DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparative Analysis of Mass Conservative Mobilisation in Australia and New Zealand During the Great Depression

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparative Analysis of Mass Conservative Mobilisation in Australia and New Zealand During the Great Depression THE REACTIONARY AND THE RADICAL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MASS CONSERVATIVE MOBILISATION IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION by Matthew Cunningham A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Victoria University of Wellington 2015 ii Figure 1: New Zealand Legion cartoon lamenting the lack of unity between political parties. Source: National Opinion 1:4 (21 September 1933): 4. iii iv ABSTRACT The Great Depression witnessed an unparalleled explosion of mass conservative mobilisation across Australia and New Zealand. Large populist movements sprang into being virtually overnight and amassed a collective membership numbering in the hundreds of thousands. At the height of their influence they posed a direct challenge to the electoral base of mainstream conservative parties. They soon faded away from the political scene and, indeed, from the collective memory of Australian and New Zealand society. This thesis is concerned with four of these movements: the Citizens’ League of South Australia, the Australian Citizens’ League of Victoria, the All for Australia League of New South Wales, and the New Zealand Legion. The former three arose in Australia in 1931, whilst the latter appeared in New Zealand in 1933. These movements combined a populist and idealist rhetorical and organisational style with standard conservative social and economic ideas. They simultaneously sought new and radical alternatives to party politics and class conflict whilst expressing nostalgia for an illusory nineteenth century colonial society epitomised by classlessness, limited government, independent politicians, and the self-sufficient pioneer. This thesis suggests that, in order to truly understand these movements, this inherent contradiction between looking forwards and backwards for political inspiration must be embraced rather than ironed out in favour of narrative consistency. It argues that the citizens’ movements were a contradictory blend of the reactionary and the radical, and that their history, from their origins to their rapid demise, can be best interpreted through the lens of this thematic contradiction. v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Once upon a time, I thought writing the acknowledgements would be the easiest part of a thesis. Now, here I am, five years after starting my thesis – two full time, three part time – and I’m struggling to think of what to write. Not because I don’t have people to thank – on the contrary, there are so many people to whom I am so deeply indebted that I worry about not giving them all their proper due. At the same time, I don’t want my acknowledgements to become an exercise in empty flatteries and self-congratulatory gushing. This isn’t the Oscars, after all. But there ARE so many people to whom I am deeply indebted. And the first and foremost place must be reserved for Helen – my wife, my rock, my lifelong confidante. Helen, you supported me when I decided I wanted to abandon my cushy but unfulfilling life as a software engineer and retrain as a historian. For two and a half years you put up with me working and studying as I slogged my way through undergrad and honours, and I feel that, sadly, I let you come second best all too often in that swirling morass of assignments, lectures, seminars and tutorials. But now I am here, near the end of my journey, and I can say with all seriousness that it would not have happened without you. We’ve grown so much in that time too – we moved in together, we got married, and we had our first child Abigail (well, second if you include our fur-baby Sooty). As always, John Lennon was right – life does not wait on our plans. vii Thank you also to my parents and family. Mum, you made me who I am today. You always encouraged my curiosity, despite how hard it must have been to keep track of my constantly changing interests (space one day, dinosaurs the next). And Dad, you encouraged me to push further and achieve the best in everything that I do. Thanks also to those family members who offered (or were cajoled) into proof-reading drafts of my thesis – Mum, Poppa and Grandma Johnston, Uncle Barry, and anyone else unfortunate enough to have had a chapter or two land on their laps at some point in time. And to my friends, who have at various points discussed my thesis with me and provided valuable ideas and insights, thankyou. Particular thanks must go to Malcolm McKinnon, who is infinitely generous with both his time and his advice, and to Christopher Burke, whose notion that historical complexity cannot be reduced to a consistent narrative spurred me to come up with my core thesis argument. Thank you also to all of those in Australia who let me stay with you during my three month research trip in 2011 – Mum, Dad, Doug, Sonja, Rachael and Mary in particular. You made the time away from Helen bearable. Thank you to my supervisors as well, who always knew just the right balance between giving me free rein and checking in on me. Jim, Giacomo, Kate – you have each guided me at various points throughout my thesis and have challenged me to think about things in new ways. To Jim in