MFR PAPER 1256

Improved Bypass and Collection System for Protection of Juvenile and Steel head Trout at Lower Granite

GENE M. MATTHEWS, GEORGE A. SWAN, and JIM ROSS SMITH

ABSTRACT-A new and improved system for diverting, bypassing, and collect­ ing juvenile salmon, Oncorhynchus sp., and steelhead trout, Salmo Gairdneri, at Lower Granite Dam on the lower Snake is described. Major changes from previous systems of this type include a special screen slot for placement of the improved traveling screen, an open gallery bypass system for routing fish around the turbines, and a collection and holding area totally supplied by gravity-flow. The system is currently being evaluated by the National Marine Service under contract to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

INTRODUCTION safer and more effic ient handling and Figure I .-Map of area showing lhe local ions of o n lhe lower Co lumbia and Snake . movement of fish, at the Lower Granite The National Marine Fisheries Ser­ Dam facility . vice is conducting research on improv­ ing survival of juvenile Pacific salmon, FACILITIES AND downstream wall of the slot. genus Oncorhynchus, and steel he ad IMPROVEMENTS flows caused by a traveling screen in the trout , Sa/rna gairdneri , during their fish screen slot are discharged through Fish Screening Facilities downstream migration. A major por­ this screened opening and pass down­ tion of the research emphasizes the de­ The turbine intakes and gatewells of ward through three vertical shafts (ap­ velopment of safe divers ion, bypass, Lower Granite Dam are basically iden­ proximately 3 feet in diameter), refer­ and collection systems at dams on the tic al to those of Little Goose Dam with red to as the Wagner horn (Fig . 2), and Columbia and Snake Rivers in the one major exception. At Lower Granite back into the turbine intake. Pacific Northwest (Fig. I). Smith and Dam an additiona l slot, the special fish 5) The ceiling of the turbine intake on Fan (1975) described a by pass and col­ screen slot, was constructed upstream the upstream side of the fish screen slot lection system for Little Goose Dam on from each intake bulkhead slot­ is cut off horizontally, creating a larger the Snake River that utilized traveling s pecifica lly for the placement of a opening into the fish screen slot than screens in turbine intakes, submerged traveling screen (Fi g. 2) . The fish into the bu.lkhead slot when a traveling orifices in turbine intake gatewells, and screen slot differs from the bulkhead screen is installed. an enc losed fi sh-transport pipe between slot in the following fe atures: Standard traveling screens, such as the gateweJls and the holding facility . I) The fi sh s lot is closer to the en­ those used at Little Goose Dam and This system was evaluated from 1971 trance of the turbine intake where the described by Farr (1974) and by Smith through 1973, and the improvements cross-sectional area is larger and the and Farr (1975), are used at Lower were incorporated into the design of a approach velocity is less. Granite Dam without modification and similar facility at Lower Granite Dam 2) The angle of flow passing the fish operate satisfactorily in the bulkhead (recently constructed 30 miles up­ screen slot is more acute because the slot but not in the fish screen slot. When stream from Little Goose Dam). This intake ceiling is steeper at this point. tested in the fish screen slot, descaling report describes further improvements 3) The fish screen slot is isolated and injury of fingerlings increased and modifications , designed to provide from other gate slots and considerably while guiding efficiency decreased . narrower (from front to back). There­ The angle of the traveling screen in Gene M. Matthews, George A. fore, no vertical barrier screen is re­ relation to the water flow in the intake Swan, and Jim Ross Smith are with quired to confine fingerlings. was determined to be the main cause of the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries 4) A sma ll screened opening (10 feet Center, National Marine Fisheries the problem. The standard traveling Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake by 20 feet) is located approximatel y 15 screens operate at a fixed 45° angle Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112. feet below the water surface on the from vertical, whic h res ults in the

10 Marine Fisheries Review Foreboy

Traveling screen

Figure 3.-New. adjustable angle , traveling screen currently being testcd at Lower Granite Dam.

