediated immunity in, 533 apparent/inapparent infection temporal distribution, 498 children's vaccination against, ratios in, 508 transmission of, 501-503 529-530 asthmatic attacks in children, 508 unresolved problems, 509 clinical manifestations of, 527 biological characteristics of virus, vaccine development in, 508-509 communicability, 525 494 Rift Valley fever, 14, 96, 120 congenital, 522, 526-528 bronchitis and, 505 Rinderpest, 398 control, 529-532 characteristics, 494-495 RNA cytopathic effect from, 520 chemoprophylaxis and of arboviruses, 101, 121 defined, 519 chemotherapy in, 508-509 of arena viruses, 129 ELISA test for, 520 in children, 507-508 of cornaviruses, 154 epidemic behavior of, 523-524 cigarette smoking and, 505, 508 of enteroviruses, 187-188, epidemiology of, 522-525 clinical features of, 507-508 200-201 fetal organ changes in, 526 common cold syndrome and, virus spread and, 7 fluorescent antibody test, 521 507-508 Rockefeller Foundations, 96-97 geographic distribution of, 524 control, 508-509 Rotavirus, 24, 292-294; see also on Hawaii, 524 cough in, 508 Gastroenteritis, viral hearing loss, 527 defined, 491 biological characteristics of herd immunity in, 526 epidemiological analysis, 492-494 viruses, 292-294 historical background of, 519-520 epidemiology of, 496-501 in children, 302 host response in, 526-529 in families, 500-501 clinical features, 308 on Iceland, 524 genetic map for, 201 control, 310-312 immune serum globulin in, 532 from hands, 502-503 deaths from, 309 immunity in, 525-526 historical background, 491-492 decreased susceptibility .to, 313 immunoglobulins host response, 507-508 diagnosis, 309-310 IgA in nasopharynx, 528, 529 human embryonic lung-cell diarrhea and, 294 IgM in serum, 521, 528, 531 cultures and, 492-493 epidemic behavior of, 300 inapparent/apparent infection humoral immunity in, 506 geographic distribution of, 301 ratio, 20, 157 illness rates for, 497 immunogen for, 312 incidence of, 522 incidence, 496 incidence of, 298-299 incubation period, 17 immunity, 505-507 incubation period, 305 infection rates, in pregnancy, 26 incidence, 496-500 induction of in animals, 313 isolation of virus, 520 infection, apparent and intussusception and, 309 laboratory diagnosis of, 520-521 inapparent, 508 malnutrition in, 302 morbidity and mortality in, 520, in military populations, 501 pathogenesis of, 305 526 N antibody and, 505, 509 prevalence of, 298-299 National Registry for Congenital nasal mucus and, 502 prevention of, 310-312 Rubella Syndrome, 522 occurrence in different settings, reservoirs of, 213 pathogenesis, 525-526 500-501 Reye's syndrome and, 309 persistence of, 15 optimal temperature range for seasonal pattern in, 301 pharyngeal excretion, 525, 529 growth of, 494 serological detection of, 289 pregnancy and, 26, 531-532 pathogenesis of, 503-505 stool specimens, 288, 292 Pribiloff Island epidemic, 527 prevalence of, 496-500 temporal distribution, 299 rash,527 of antibody, 496-498 transmission of, 303-304 in recruits, military, 527 geographic distribution in, unresolved problems of, 313-314 serological responses in, 520-521, 496-498 vaccines for, 311 528 rhinitis from, 503-504 in viral gastroenteritis, 288-300 sex factor in, 524-525 saliva and aerosols in Rotavirus W A, in AGMK cells, 293 subclinical/clinical ratio in, 20 transmission of, 502 RSV, see Respiratory syncytial virus on Taiwan, 524 in schools, 501 Rubella, 9, 519-533 temporal distribution of, 524 seasonal distribution of, 498-500 age, 524-525 transmission of, 525 serological surveys, 493-494 antibody, 522 in United States, 522 serotype distribution, 500 in Barbados, 524 unresolved problems in, 532-533 Index 717