particular, my primary supervisor, I am eternally amazed and grateful for your encyclopedic knowledge of New Zealand and Australian history and your extensive familiarity with the historiography. Any time I had a question about secondary literature, you could instantly point me to the foremost experts. Thank you also to Victoria University of Wellington and the History programme itself, which provided me with the resources to viii complete this thesis. If it hadn’t been for the PhD scholarship, I never would have been able to undertake this journey. I am indebted to the archivists at the various libraries that I visited in Australia and New Zealand. You made my research trips that much more productive. I am also indebted to the descendants of prominent figures in this thesis who gave me permission – and often invited me into their homes – to view the papers left behind by their tupuna. To Fiona and Joan Begg, Pamela Durrant, Jim Barclay, Bruce Meachen, Jen and Johnny Ormond, Paul Harper, Susan Lucina, Sandy Bathgate, Helen and Angus De Salis, David Treloar, Rosemary Farrow, Mark Alford, Marion Smith, Max Ellis, and Helen Sutch – thankyou for placing your trust in me. I hope that this end product lives up to your expectations. And finally, thank you to Sooty (our cat) for constantly reminding me that, if I can’t eat it, play with it, or sleep on it, it’s probably not that important. ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xiii List of Tables and Graphs ........................................................................................................ xv Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... xvii Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One Constructing the Citizen: The Evolution of Conservatism and ‘Non-Party’ Organisation in Australia and New Zealand, 1880-1929 .................................................................................. 29 Chapter Two From Reactionary to Radical: The Great Depression and the Origins of the Citizens’ Movements ............................................................................................................................... 72 Chapter Three A Call to Arms: The Populist Culture of Mass Conservative Mobilisation .......................... 114 Chapter Four Mobilising the Masses: The Ideology of the Citizens’ Movements ...................................... 168 Chapter Five Flirting with Party Politics: The Australian Citizens’ Movements and the United Australia Party ....................................................................................................................................... 207 Chapter Six ‘New Deals’ and ‘Funny Money’: The New Zealand Legion and Monetary Reform ........... 246 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 267 Appendix A: Geographical Data ............................................................................................ 276 Appendix B: Membership Data ............................................................................................. 279 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 281 xi xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: New Zealand Legion cartoon lamenting the lack of unity between political parties iii Figure 2: The conjoining of ‘Bolshevist savagery’ with ‘German kultur’ .............................. 58 Figure 3: A ‘starvation debenture’ lampooning Jack Lang’s ‘repudiationist’ policies ........... 78 Figure 4: Anti-Lang cartoon .................................................................................................... 91 Figure 5: The Citizens’ League of South Australia’s ‘membership thermometer’ ..............
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reactionary Postmodernism? Neoliberalism, Multiculturalism, the Internet, and the Ideology of the New Far Right in Germany
    University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM UVM Honors College Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses 2018 Reactionary Postmodernism? Neoliberalism, Multiculturalism, the Internet, and the Ideology of the New Far Right in Germany William Peter Fitz University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses Recommended Citation Fitz, William Peter, "Reactionary Postmodernism? Neoliberalism, Multiculturalism, the Internet, and the Ideology of the New Far Right in Germany" (2018). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 275. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/275 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in UVM Honors College Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REACTIONARY POSTMODERNISM? NEOLIBERALISM, MULTICULTURALISM, THE INTERNET, AND THE IDEOLOGY OF THE NEW FAR RIGHT IN GERMANY A Thesis Presented by William Peter Fitz to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In European Studies with Honors December 2018 Defense Date: December 4th, 2018 Thesis Committee: Alan E. Steinweis, Ph.D., Advisor Susanna Schrafstetter, Ph.D., Chairperson Adriana Borra, M.A. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One: Neoliberalism and Xenophobia 17 Chapter Two: Multiculturalism and Cultural Identity 52 Chapter Three: The Philosophy of the New Right 84 Chapter Four: The Internet and Meme Warfare 116 Conclusion 149 Bibliography 166 1 “Perhaps one will view the rise of the Alternative for Germany in the foreseeable future as inevitable, as a portent for major changes, one that is as necessary as it was predictable.