the need for pendant support cables in Figure 2 .-Cross sectional view of turbine intake at Lower Granite Dam indicating principal fe atures the gatewells while the traveling screen of the bypass system . Note that traveling screen is shown in the bulkhead slo t but it can be placed in th e is down and operating. fi sh screen slol. 3) The hydraulic power unit for driv­ ing the screen belt is watertight and located on the upper truss of the support screen being nearly perpendicular to the extension which can be adjusted in 5° structure, whereas the hydraulic power water flow when placed in the fish increments from 45° to 65°. Other fea­ units for the standard traveling screens screen slot. The angle of the screen tures include the following: are located on the intake deck and con­ needed to be increased from 45° to an J) It has two rotating woven nected to the traveling screen by about angle more closely approximating the monofilament mesh belts instead of 90 feet of high-pressure hose. angle to flow achieved in the bulkhead four rotating wire mesh belts. Gatewell Orifices and Bypass System slot. 2) The new traveling screen does not As a result of the deficiencies of the require a bottom support structure as Fingerlings diverted from the turbine standard traveling screen, an experi­ was used with some of the earlier stan­ intakes to either the bul khead slot or the mental traveling screen (Fig. 3) is being dard screens. It is lowered by gantry fish screen slot enter the bypass gallery developed by the U.S . Army Corps of crane to the operating level where it by passing through one of two 8-inch Engineers for use in either the fish hangs in the turbine intake with the top illuminated orifices, about 6 feet below screen slot or the bulkhead slot. The of the support structure wedged in the the water surface near the appropriate unit is undergoing extensive testing by narrowing lower area of the bulkhead or corners of the respective slots (Fig. 4). NMFS. The most prominent feature of fish screen slots. The picking beam is Orifices from the bulkhead slots empty the new screen is an adjustable angle of disconnected and retrieved, eliminating into the gallery opposite those from the

July 1977 /I fish screen slots. The opposing ori fices are slightly staggered to prevent the two streams of water from contacting one another. A slide gate is installed on the gallery side of each orifice to allow them to be opened or closed quickly. Ongoing research on orifice ef­ ficiency at Lower Granite Dam indi­ cates that the 8-inch orifices will pass migrating fingerlings more readily than the 6-inch orifices in use at Little Goose l Dam . Attraction Lights Once fingerlings pass through the orifices, they are carried in a flume-like channel or gallery (6 feet wide by 7 feet deep) to the south end of the power­ house. At this point, they pass over a stop-log weir into a water-filled /' chamber that descends to the tailrace level (about 66 feet vertical), where Orifice ~01~~~~ they are carried to the collection facility (3 distance of 400 yards) through 3 42- By- Pass inch diameter concrete pipe. The aver­ Gallery age water flow in the pipe is about 250 ,~ cubic feet per second at an approximate velocity of 25 feet per second. The two 8-inch orifices per gatewell and the open flume or gallery at Lower Granite Dam are vast improvements over the single 6-inch orifice per

Figure 4.-Cross seclion of hngerling bypass gallery, showing orifices Ihal pas; fingerlings from bulkhead and 'Richard F . Krcma, NMFS, Tri-Cilies Airport, Bldg. fi sh screen 51015 . 57, Pasco, WA 98301, pers. commun.

Figure 5 .-Cross seclion of upwell and fi sh grader unil at Lower Granile Dam.