Rubella (cont.) Serological surveys Smallpox virus (cont.) vaccination in arbovirus infections, 99-100 historical background, 542-544 of children, 528-530 immunization programs and, host response, 556-557 responses to, 529 56-57 Iceland epidemic, 542 in women of childbearing age, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic immunity to, 555-556 530-531 transaminase, alterations immunization concepts and virus, 521-522 in,254 practice in, 559-561 in Yale University students, Sexually transmitted infections, 26 incidence of, 543, 547 532-533 SGOT, see Serum glutamic incubation period, 556 Rubeola, 397 oxaloacetic transaminase isolation of virus, 545 Russian spring-summet Sheep, scrapie infection of, 15, 676 Jenner and, 542, 546 encephalitis, 96 Shih/ying disease, 622 laboratory diagnosis, 545-546 "Shipping fever," in cattle, 441 laboratory research, 562 St. Louis encephalitis, 21, 96 "Shipyard eye," 76 last case of, 541 characteristics of virus, 114 Shock syndrome, in dengue, 118 maintenance vaccination diagnosis of, 114, 227-228 Sigmodon rat, virus from, l31 program, 558 epidemiology of, 105 Simuliidae, arboviruses and; 95 methodology, 544-546 first outbreak of, 114 Sindbis fever virus, 97, 120 modified type, 557 host response in, 111 Skin, as source of entry and exit of morbidity and mortality in, 544 indicators in, 110 virus, 12 occupation factor, 551 mechanism and transmission of, Skin rashes occurrence in different settings, 551 109 and, 77 Paschen bodies, 546 Saliva common exanthems, 22-23 pathogenesis of, 554-556 EBV infection and, 639 Slow infections, of CNS, 676-690 prevalence of, 543, 547 mumps virus and, 428 Smallpox virus, 541-564 race factors in, 551 Salivary gland virus infection, 168 age, 550-551 reservoirs, animal, 553-554 Salmonella, in infectious airborne spread of, 552-553 scar surveys in, 544-545 encephalitis, 25, 44 alastrim (variola minor) in, 557 serological surveys, 544 Salted fish, in NPC incidence, 636 American Revolution and, 542 in seventeenth and eighteenth Sandfly fever, 96 animal reservoirs of, 553-554 centuries, 542 Scrapie infection of sheep, 15, 676 antibodies in, 556 sex factor in, 550-551 Secondary infection, defined, 102 biological characteristics of virus, spread of, by fomites, 553 Secretory IgA system, 18 546-547 stability of, 546 Semliki Forest virus, 97, 120 case fatality rates, 551 surveillance system for, 562 Semple vaccine, for rabies, 456 cause of, 546 surveys for, 543-545 Sendai virus, as Para 1 virus, 447 on chorioallantoic membranes, 545 susceptibility to, 555-556 Seroepidemiology, 50-60 clinical picture, 556-557 temporal distribution of, 550 advantages and limitations of, 52 communicability period, 552 transmission, 552-554 antibodies and, 53 contact spread of, 552 in United States, 543 defined,50 contaigousness of, 547 unresolved problems of, 563-564 diagnostic serology and, 55 control program, 557-563 vaccination for, 542-545, 549, historical background in, 50-51 attack phase, 558 562-563 immune system and, 58 consolidation phase, 558-559 accidental infections in, 560 in immunization program maintenance phase, 559 bifurcated needle in, 561 evaluation, 56 preparatory phase, 558 complications, 560-561 interrelationship of discipline in, ectromelia as model, 554 CNS and other complications 59 in endemic countries, 543 in, 560-567 laboratory tests in, 52 epidemic behavior, 547-550 eczema vaccinatum in, 560 methodology in, 51-52 epidemiological analysis, 544 Elstree, 562-563 sera sources in, 51-52 epidemiology, 547 exanthematous reactions in, 560 uses of, 52-60 eradication of, 541, 544, 561-562 generalized vaccinia in, 560 viral, cancer, and chronic fatality rates for, 558-559 Jennerian, 555 diseases in, 59 fomite spread, 533 plans for future, 562 Serological epidemiology,S, see also geographic distribution of, 550 postvaccinal encephalitis in, 560 Seroepidemiology hemorrhagic, 555-556 problems, 561 Serological surveillance, 51 herd immunity and, 6 progressive vaccinia in, 560 718 Index

