140-150 Garratt Lane, Wandsworth, London Borough of Wandsworth

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

for St James Homes

by Jennifer Lowe

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd

Site Code GLW 03/59

November 2003 Summary

Site name: 140–150 Garratt Lane, Wandsworth, London Borough of Wandsworth

Grid reference: TQ 2590 7390

Site activity: Desk-based assessment

Project manager: Steve Ford

Site supervisor: Jennifer Lowe

Site code: GLW 03/59

Area of site: 0.12 ha

Summary of results: The site is of archaeological potential and lies within an archaeological priority area within the Borough

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford9 21.11.03 Steve Preston9 21.11.03

140-150 Garratt Lane, Wandsworth, London Borough of Wandsworth An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

by Jennifer Lowe

Report 03/59

Introduction

This desk-based study is an assessment of the archaeological potential of a roughly rectangular parcel of land located at 140-150 Garratt Lane, Wandsworth (Fig. 1) and comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area. The project was commissioned by Mr Tim Webb of St James Homes, Wellington

House, 209–217 High Street, Hampton Hill, Middlesex, TW12 1NP.

Site description, location and geology

The site currently consists of 0.12 ha plot, containing 2 modern brick built structures, which occupy the corners of Garratt Lane and Furmage Street and Esparto Street and Furmage Street. The building are divided by an alleyway which provides access to the rear of the properties. No basements were apparent. The River Wandle lies to the west of the site. The development area is centred on TQ 2590 7390. The site is located on river terraces (BGS 1981), and lies at a height of approximately 10m above Ordnance Datum.

Planning background and development proposals

Planning permission is being sought for the development of an apartment block, which will front on to Esparto

Street. The eastern side of the building, which fronts Garratt Lane will be used for commercial purposes, as well as housing. The proposal also includes provision for underground car parking (Fig. 11).

Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16 1990) provides guidance relating to archaeology within the planning process. It points out that where a desk-based assessment has shown that there is a strong possibility of significant archaeological deposits in a development area it is reasonable to provide more detailed information from a field evaluation so that an appropriate strategy to mitigate the effects of development on archaeology can be devised:

Paragraph 21 states:

‘Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer’s own research indicate that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to

request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried out...’

Should the presence of archaeological deposits be confirmed further guidance is provided. Archaeology and

Planning stresses preservation in situ of archaeological deposits as a first consideration as in paragraphs 8 and

18. Paragraph 8 states:

‘...Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation...’

Paragraph 18 states:

‘The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its setting is a material consideration in determining planning applications whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled...’

However, for archaeological deposits that are not of such significance it is appropriate for them to be ‘preserved by record’ (i.e., fully excavated and recorded by a competent archaeological contractor) prior to their destruction or damage.

Paragraph 25 states:

‘Where planning authorities decide that the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains is not justified in the circumstances of the development and that development resulting in the destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, it would be entirely reasonable for the planning authority to satisfy itself ... that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of remains.’

The Wandsorth Unitary Development Plan, 1994, reiterates this point.

Policy TBE31 states:

‘Where development is proposed on sites identified as having archaeological significance, the Council will require developers to make provision for archaeological investigations. In appropriate cases, preservation in situ or excavation and recording may also be required.’

By virtue of its location on the banks of the River Wandle, the site lies within an area of archaeological importance within the Borough Unitary Development Plan.

Methodology

The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute of Field Archaeologists paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Greater London Sites and Monuments

Record, geological maps and any relevant publications or reports.

Archaeological and documentary background

General background

The site lies on a river gravel terrace, which has yielded a high density of finds of various date. In particular prehistoric activity is well attested on the river gravels of the Thames Valley and the survey of the SMR indicates that Wandsworth is no exception to this. A plot of the major Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites and find spots has highlighted their concentration along tributaries of the Thames, with the river Wandle being a good example of this (MoLAS 2000, 55; Map 2).

In the subsequent periods the Wandle played an equally important role; it has been suggested that the

Wandle was probably navigable in Roman times and would therefore have been a major route in this period

(MoLAS 2000, 125).

Saxon occupation followed the same pattern with settlements and cemeteries being concentrated around the various Thames tributaries, again in particular the Wandle (MoLAS 2000, 178). It is also during this period that the settlement of Wandsworth appears to have developed and continued to expand into the medieval period.