    [Show full text]
  • I Should Say, at the Outset of This Function on the Senate Side Of
    I should say, at the outset of this function on the Senate side of Parliament House, that my subject today—former Tasmanian premier and Australian prime minister Joseph Lyons—was not all that enamoured with upper houses for much of his political career. As a Labor premier of Tasmania, he stood up to the Tasmanian Legislative Council in the 1920s over its financial powers. On a couple of occasions he even managed to by- pass the Council entirely. (How many prime ministers would like to be able to do that these days?) As well, during Lyons’ first two years as a federal minister in the Scullin Government, he faced strong opposition from the Nationalist Party dominated Senate. But then Joseph Lyons moved to stand with the conservatives in 1931. Thereafter, upper houses became more to his liking. Of course—that’s a long time ago and upper houses today cannot be relied upon so easily to reflect the conservative side of politics. As we know well … I am here to discuss one of Australia’s longest serving and most popular prime ministers. And, yet, it has taken some seventy years to get to a point of acknowledging this in the national record. As I discovered on researching his biography, Lyons has been shoved off to some remote region of forgetfulness— thought of as a prime minister who achieved little and was merely used by stronger forces to win elections. This legacy has stalked the memory of J. A. Lyons—as he was wont to sign on documents. Yet, nothing could be further from the truth.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolationism & Appeasement in Australia E. M. Andrews
    > Isolationism & Appeasement ü w* in Australia C /3 Reactions to the European Grises, 1935-1939 ‘They tell me things are not too good in Europe, Dave.’ ‘What’s wrong? Drought?’ ‘Unk’ White, Bulletin, 26 July 1939 E. M. Andrews Australian foreign policy in the late 1930s has till now been a neglected topic in historical writing. In this book the author examines Australian reactions to the aggressions which led to World War II — Abyssinia, Spain, Austria, Czecho­ slovakia, and Poland. He describes the early support in Britain and Australia for the League of Nations, and goes on to discuss the causes of the change to a policy of appeasement, culminating in the Munich crisis of 1938, and Australian reactions to that crisis. Additionally, he compares Australian foreign policy at that time and in the sixties, when Australia again supports a powerful ally, this time in Vietnam. To those who lived through the crises of the thirties and now wish to see those years in perspective, as well as to readers of a younger generation, who seek the causes for the development of present-day attitudes to Australian foreign policy, this book will make absorbing reading. For teachers and students of the history of the period it will provide a welcome insight into the reactions of Australian politicians and people to the European crises and to Britain’s part in them. Price in Australia $6.95 This book was published by ANU Press between 1965–1991. This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Hyperlinks and Networked Communication: a Comparative
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by The Australian National University 1 Hyperlinks and Networked Communication: A Comparative Study of Political Parties Online This is a pre-print for: R. Ackland and R. Gibson (2013), “Hyperlinks and Networked Communication: A Comparative Study of Political Parties Online,” International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(3), special issue on Computational Social Science: Research Strategies, Design & Methods, 231-244. Dr. Robert Ackland, Research Fellow at the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia *Professor Rachel Gibson, Professor of Politics, Institute for Social Change, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. *Corresponding author: Professor Rachel Gibson Institute for Social Change University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK Ph: + 44 (0)161 306 6933 Fax: +44 (0) 161 275 0793 [email protected] Word count: 6,062(excl title page and key words) 2 Abstract This paper analyses hyperlink data from over 100 political parties in six countries to show how political actors are using links to engage in a new form of ‘networked communication’ to promote themselves to an online audience. We specify three types of networked communication - identity reinforcement, force multiplication and opponent dismissal - and hypothesise variance in their performance based on key party variables of size and ideological outlook. We test our hypotheses using an original comparative hyperlink dataset. The findings support expectations that hyperlinks are being used for networked communication by parties, with identity reinforcement and force multiplication being more common than opponent dismissal. The results are important in demonstrating the wider communicative significance of hyperlinks, in addition to their structural properties as linkage devices for websites.