Smallpox virus (cant.) Surveillance (cant.) TCID, see Tissue-culture infectious vaccination for (cant.) biologics and drug utilization in, doses reserves of, 562-563 47 Testicular atrophy, mumps and, 431 revaccination, 560 cooperating physicians; panel in, Thomasomys rats, viruses from, 131 success of program, 561 47-48 Tick-borne arbovirus transmission, surveillance, 562 defined,43 95 variola minor in, 557 elements of, 44-47 Tick-borne encephalitis, 107, variola sine eruptione in, 557 epidemic field investigations in, 119-120 variolation in, 542 46-47 Tick-transmitted viruses, vectors in, 553 epidemic reporting, 45 transovarial transmission virus, 546-547 hepatitis and, 34 in, 121 Waterhouse and, 543 history, 43-44 Tissue-culture infectious doses, in WHO Eradication Program, 558 hospital and medical care in, 47 parainfluenza virus world incidence of, 548-549 household surveys, 48 infections, 443 Sneezing, in virus transmission, individual case investigations in, 46 T lymphocytes, cytotoxic, 18 10-11 influenza and, 44 Togaviruses, 96-97 Solid-phase aggregation of coupled knowledge of population and Tonsillitis/pharyngitis, etiology of, erythrocytes, 289 environment in, 47 22 Soviet Union laboratory investigations in, 46 TORCH, in congenital infections, live influenza virus vaccines in, medical care statistics, 47 24-25 391 morbidity reporting, 45 Transfer factor, 59 nasopharyngeal carcinoma in, 623 mortality registration in, 44-45 in VZ, 588 poliomyelitis in, 213-214 newspaper and broadcasting Transformation and oncogenicity of SPACE, see Solid-phase aggregation reports in, 48 EBV, 602-603 of coupled erythrocytes physician reporting, 47-48 Transmission routes, of viral Squamous-cell carcinomas, 665 predictive, 49 infections; see also SSPE, see Subacute sclerosing publications on, 49 individual viruses panencephalitis public health laboratory reports arthropod-borne, 13 Staphylococcus aureus, 531 in, 48 gastrointestinal, 11-12 Sterility, mumps and, 431 requirements for, 52 general, 9-10 Stomatitis, herpetic, 358 in research studies, 48-49 genital, 12 Stool specimens, rotaviruses from, seroepidemiology and, 50-53 genitourinary, 12-13 288-289 surveys in, 47-50 intrauterine or transplacental, 12 Subacute sclerosing SV 40,688 personal contact, 13 panencephalitis, 59-60, telephone surveys, 48 respiratory, 9 411, 676-679 Swimming pools, PCF and, 75 skin, 12 biological characteristics of virus, Syphilis, HSV and, 26 water and food, 13 677 Syrian hamster, LCM virus and, Transovarial transmission, of control and prevention of, 679 135 arboviruses, 98 epidemiology of, 677-678 Systemic infections, pathogenesis Treponema pallidum, 662 historical background in, 677 in, 14 Trichomonas vaginalis, 662 host response in, 678-679 Systemic lupus erythematosus, Trivalent oral poliovaccine, 228 measles and, 678-679 HLA antigens in, 60 Turkmenia rodent-pox, 546 methodology, 677 pathogenesis and immunity of, T cell, lymphocyte, 18-19 Uganda, NPC in, 634 678 in infectious mononucleosis, Ulcerative colitis and CMV, 180 unresolved problems, 679 266-268 Ultrasensitive enzymatic Subclinical/clinical ratio, in viral cytotoxic, in Burkitt's radioimmunoassay, 289 infections, 20 lymphoma, 610 Unconventional viruses, slow Surgeon General's Advisory Tabanidae, 95 infections caused by, 676 Committee on Influenza, Tacaribe virus, 130-131 United Kingdom, enterovirus 381,390 Tagged antibodies, in arbovirus infections in, 204 Surveillance, 43-50 identification, 96 United States absenteeism and, 48 Tamiami virus, 130 arboviruses outside of, 116-120 animal reservoir and vector Tatera kempii, 554 excess annual death rates in, 380 distribution studies in, 47 TBE, see Tick-borne encephalitis immigration survey, 56, 433 Index 719