Wandsworth is a Saxon place name meaning ‘the enclosure of a man called Waendel’ (Mills 1998). The settlement has undergone various name changes from Wendleswurthe in the 7th century, Wendlesurd,

Wandlesorde and Wandered in the 11th century, and finally Wandsworth in the 14th century. In AD 693 the area was part of a larger estate, which was granted to the nuns at Barking and then to Westminster Abbey in AD

1067, after which several estates were formed (VCH 1967, Gerhold 1998). Westminster Abbey had also established a church in Wandsworth, as well as at many other manors, by 1157 (Blair 1991). The area surrounding the site appears initially to have been part of the Dunsford manor, then later The Garratt which was established around the 16th century (VCH 1967).

Wandsworth is mentioned in Domesday Book as being held by the Abbot of Saint-Wandille through Ingulf the monk. It was assessed at 1 hide under King Edward; but at nothing under William. There were 3 villans and

2 bordars with 1 plough, and the manor was worth 20 shillings (Williams and Martin, 2002, 79). Another manor in the area is recorded as being held by William fitzAnsculf. There were 2 halls and it was assessed at 12 hides, with land for 4 ploughs, and 22 acres of meadow. The whole manor was worth 110 shillings before the

Conquest, but was worth £8 by the time of Domesday (Williams and Martin, 2002, 84). There is no obvious reason for this considerable increase in the value of the manor, which is not seen elsewhere.

The later expansion of Wandsworth is mostly due to its location on the main road from London to the south-west, which gained further importance when a stone bridge was constructed across the Wandle in 1569.

The location of the settlement on the Wandle encouraged the development of the area by promoting industries such as fisheries and mills. The fisheries were well established by the 15th and 16th centuries and by the late

18th century it is recorded that 500 people within Wansdsworth were employed in factories and mills (VCH

1967).

Greater London Sites and Monuments Record

A search was made of the Greater London Sites and Monuments Record for a 500m radius around the site in

July 2003. This revealed 24 entries, none of which were located on the site. The results of this search are summarized in Appendix 1, and the locations of the entries are plotted on Figure 1.

Prehistoric

Several flint implements have been retrieved from various locations around the site. A Palaeolithic chipping floor was recorded in 1885-6 and 1902 to the north east of the site, at St Anne’s Hill. This included axes, scrapers, flakes and borers of Acheulian and Mousterian type [1]. Similarly flint implements of Palaeolithic date have also been recorded at Earlsfield also to the north east of the site [2]. In this case flint flakes, handaxes and a scraper were all recovered as well as a Neolithic axe. A hand axe, also Palaeolithic in date, was recovered from

All Farthing Lane, which joins Garratt Lane further to the north [3]. St Anne’s Hill also yielded flint flakes/blades dating to the Mesolithic [4; 5]

Roman

Only two entries in the SMR relate to this period. A 2nd-century cremation urn was located on the site of All

Farthing School, on St Anne’s Lane [6]. Also some Roman material is recorded as coming from the River

Wandle, although it is not specified what this material is [7].

Medieval

Only one entry relates to this period and this is for Garratt Lane itself [8]. The route appears to have originated in the medieval period as the main thoroughfare heading south from Wandsworth. The name Garratt is derived from an estate known to have existed in 1538.

Post Medieval

A post-medieval gravel quarry is recorded to the south-west of the site [9], and immediately to the south is a

Grade II listed building formerly a Workhouse [10]. A 20th-century park is noted to the north-west of the site

[11]. A quarry was identified during fieldwork on Garratt Lane, south of the site, and during the same investigation post-medieval cultivation soil was also recorded [12]. Similarly during fieldwork also on Garratt

Lane, this time to the north of the site, a ploughsoil was encountered dating to the 16th century, which overlay natural alluvium [13], and finally a Grade II Listed Building is noted on St Anne’s Crescent [14].

Undated

A watching brief on Garratt Lane [15] recorded no features of archaeological interest, and an evaluation [16] on

Swaffield Road, which lies immediately to the south-east, recorded no evidence of human activity prior to the

19th century when part of the site was levelled, in addition some 19th/20th century garden features were encountered.

Scheduled Ancient Monuments

There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments within the study area.

Listed buildings

There are no Listed Buildings on the site.

Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields

There are no registered parks and gardens, or registered battlefield within the vicinity of the site.