    [Show full text]
  • Czech Elections: How a Billionaire Populist Upstaged Established Parties Written by Sean Hanley
    Czech Elections: How a Billionaire Populist Upstaged Established Parties Written by Sean Hanley This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Czech Elections: How a Billionaire Populist Upstaged Established Parties https://www.e-ir.info/2013/11/09/czech-elections-how-a-billionaire-populist-upstaged-established-parties/ SEAN HANLEY, NOV 9 2013 Voters in the Czech Republic went to the polls in early legislative elections on 25-26 October. The elections followed the collapse in June, amid personal and political scandal, of the minority centre-right government of Petr Nečas and the subsequent failure of a technocrat administration imposed by President Miloš Zeman to win a parliamentary vote of confidence. As in the previous May 2010 elections, the result saw losses for established parties and breakthroughs by new anti- establishment groupings campaigning on platforms of fighting corruption, renewing politics and making government work better. However, the 2013 results represent a decisive breach in the Czech Republic’s previously stable pattern of party politics party whose four main pillars – pro-market conservatives, Social Democrats, Christian Democrats and Communists – made it arguably Central and Eastern Europe’s best approximation to a West European style party system. The new political landscape that has emerged is both fluid and highly fragmented, with no fewer than seven parties now represented in the Chamber of Deputies. Seats held by parties following Czech parliamentary elections of 25-26 October.
    [Show full text]
  • A Diachronic Study of Unparliamentary Language in the New Zealand Parliament, 1890-1950
    WITHDRAW AND APOLOGISE: A DIACHRONIC STUDY OF UNPARLIAMENTARY LANGUAGE IN THE NEW ZEALAND PARLIAMENT, 1890-1950 BY RUTH GRAHAM A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics Victoria University of Wellington 2016 ii “Parliament, after all, is not a Sunday school; it is a talking-shop; a place of debate”. (Barnard, 1943) iii Abstract This study presents a diachronic analysis of the language ruled to be unparliamentary in the New Zealand Parliament from 1890 to 1950. While unparliamentary language is sometimes referred to as ‘parliamentary insults’ (Ilie, 2001), this study has a wider definition: the language used in a legislative chamber is unparliamentary when it is ruled or signalled by the Speaker as out of order or likely to cause disorder. The user is required to articulate a statement of withdrawal and apology or risk further censure. The analysis uses the Communities of Practice theoretical framework, developed by Wenger (1998) and enhanced with linguistic impoliteness, as defined by Mills (2005) in order to contextualise the use of unparliamentary language within a highly regulated institutional setting. The study identifies and categorises the lexis of unparliamentary language, including a focus on examples that use New Zealand English or te reo Māori. Approximately 2600 examples of unparliamentary language, along with bibliographic, lexical, descriptive and contextual information, were entered into a custom designed relational database. The examples were categorised into three: ‘core concepts’, ‘personal reflections’ and the ‘political environment’, with a number of sub-categories. This revealed a previously unknown category of ‘situation dependent’ unparliamentary language and a creative use of ‘animal reflections’.
    [Show full text]
  • Z675928x Margaret Hodge Mp 06/10/2011 Z9080283 Lorely