United States (cont.) Varicella-herpes zoster virus (cont.) Varicella-herpes zoster virus (cont.) measles rates in armed forces of, chemotherapy, 588-589 specific antibody to, 587-588 407 chickenpox, in Massachusetts, transmission of, 582-583 military academy at West Point, 579-580 unresolved problems of, 589 262, 264, 265, 269 clinical picture vaccine prospects for, 589 military populations, adenovirus in herpes zoster, 586 vectors, 583 infections in, 73-74 in varicella, 585-586 Variola sine eruptione, 557 mumps incidence in, 421 communicability, 574 Variola-vaccinia viruses, survival pneumonia-influenza death rates congenital infections in, 582 of,574 for, 382-383 as contagious disease, 574 Variola virus, 546 poliomyelitis in, 214 control, 587 varicella and, 568 poliomyelitis immunity in, course of, 586 VCA, see Viral capsid antigen 236-239 diagnosis, 572, 586-587 VEE, see Venezuelan equine rabies in, 460 endemic nature of, 576 encephali tis rubella incidence in, 522, 533 epidemic behavior of, 576 Venereal disease clinics, herpes smallpox in, 543, 563 epidemiological analysis, simplex infection and, 359 varicella as benign disease in, 574 570-573, 589-590 Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 97 viral hepatitis incidence rates for, epidemiology of, 574-582 characteristics of, 116-117 333 etiological agent in, 570-572 diagnosis of, 110 United States Armed Forces exanthem in, 585-586 epidemics of, 103 Epidemiological Board, 67 genetic factors, 581 epidemiology of, 107 United States Cancer Institute, 600 geographic distribution of, 577 vaccines for, 122 United States Center for Disease herpes zoster and, 570 Vero cells Control, see Center for in homes and schools, 580 in arena viruses, 129 Disease Control host response in, 585-586 in rubella diagnosis, 521 United States Immunization iatrogenic factors in, 582 Vertical transmission, in arbovirus, Service, 433 immunity in, 583-584, 589 104 United States Military Academy inapparent infection, 586 Vesicular stomatitis viruses, 96-97, EBV infections in, 262 incidence, 574-576 116 infectious mononucleosis at, incubation period in, 584 Vidarabine, in chemoprophylaxis 260-261, 269 interferon and, 588 and therapy, 36, 588 United States National Health isolation of, 570-573 Viral capsid antigen, EBV Survey, 48 latency of in human host, antibody to, 259, 270 United States Public Health Service, 573-574 in Burkitt lymphoma, 600, 612 48, 98, 118, 381 leukemia and, 589 EBV infection and, 255, 601 Upper respiratory tract infections, malnutrition and, 581 Viral disease cause of, 21-22 in Massachusetts, 579 common features of, 28 Upper respiratory tract neoplasms, in military, 580-581 control and prevention of, 33-37 WHO listing of, 625 modification or prevention of, diagnosis of, 27-30 USERIA, see Ultrasensitive 587-589 false-positive and false-negative enzymatic morbidity and mortality in, tests in, 30 radioimmunoassay (288) 570-571 immune responses in nutrition and, 581 pathogenesis of, 19 Vaccines, in viral prophylaxis, occupation factor in, 580 Viral diagnosis, tests in, 28 34-35; see also individual pathogenesis, 583-584, 589 Viral gastroenteritis, 283-314, see viruses postnatal transmission of, 582 also Diarrhea; Vaccinia virus, 546 prevalence, 574-576 Gastroenteritis, viral; Vampire bats, rabies from, 461-462 prevention, 587 Norwalk virus group; Varicella-herpes zoster virus, 27, prodromal symptoms in, 585 Rotavirus infection 352, 569-590 race factor, 580 Viral hepatitis, 327-345, see age, 579-580 recovery from, 572-573 Hepatitis viruses antiviral chemotherapy in, 588 reservoir, in animals, 583 Viral infection, see also Infection; as benign disease in U.S., 574 seasonal nature of, 578 Viruses biological characteristics of virus, serological surveys, 571-572 antibodies and, 30-31 573-574 sex factor, 580 arthropod-borne, 13 cartilage-hair hypoplasia and, 581 socioeconomic status and, 581 cancer and, 59-60 720 Index