WATER SPRAYING ASSEMBlY

UPWELL BY f'j\SS (72" SLUICE GATE J

INCLINED SCREEN

WATER ELIMINATOR (42"SLUICE GATE J

J2 Marine Fisheries Review gatewell and closed pipe system in use the grader bars, This modification pro­ Fish Marking and aI Lillie Goose, Lower Monumental, vides a finer degree of size grading, Laboratory Facilities and John Day Dams. Egress from Adult salmon and trout that fail to fall gatewells is facilitated because finger­ through the grader bars enter a chute at The fish marking and laboratory lings have to pass through only 9 inches the end of the grader and are dis­ complex is immediately downstream of straight pipe into a well-lit flume charged back to the river. from the fish holding raceways (Fig. instead of several feet of elbowed pipe 4) A chain-driven trash sweeping 6) , The complex consists of: I) a mark­ into a dark transport pipe. In addition, device installed directly above the ing and sorting facility- wooden much of the debris that continually grader bars prevents the accumulation building with a concrete floor (1,024 plugs the 6-inch orifices readily passes of water-borne debris. (This is in addi­ square feet) and 2) laboratory , office, through 8-inch orifices. Further, the tion to the standard traveling debris and related facilities-two mobile open flume permits ready access to any collector between the grader bars and homes (720 square feet each), con­ plugged orifice, whereas the closed sys­ hoppers.) The new device consists of a nected to each other and the marking tems require the use of scuba divers for bristle brush attached to an angle iron facility by an enclosed porch . debris removal. frame, suspended between two chains During the sorting and marking op­ operating on guide bars and idler eration, fish are transferred from the Upwell and Fish Grader sprockets. Operation of this trash raceways by mean s of a 6-inch diame­ As at Little Goose Dam, fish emerge sweep can be controlled either manu­ ter fiber glass pipe running under­ from the upwell at the terminus of the ally (using a staner switch) or automat­ ground to a I ,OOO-gallon holding tank transport pipe , are graded by size, and ically (by means of an electric timer in the marking facility. From there, pass into the fi sh holding raceways. that regulates the operating interval). fish are placed into a sorting trough The design and operation of the upweJl A limit switch ensures that the brush containing a temperature-controlled and fish grading systems at both dams as se mbly will stop at the same point recirculating anesthetic bath and are basically similar. Some modifica­ above the grader bars after each opera­ exam ined for previous marks and con­ tions of the facility at Lower Granite tion. dition . Previously marked and poor Dam were necessary to handle the S) A water spraying assembly, con­ quality fish not used for the transporta­ eightfold increase in water volume. sisting of evenly spaced yard-type tion experiments are sent through a Other modifications were incorporated sprinkler heads connected by pipe, is 3-inch diameter polyvinyl chloride to improve the overall system. Basic located above the grader bars. Thi s as­ (PVC) pipe, either directly to the features of the system are shown in sembly provides a constant film of transport truck or to an out side holding Figure S. The following are the major water on the grader bars, allowing tank to recover from the anesthetic be­ differences from the system at Little easier and faster movement of fish fore being returned to the river. Un­ Goose Dam: down them, marked fish to be used for the transpor­ I) A large inclined screen unit was tation experiments are sent through in stalled in front of the perforated plate Fish Holding Area one of four 3-inch diameter PVC pipes to offset the eightfold increase in water The size and configuration of the to a marking station for adipose fin volume. The sc reen unit construction, fish holding raceways and the method removal, freeze branding, and injec­ including a sweeping mechanism to of crowding are the same as previously tion of a magnetic into prevent plugging by debris and algae, described for Little Goose Dam, but the cartilage of the snout. The freeze was patterned after an earlier screen some basic improvements have been brand and wire tag identify each ex­ described in detail by Kupka (1966). incorporated . The raceways at Lower perimental group, whereas the adipose Manual or automatic regulation of Granite Dam are above the level of the fin clip simply indicates the presence water over the screen is provided by a fish marking facility and the truck load­ of a wire tag in the fish 's snout. After 42-inch sluice gate beneath the screen, ing area, thereby providing complete completion of the marking process, the The excess water is passed back to the movement of fish to these areas by fish are sent through an electronic de­ ri ver. gravity flow. Thi s design provides tector head that automatically rejects 2) A 72-inch sluice gate in the up­ easier movement of fish and eliminates any untagged fi sh, thereby ensuring well provides a means of returning the injuries which may occur with pump­ that only properly wire tagged fish are entire flow back to the river before it ing, The last 2 feet of the downstream used in the transportation experiments. passes over the incl ined screen and fish end of each raceway floor has been To inhibit fung al growth, properly grader. The entire flow is normally di­ lowered I foot to provide a basin near tagged fish enter a 20-foot section of verted directly to the river when fish the outlet pipe. This modification pro­ 3-inch diameter PVC pipe containing a are not migrating or not needed for vides easier removal of the last few fi sh recirculating, temperature-controlled collection. in each raceway by allowing complete solution of malachite green. At the end 3) The length of the fish grader has drainage of the raceways-thereby of thi s pipe, the fish pass over a screen been increased to 20 feet, and a fourth congregating the remaining fish closer device, that eliminates the malachite water-filled hopper was installed under to the outlet pipe. solution, and into a 6-inch diameter

Jull' 19 77 13 Figure 6.-0verall view of fi sh holding and marking facililY al Lower Granile Dam (shown from lefl 10 righl are: shop, laboralory and office buildings, marking facililY . fish holding facilil Y, and upwell and grader unils). fiberglass pipe containing fresh running counting and gravity flow loading fea­ LITERATURE CITED water that carries them to the truck. tures make this facility ideally suited Farr. w. E. 1974. Traveling screens fonurbine inlakes for mass-collection and transportation o f hydroeleclric dams. In L. D. Jensen (edilor), Pro­ of large numbers of downstream mi­ ceedings of Ihe second workshop on enlrai nmenl and SUMMARY inlake screening, p. 199-203. Eleclric Power Res. grating salmon ids . This system is part Insl .. Res. Proj . RP-49, Rep. 15. Palo Aho, Calif. Kupka , K. H. 1966. A downslream migranl diversion The improved fish diversion, of a continuing cooperative effort be­ screen. Can. Fish Cull. 37:27-34. bypass, and collection systems at tween NMFS and the U.S. Army Corps Smilh, J . R., and w. E. Farr. 1975 . Bypass and collec­ li on syslem for proleclion of juvenile salmon and Lower Granite Dam operated satisfac­ of Engineers to improve fish passage on IrOul al Lillie Goose Dam. Mar. Fish. Rev. torily in 1975-76. The automatic the Columbia and Snake Rivers. 37(2):31-35.

MFR Paper 1256. From Marine Fisheries Review, Vol. 39, NO . 7, July 1977. Copies of this paper, in limited numbers, are available from 0825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, DC 20235. Copies of Marine Fisheries Review are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402 for $1 .10 each.

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