    Z675928X MARGARET HODGE MP 06/10/2011 Z9080283 LORELY BURT MP 08/10/2011 Z5702798 PAUL FARRELLY MP 09/10/2011 Z5651644 NORMAN LAMB 09/10/2011 Z236177X ROBERT HALFON MP 11/10/2011 Z2326282 MARCUS JONES MP 11/10/2011 Z2409343 CHARLOTTE LESLIE 12/10/2011 Z2415104 CATHERINE MCKINNELL 14/10/2011 Z2416602 STEPHEN MOSLEY 18/10/2011 Z5957328 JOAN RUDDOCK MP 18/10/2011 Z2375838 ROBIN WALKER MP 19/10/2011 Z1907445 ANNE MCINTOSH MP 20/10/2011 Z2408027 IAN LAVERY MP 21/10/2011 Z1951398 ROGER WILLIAMS 21/10/2011 Z7209413 ALISTAIR CARMICHAEL 24/10/2011 Z2423448 NIGEL MILLS MP 24/10/2011 Z2423360 BEN GUMMER MP 25/10/2011 Z2423633 MIKE WEATHERLEY MP 25/10/2011 Z5092044 GERAINT DAVIES MP 26/10/2011 Z2425526 KARL TURNER MP 27/10/2011 Z242877X DAVID MORRIS MP 28/10/2011 Z2414680 JAMES MORRIS MP 28/10/2011 Z2428399 PHILLIP LEE MP 31/10/2011 Z2429528 IAN MEARNS MP 31/10/2011 Z2329673 DR EILIDH WHITEFORD MP 31/10/2011 Z9252691 MADELEINE MOON MP 01/11/2011 Z2431014 GAVIN WILLIAMSON MP 01/11/2011 Z2414601 DAVID MOWAT MP 02/11/2011 Z2384782 CHRISTOPHER LESLIE MP 04/11/2011 Z7322798 ANDREW SLAUGHTER 05/11/2011 Z9265248 IAN AUSTIN MP 08/11/2011 Z2424608 AMBER RUDD MP 09/11/2011 Z241465X SIMON KIRBY MP 10/11/2011 Z2422243 PAUL MAYNARD MP 10/11/2011 Z2261940 TESSA MUNT MP 10/11/2011 Z5928278 VERNON RODNEY COAKER MP 11/11/2011 Z5402015 STEPHEN TIMMS MP 11/11/2011 Z1889879 BRIAN BINLEY MP 12/11/2011 Z5564713 ANDY BURNHAM MP 12/11/2011 Z4665783 EDWARD GARNIER QC MP 12/11/2011 Z907501X DANIEL KAWCZYNSKI MP 12/11/2011 Z728149X JOHN ROBERTSON MP 12/11/2011 Z5611939 CHRIS
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Woi H~B, 11= G( the AUTHOR
    WOi h~b, 11= G( THE AUTHOR My name is Dion Tuuta. I am ofNgati Mutunga and Ngati Tama ki Taranaki descent. I completed a B.A. in Social Sciences at Massey University in 1992. In 1995 I completed a Post­ Graduate Diploma in Humanities, and in 1996 completed an M.A. in History at Massey University. As part of my Masters degree I wrote a thesis which examined the impact of the Commission on Native Land and Native Land Tenure, 1907-1909, on subsequent Maori land legislation. In 1994 and 1996 I worked as a research assistant for the Crown Forestry Rental Trust, and I became a member of the Waitangi Tribunal research staff in April 1997. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter One: Determination of Title 6 Chapter Two: The Alienation of Section 15, Block IX, Morgantown 22 Chapter Three: The Alienation of Section 17, Block IX, Lipseytown 36 Chapter Four: Ema Lipsey's Will 65 Chapter Five: Te Aroha Railway Station 85 Chapter Six: Te Aroha Bridge Domain and Herries Memorial Park 100 Chapter Seven: The Freehold of Te Aroha 106 Conclusion 116 Bibliography 122 Appendix One 128 Maps and Tables Figure 1: Map Showing Location ofTe Aroha 3 Figure 2: Map Showing Te Aroha Gold Field 17 Figure 3: Map Showing Hot Spring and Later Extension 25 Figure 4: Map Showing Section 17 Block IX. 37 Figure 5: Map Showing Te Aroha School and Church Sites 40 Figure 6: Map Showing Plan of Church Street Site 42 Figure 6: Table Showing Land Alienation by 1905 72 Figure 7: Map of Land Sold to Straighten Boundary Lines 73 Figure 8: Map Showing Partition of Section 17 Over Time 83 Figure
    [Show full text]
  • THE 422 Mps WHO BACKED the MOTION Conservative 1. Bim
    THE 422 MPs WHO BACKED THE MOTION Conservative 1. Bim Afolami 2. Peter Aldous 3. Edward Argar 4. Victoria Atkins 5. Harriett Baldwin 6. Steve Barclay 7. Henry Bellingham 8. Guto Bebb 9. Richard Benyon 10. Paul Beresford 11. Peter Bottomley 12. Andrew Bowie 13. Karen Bradley 14. Steve Brine 15. James Brokenshire 16. Robert Buckland 17. Alex Burghart 18. Alistair Burt 19. Alun Cairns 20. James Cartlidge 21. Alex Chalk 22. Jo Churchill 23. Greg Clark 24. Colin Clark 25. Ken Clarke 26. James Cleverly 27. Thérèse Coffey 28. Alberto Costa 29. Glyn Davies 30. Jonathan Djanogly 31. Leo Docherty 32. Oliver Dowden 33. David Duguid 34. Alan Duncan 35. Philip Dunne 36. Michael Ellis 37. Tobias Ellwood 38. Mark Field 39. Vicky Ford 40. Kevin Foster 41. Lucy Frazer 42. George Freeman 43. Mike Freer 44. Mark Garnier 45. David Gauke 46. Nick Gibb 47. John Glen 48. Robert Goodwill 49. Michael Gove 50. Luke Graham 51. Richard Graham 52. Bill Grant 53. Helen Grant 54. Damian Green 55. Justine Greening 56. Dominic Grieve 57. Sam Gyimah 58. Kirstene Hair 59. Luke Hall 60. Philip Hammond 61. Stephen Hammond 62. Matt Hancock 63. Richard Harrington 64. Simon Hart 65. Oliver Heald 66. Peter Heaton-Jones 67. Damian Hinds 68. Simon Hoare 69. George Hollingbery 70. Kevin Hollinrake 71. Nigel Huddleston 72. Jeremy Hunt 73. Nick Hurd 74. Alister Jack (Teller) 75. Margot James 76. Sajid Javid 77. Robert Jenrick 78. Jo Johnson 79. Andrew Jones 80. Gillian Keegan 81. Seema Kennedy 82. Stephen Kerr 83. Mark Lancaster 84.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Review