Aerial Photography

The site has been developed within an urban setting since before the invention of aerial photography and there is no value in examining the relevant collections.

Cartographic sources

A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at the Public Records Office and the Metropolitan Archive, in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site’s later history and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see

Appendix 2).

The earliest map available of the area is Saxton’s map of Surrey, 1575 (Fig. 2). Wandsworth is noted on this map but there is very little detail for the settlement. The River Wandle is shown flowing north into the

Thames, however, there is no development marked on this map along the route of the river. Similarly, Norden’s

map of Surrey 1594, Van Den Keere’s map of Surrey, 1603, and Speed’s map of Surrey, 1611 show no further detail for the study area (not illustrated). According to Seller’s map of Surrey, 1690 (Fig. 3) Wandsworth appears to have developed significantly with buildings lining the road from London to Kingston. The River Wandle is still clearly marked, one small building is noted along its length, just south of Wandsworth, however, it is not clear if this lies within the boundaries of the site.

Senex’s map of Surrey 1729 (Fig. 4) shows the area in more detail. Wandsworth has developed considerably, with several mills marked in the town and along the route of the Wandle. An area called Half

Farthing is noted on this map which is most likely located in the area of All Farthing Lane which lies close to the proposal area. Garratt Green is also marked on this plan.

According to Rocque’s map of Surrey 1768 (Fig. 5) Garratt Lane now exists with the Wandle located to the west of it. The land between the river and Garratt Lane has remained, apart from an area of what appears to be formal gardens with buildings fronting onto the Wandle. Lindley and Crosley’s map 1793 (not illustrated), shows no further significant development. By 1822, according to the Ordnance Survey Old Series (Fig. 6), the route of an ‘iron railway’ is marked on this map along the length of Garratt Lane, depicted as a track rather than an actual railway. It represents the course of the Surrey Iron Railway which was built in 1801 by Act of

Parliament and was the first public railway. It linked Wandsworth Dock with Croydon and continued in use until

1848 (Bayliss 1985). The site at this time is located on what appears to be a formal garden, which also has associated buildings.

The First Edition Ordnance Survey from the 1870s (Fig. 7) shows the site in more detail. The Royal Paper

Mill is located to the north of the site and is, at this time, well established. Immediately south of the site is Upper

Wandle House, and to the north is Wandle House. The site appears to lie within the area of the formal gardens associated with Wandle House. According to the Second Edition Ordnance Survey map 1894/6 (Fig. 8) Wandle

House appears to have lost its formal gardens, and the area south of the house is just open, undeveloped land.

However by the 1916 Edition of Ordnance Survey (Fig 9) both Furmage Street and Esparto Street have developed. Garratt Lane and Furmage Street are both lined with terraced residential properties, with gardens to the rear. There have been no significant developments by the 1938 Provisional Edition Ordnance Survey. The

1968 Edition Ordnance Survey (Fig 10) shows the site much as it is today. The terraced houses along Garratt

Lane and Furmage Street have disappeared as has the original Wandle House, and residential properties now line

Esparto Street.

Discussion

In considering the archaeological potential of the study area, various factors must be taken into account, including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance, and future land-use including the proposed development.

The survey of the GLSMR, other archaeological and historical sources and the designation of the area as an archaeological priority area within the Borough Unitary Development Plan indicate that the site lies within an area of archaeological potential. The location of the site on the river gravels and its close proximity to the

Wandle would increase the possibility of encountering archaeological material. The Wandle has been the focus for activity from the early prehistoric periods, as attested to by the preponderance of Palaeolithic material retrieved from around the site, through to the post-medieval.

The cartographic evidence suggests that until the early 20th century the site remained fairly undeveloped being mostly in use as formal gardens for Wandle House. Unless the buildings identified on the 1916 Ordnance

Survey map or the current buildings on site have caused extensive truncation through cellaring for instance, there is a possibility of encountering archaeological deposits in this area. However, it is worth noting that fieldwork in the surrounding area of the site has failed to identify any archaeological material and extensive quarrying has been identified in various locations close to, and on, Garratt Lane.

In the light of the evidence presented it would seem most likely that further information will be required about the potential of the site through field observation, in order to draw up a scheme to mitigate the impact of development on any below-ground archaeological deposits if necessary. A scheme for this evaluation will need to be drawn up and approved by the archaeological advisers to the Borough and implemented by a competent archaeological contractor.