Viral infection (cant.) Viruses (cant.) WHO, see World Health causation of, 29-32 central nervous system and, 15 Organization of central nervous system, 15 control of, 33-37 WHO Expert Committee on Rabies, chemoprophylaxis and therapy environment, 8 457 in, 36-37 epidemics, 15-17 WHO Quarterly and Annual Reports chronic diseases and, 59-60 exanthem and, 14,22-23 on Virus Isolations, 190 control of, 33-37 food and, 13 WHO Serum Reference Banks, 44, diagnosis of, 27-29 gastrointestinal, 11, 14 423 gastrointestinal effects of, 13-14 genital, 12 WHO Smallpox Eradication Henle-Koch postulates in, 25 genitourinary, 12 Program, 558 host responses to, 19-27 host and, 8-9 WHO Technical Report Series, 49, immunization in, 33-35 host response, 19-21 51 pathogenesis of, 13 humoral immunity, 17-18 WHO Weekly Epidemiological Reports, persistent, 13 immune response, 17-19 190 prevention, 33-37 incomplete, 9 Wildlife rabies, epizootiology of, 466 proof of causation in, 29-33 incubation period, 16-17 World Health Assembly, 43 renal syndromes in, 27 infection produced by, see Viral World Health Organization, 43, 51, respiratory effects of, 13 infection 86, 98, 128, 283, 286, 376, skin as entry and exit for, 12 intrauterine, 12 544-545, 600, 622, 625 subclinical/clinical ratio in, 20 mRNA and, 7 World Health Organization transmission routes for, 9-12 persistence of, 15-16, 32 Expanded Programme for gastrointestinal, 11-12 prevention, 33-37 Immunization, 215 genital, 12 as "real entity," 31 World Health Organization Virus genitourinary, 12-13 red cells and, 14 Reference Centers, 190, hospital, 26-27 respiratory, 9-10 194 intrauterine, 12 skin and, 12 World Health Statistics Annual, 398 personal contact, 13 in sneezing, 10 World War I respiratory, 9-11 spread of, 7 chickenpox in, 576 skin, 12 systemic, 14 mumps in, 419-420, 426-427 transplacental, 12 tests for, 29 World War II water and food in, 13 transmission of, 9-10 mumps in, 419-420, 426-429 Viral isolation, collection of water and, 13 viral hepatitis and, 327-328 materials for, 28 Virus identification, tests for, 29 Wuchereria bancrofti, 95 Viral persistence, cancer and, 32 Virus Watch Programs, 48, 68, 190, Viral prophylaxis, vaccines and 210-211 Yale Poliomyelitis Study Unit, 51 dosage in, 34-35 Vital Statistics of the United States, Yale students Viral transmission, see Transmission 570 EBV antibody in, 259-261 routes VZV, see Varicella-zoster virus infection and illness rates for, 55 Viremia, in systemic infection, 14 Yale University Department of "Virologists' dilemma," 31 Epidemiology and Public Viruria, mumps and, 431 Wasserman test, 50 Health,51 Viruses, see also Viral (adj.), and WEE, see Western equine Yellow fever individual viruses encephalitis characteristics of, 117 absence of antibody to, 30 Weekly Epidemiological Record, 98 epidemiology of, 106 aerosolization of, 11 Western equine encephalitis, 96 host response in, 111 antibody, 17-18, 30 characteristics of, 113-114, 117 serosurvey for, 102 antigen shifts, 56 deaths from, 103 vaccination for, 97, 110 arthropod-borne, 13 epidemiology of, 105 virus of, 96-97 in blood, 14 host response in, 111 blood-brain barrier and, 15 transmission of, 107 Zoonoses, 47 causation, 29-32 vaccines for, 122 Zoster-immune globulin, 587, see cell-bound, 9 West Nile fever virus, 97, 101 also Herpes zoster; cell-mediated immunity, 18-19 Whitepox virus, 546, 563 Varicella-zoster virus