    LANDSCAPE REVIEW THEME Gardens as Laboratories CONTRIBUTORS Paul Fox, Architects and Garden Suburbs: The Politics of Melbourne’s Interwar Suburban Landscapes Fiona Harrisson, Garden as 1:1: Between Paper Thinking and Earth Moving in Landscape Architectural Learning Kris Scheerlinck and Yves Schoonjans, Garden Streetscapes: Front Yards as Territorial Configurations Julian Raxworthy, The Sitio Roberto Burle Marx: A Case Study in the Garden as Scientific Laboratory or Vegetal Studio for a Moving Work of Art? Adrian Marshall, Deb Reynolds’ Garden: Restoring the Unknown Fiona Harrisson, Garden as Education: Learning the ‘Old Ways’ of Traditional Mediterranean Food Practices Georgia Jacobs, Putting Down Roots Lucinda McLean, Garden as Habitat: Knitting Habitat through Public and Private Land Robin Tregenza, Gardening for Food and Community VOLUME 16(2) A SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE JOURNAL OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE REVIEW CONTENTS A Southern Hemisphere Journal of Landscape Architecture GUEST EDITORIAL EDITOR — Jacky Bowring Gardens as Laboratories School of Landscape Architecture, Fiona Harrisson 1–2 Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, FOREWORD PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, Jacky Bowring 3 Canterbury, Aotearoa New Zealand Telephone: +64–3–423–0466 REFLECTION Email: [email protected] Architects and Garden Suburbs: The Politics of Melbourne’s Interwar Suburban Landscapes CONTRIBUTIONS — The editor welcomes contributions Paul Fox 4–25 and will forward a style guide on request. Garden as 1:1: Between Paper Thinking and Earth Moving Landscape Review aims to provide a forum for in Landscape Architectural Learning scholarly writing and critique on topics, projects and Fiona Harrisson 26–42 research relevant to landscape studies and landscape Garden Streetscapes: Front Yards as Territorial architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One: Postwar Resentment and the Invention of Middle America 10
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Jeffrey Christopher Bickerstaff Doctor of Philosophy ________________________________________ Timothy Melley, Director ________________________________________ C. Barry Chabot, Reader ________________________________________ Whitney Womack Smith, Reader ________________________________________ Marguerite S. Shaffer, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT TALES FROM THE SILENT MAJORITY: CONSERVATIVE POPULISM AND THE INVENTION OF MIDDLE AMERICA by Jeffrey Christopher Bickerstaff In this dissertation I show how the conservative movement lured the white working class out of the Democratic New Deal Coalition and into the Republican Majority. I argue that this political transformation was accomplished in part by what I call the "invention" of Middle America. Using such cultural representations as mainstream print media, literature, and film, conservatives successfully exploited what came to be known as the Social Issue and constructed "Liberalism" as effeminate, impractical, and elitist. Chapter One charts the rise of conservative populism and Middle America against the backdrop of 1960s social upheaval. I stress the importance of backlash and resentment to Richard Nixon's ascendancy to the Presidency, describe strategies employed by the conservative movement to win majority status for the GOP, and explore the conflict between this goal and the will to ideological purity. In Chapter Two I read Rabbit Redux as John Updike's attempt to model the racial education of a conservative Middle American, Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom, in "teach-in" scenes that reflect the conflict between the social conservative and Eastern Liberal within the author's psyche. I conclude that this conflict undermines the project and, despite laudable intentions, Updike perpetuates caricatures of the Left and hastens Middle America's rejection of Liberalism.
    [Show full text]