References

Bayliss, D, A, 1985, Retracing the first public railway, Living History Local Guide, 4 (2nd ed) BGS, 1981, British Geological Survey, Sheet 270, Drift and Solid Edition, Scale 1:50 000 Blair, J, 1991, Early Medieval Surrey, Stroud Gerhold, D, 1998, Wandsworth Past, Historical Publications Limited Mills, A, D, 1998, Dictionary of English Place-Names, 2n Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford MoLAS, 2000, The archaeology of Greater London; an assessment of archaeological evidence for human presence in the area now covered by Greater London Museum of London Archaeology Service Monogr PPG16, 1990, Dept of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance 16, Archaeology and Planning, HMSO VCH, 1967, Victoria County History of England, County of Surrey, 4, London Williams, A and Martin, G, H, 2002, Domesday Book: A complete Translation, London

APPENDIX 1: Sites and Monuments Records within a 500 m search radius of the development site

No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment 1 030872/00/00 2610 7410 Chipping floor Palaeolithic Chipping floor discovered in 1885-6 and in 1902 -LO10187 020707/00/00 2610 7410 Flint axe Palaeolithic -LO14482 2 031128/00/00 2600 7400 Flint flake Palaeolithic -LO10422 031129/00/00 2600 7400 Flint handaxe Palaeolithic -LO10425 031126/00/00 2600 7400 Flint axe and flake Palaeolithic -LO10991 031542/00/00 2600 7400 Flint scraper Prehistoric -LO12269 031253/00/00 2600 7400 Flint axe Neolithic -LO13083 3 030826/00/00 2620 7420 Flint axe Palaeolithic -LO11919 4 020726/00/00 2600 7420 Flint blade/flake Mesolithic -LO14492 5 031147/00/00 2610 7440 Flint blade/flake Mesolithic -LO23208 6 031297/00/00 2620 7430 Burial Urn Roman 2nd century urn containing burnt remains -LO13272 7 020805/00/00 2574 7409 Roman Material found in the Wandle -LO86658 8 025284/00/00 2590 7400 Road Medieval Garratt Lane -LO72179 9 031548/00/00 2570 7370 point Gravel pit Post medieval -LO13820 2750 7670 point 10 212169/00/00 2592 7379 Workhouse Post medieval Grade II Listed building -LO2411 11 212325/00/00 2560 7400 Park Post Medieval 20th century park -LO59433 12 021887/00/00 2580 7369 Quarry Post Medieval Quarry pit recorded during evaluation -LO63711 021888/00/00 2580 7369 Cultivation soil Post medieval Cultivation soil recorded during evaluation -LO63712 13a 022041/00/00 2522 7420 Cultivation soil Post medieval Recorded during evaluation -LO64959 13b 2578 7422 Cultivation soil Post medieval Recorded during evaluation 2580 7421 2581 7420 2581 7422 14 212320/00/00 2614 7434 House Post medieval Grade II Listed building -LO19411 15 021698/00/00 2570 7340 Negative evidence Undated Watching brief -LO61321 16 021662/00/00 2600 7380 Negative evidence Evaluation found no evidence of human activity -LO60780 Undated prior to 19th century. 17 020735/00/00 2617 7416 Site of excavation Undated Excavation carried out in 1968, no information -LO1347 about the site.

APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted

1575 Saxton’s map of Surrey (Fig. 2) 1594 Norden’s map of Surrey 1603 Van Den Keere’s map of Surrey 1611 Speed’s map of Surrey 1690 Seller’s map of Surrey (Fig. 3) 1729 Senex’ map of Surrey (Fig. 4) 1768 Rocque’s map of Surrey (Fig. 5) 1793 Lindley and Crosley’s map of Surrey 1822 Ordnance Survey Old Series (Fig. 6) 1870’s First Edition Ordnance Survey, Sheet LXXIV and LXXXIII, 25” (Fig. 7) 1894/6 Second Edition Ordnance Survey, Sheet CXIV and CXXIV, 25” (Fig. 8) 1916 Edition Ordnance Survey, Sheet VIII.16 and VIII.12, 25” (Fig. 9) 1938 Provisional Edition Ordnance Survey 1968 Ordnance Survey TQ25 73 NW (Fig. 10)