Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 ANALYSIS OF INTER- DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITY IN D.I PROVINCE

Seno Budhi Ajar1

Geography Education Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta1 E-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Economic development essentially aims to improve society so that economic growth can be increased and evenly distributed. The problem is that the different growth rates between regions cause a hierarchy and scale of interaction between different regions. This study wants to show the extent to which development inequality follows the existence of a Decentralization system. To explain the spread of economic inequality, the research method used the analysis of the Wililiamson index, Location Quotion Analisis, the analysis of typology klassen. The results of the study, there are economic inequalities between regencies in the Special Province of Yogyakarta.

Keyword : Economic Growth, Economic Development, Development Inequality

A. INTRODUCTION Each local government is very Province of D.I Yogyakarta has the dominant in determining policies in their privilege that there is a kingdom that regions so that between local regulates policies in the area, besides that governments have different policies. this the Sultan who also serves as Governor has led to regional inequality between makes government affairs indirectly regions. The rate of economic growth regulated by the Sultan. It means among districts in D.I Yogyakarta shows everything was arranged by the Sultan as a variety of levels and will have an Governor, but through Undang-undang impact on regional inequality No. 22 Tahun 1999, regional This study seeks to analyze development is carried out through development inequality between districts strengthening regional decentralization in the Special Province of Yogyakarta and managing resources that lead to the during the period 2006-2008. This realization of good governance. Regional research was carried out in districts in the decentralization gives local governments Special Province of Yogyakarta which the authority to organize and manage consisted of 4 districts namely Kab. their own government affairs and the Sleman, Kab. Bantul, Kulon Progo interests of the local community. Regency, and Kab. Gunung Kidul

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Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 B. METHODS P = Number of inhabitants of the This research uses quantitative geomeric region descriptive analysis techniques. The data Pj = Total population of districts used is secondary data. the process of in the geomer region collecting research data by means of 2. To explain the spatial pattern of literature studies and documentation distribution of development techniques obtained from data originating inequality, it is assisted by a from government agencies such as BPS, combination of several analyzes, Bapedda, and other relevant agencies. namely: There are four types of data used, (1) data a. LQ Analysis in Sukirno (1985) on population of the Province of D.I This analysis is able to provide a Yogyakarta in 2007-2009, (2) Yogyakarta comparison between the D.I GRDP in 2007-2009, (3) data on capabilities of a sector in the area landuse and infrastructure use in the being studied with the capabilities Province of D.I Yogyakarta in 2009. In of the same sector in the wider this study using several methods of region analysis, namely is : 1. To see the inequality of growth in regional development in the Province Information : of D.I Yogyakarta Yij = GRDP of sector i in district a. Wilamson index analysis in area j Tarigan (2005) Yj = GRDP in the district area j index formula from Jeffery G. Yi = GRDP Province of the sector Williamson : i VW = √ Σ ( Yi – Yr ) 2 . Pj/P Y = Provincial GRDP Yr b. Typology klassen analysis in Information : Rustiadi. (2011). VW = Williamson Inequality This analysis divides four regional Index classifications, each of which has Yj = regency per capita GRDP different characteristics, namely: Yr = GRDP per capita of the i. Quadrant I is an advanced and geomer region fast-growing area (hight growth and high income)

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Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 which is an area that has a that has a higher rate of higher economic growth rate economic growth but lower and per capita income per capita income compared compared to the average. to the average ii. Quadrant II, namely advanced iv. Quadrant IV, which is a and depressed areas (low relatively underdeveloped growth but high income) is an area (low growth and low area that has a lower income) is an area that has an economic growth rate but economic growth rate and higher per capita income lower per capita income compared to the average compared to the average. iii. Quadrant III is a fast developing area (hight growth but low income) is an area Table 1. typology klassen

Information: 3. Analysis of the rate of economic ri = regency / city ADHK growth, GRDP growth rate This analysis aims to determine the yi = Per capita income per rate of economic growth of districts in district / city Province D.I. Yogyakarta in 2007- r = growth rate of ADHK 2009, used the formula: GRDP in Province of D.I economic growth (BPS, 2007) Yogyakarta PDRBt – PDRB(t-1) x 100 % PDRB(t-1) y = Per capita income of the GRDP t = Gross Regional Domestic Province of D.I Yogyakarta Product in year t GRDP (t-1) = Gross Regional Domestic Product in year t-1 C. RESULT 25

Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 a. Inequality Analysis coefficient of inequality is caused by In the analysis of inequality use the pattern of economic development the williamson index. inequality that is more sectoral, in which the between regions there are two main industrial and processing sectors, constituent components, namely electricity, gas and clean water, GRDP per Capita and population. building and construction, trade, GDP per capita is an illustration of communication and transportation, the gross added value created by each finance and services are prioritized to population through production spur high economic growth. The activities. If the regional GDP per average Williamson Index value in the capita increases, hypothetically the Province of D.I Yogyakarta since 2006- growth of the region will also 2008 is 0.77. This shows that economic increase. inequality in this region includes quite Tabel 2. Indeks Wiliamson high inequality where the value is Tahun Indeks Wiliamson above 0.7. Per capita GRDP in the 2006 0.79 Province of D.I Yogyakarta is less 2007 0.78 evenly distributed. Inequality that 2008 0.75 occurred during 2006-2008 experienced The value of inequality according a decline, although it was not to the Williamson Index is located significant that for three years there had between 0 and 1 where the closer to been an increase in governance. zero indicates the imbalance is very light and the closer it is to one, the imbalance is very heavy. The high

b. Pattern of Spatial Development Regional superior sectors, basically can Inequality Spread make a large contribution to the region, i. Economic Structure of D.I not only for the region itself but also to Yogyakarta meet the needs of other regions. By D.I Yogyakarta Can be seen from looking at GRDP data, a number of the magnitude of the role of each sector regional leading sectors can be in the formation of GRDP. The GRDP identified. To identify the comparative used is GRDP at constant prices. advantage of economic activities in 26

Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 each District of Province D.I most superior sectors being the mining Yogyakarta, Location Quotient (LQ) and quarrying sector. analysis was used by comparing it to has three dominant sectors, that ara the Province of D.I Yogyakarta. Processing Industry sector, Financial, Based on LQ analysis on the Corporate Rental & Services sector table, the leading sectors in each and building sector. district in DI Yogyakarta, Bantul The Agriculture, Livestock, Regency and Kulonprogo Regency Forestry and Fisheries Sector is the have similarities, namely three sectors highest in , that have the same advantages (1) Mining and quarrying sector, Mining and quarrying sector, (2) management industry sector, and Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and building are dominated by Bantul Fisheries , and (3) the Processing district. while the Electricity, Gas and Industry sector. Water, Industry, and The most excellent sectors in the Restaurants, as well as Finance, two districts are also the same, that is Leasing & Company Services the Mining and quarrying sector. industries are the highest in Sleman Gunungkidul Regency also has a Regency. Finally, the highest service leading sector in the form of sectors sector is in , (1) Mining and quarrying, (2) which is slightly different from Sleman Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Regency. Fisheries, and (3) Buildings With the Table 3: Location Quotient (LQ) Index of Districts in Yogyakarta D.I 2006-2008 LQ No Lapangan Usaha Kulon Gunung Bantul Sleman Progo Kidul Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, 1 Forestry and Fisheries 1.27 1.38 2.07 0.83 2 Mining and excavation 4.91 1.42 2.67 0.61 3 Processing industry 1.22 1.08 0.79 1.04 4 Electricity, Gas and Clean Water 0.92 0.64 0.57 0.97 5 Building 1.23 0.49 0.83 1.17 6 Trade, Hotels and Restaurants 0.91 0.78 0.69 0.99 Transportation and 7 Communication 0.65 0.97 0.68 0.54 8 Finance, Rentals & Services Prsh 0.62 0.63 0.48 1.08 9 Services 0.76 0.99 0.78 0.97 27

Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044

c. District economic growth in D.I which occurred in almost every Yogyakarta city and district in the D.I The economic growth rate of Yogyakarta. The economic growth the Province of D.I Yogyakarta of is far greater from 2006 to 2008 was quite good than other districts in the Province even though its GDP growth was of D.I Yogyakarta, with increases small but continued to increase reaching more than 12% so that during 2007 to 2008 The growth growth in 2008 reached 17.06% rate of its population was more from only 4.52% in 2007. the than 4%, only Gunung Kidul increase in the rate of economic District was almost 4%. growth in Bantul Regency was In 2008 the economic growth caused by the increase in growth in of each district experienced an the industrial sector of overtaking increase of around 1% - 2%, all of reaching more than 18% Table 4. Economic growth rates of the Province of D.I Yogyakarta. LAJU PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI (%) NO TAHUN Bantul Kulon Progo Gunung Kidul Sleman D.I Yogyakarta 1 2006-2007 4.52 4.12 3.91 4.61 4.31 2 2007-2008 17.06 6.06 4.86 6.91 5.13 TOTAL 21.58 10.18 8.77 11.52 9.43 RATA-RATA 10.79 5.09 4.38 5.76 4.72

d. Regional development based on economic growth in districts in D.I Yogyakarta Based on the results of the economic development centered in Klassen Typology analysis with the Yogyakarta is more developed regional approach, the results show towards Sleman Regency. It aims to that the districts / cities in quadrant I support the movement from the are Sleman Regency. Districts airport to the city center, besides that included in this quadrant I category Sleman Regency is located between are generally developed regions both the cities of Yogyakarta and the city in terms of development and speed of of Solo which has a very high level of growth. Sleman Regency is a interaction so that it can facilitate developed area because there is an connections between Yogyakarta and Adisucipto airport so that the Solo cities. Other districts, Gunung 28

Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 Kidul Regency, Kulon Progo, and capita income is still below the Bantul are in quadrant III. Districts in average per capita income of this category are districts that have the D.I.Yogyakarta Province. potential for rapid growth but per

Figure 1. Growth Map of the Region of D.I Yogyakarta according to Klassen's typology

e. Road Density in districts in D.I D.I Yogyakarta. In both districts it is Yogyakarta almost the same as the satellite city Based on the Road density map where several centers of economic in the regencies and cities in D.I activities such as airports located in Yogyakarta, it is divided into 3 groups, sleman district and coastal and sea which are meeting, moderate, and less tourism are located in Bantul district meeting. Sleman Regency and Bantul So that to support these economic Regency are areas that are in a tight activities in the two districts, many group of road networks. This is roads were built. because the two districts are directly In Kulon Progo Regency it is in a adjacent to the city of Yogyakarta group with moderate road density which is the Capital of the Province of because this area has a mining and

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Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 quarrying sector base and includes Gunung Kidul Regency is a quite a number of several management region with a low road density due to a industries. In addition, this district is difficult topography to build a road the gateway to the city of Yogyakarta because the topography is in the form if it comes from the western region of hills so that the length of the road is such as Jakarta. less comparable to the land area.

Figure 2. Road Density Index Map based on LQ Analysis

Table 5. Road density index Regency road length district area LQ road Remarks (Km) (Yij) (Km2) (Yj) density bantul 1,795 506.85 1.983619595 Tingi kulon progo 639 586.27 1.787615771 Sedang gunung kidul 462 1485.06 0.353409576 Kurang Sleman 1,810 574.82 1.999126529 Tinggi Total Length of Road in Province of D.I Yogyakarta (Yi) 18,765 (Y) 3,186 Source : Bappeda dan BPS D.I Yogyakarta.tahun 2008 With Category High (LQ >1,5), Middle (0,5

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Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 f. Area of Land Built in Regencies in Yogyakarta so that many areas in D.I Yogyakarta Bantul Regency espesially in around Based on the map, the land built the beach of Parangtritis Beaches and in the regencies in D.I Yogyakarta is Parangkusumo Sand Dunes which are divided into 3 groups, namely high built by tourism supporting facilities. land built, Middle land built, and low In contrast to Bantul Regency, land built. Sleman Regency is the only Kulon Progo Regency is an area that area that is included in the regional will be developed by New Yogyakarta group that was high land built because Internatiol Airport, a replacement not only Sleman Regency is directly airport for Adi Sucipto in Sleman adjacent to the city of Yogyakarta, but Regency so that a lot of infrastructure also this Regency is the place where and facilities began to be built in Adisucipto Airport is located. It makes Kulonprogo Regency. In addition, this region a strategic place to develop quite a number of universities in the into a central city support center. city of Yogyakarta built a new campus Sleman Regency There are not only in Kulonprogo district, such as airports but also Yogya-Solo roads. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Yogya-Solo road connect Yogyakarta Whereas the low land built is city and Surakarta city so Yogya-Solo Gunung Kidul Regency. This is road is one of the busiest roads in because Gunung Kidul Regency is the Central and D.I Yogyakaarta. leading sector in the agricultural sector Bantul Regency and Kulonprogo besides that Gunung Kidul has a hilly Regency are included in the group, topography that is difficult to build a which is a Middle land built. Bantul road and the geomorphology of Regency has Parangtritis Beaches and Gunung Kidul is a karst which results Parangkumo Sand Dunes which in fewer water supplies in Gunung become one of the icons of tourism Kidul Regency compared to other destinations in the Province of D.I districts.

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Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044

Figure 3. Road Density Index Map based on LQ Analysis Table 6. Built land area index Building Area district area LQ of land Remarks Regency (Km2) (Yij) (Km2) (Yj) built Bantul 159.74 506.85 1.508343923 Sedang Kulon Progo 61.03 586.27 0.729571346 Kurang Gunung Kidul 137.54 1485.06 0.475430602 Sedang Sleman 109.8 574.82 1.215673187 Tinggi Total Area of Land Built in (Yi) Province of D.I Yogyakarta 493.81 (Y) 3,186 Source : Bappeda dan BPS D.I Yogyakarta.tahun 2008 With Category High (LQ >1,5), Middle (0,5

g. Inequality in Development in D.I level of Development, and Gunung Yogyakarta Kidul Regency has a low level of Based on the results of LQ Development. analysis, economic growth, Sleman Regency has a high classification typology, Road Density level of Development, this is seen LQ, and land LQ built above it can be from sectoral LQ whose superiority is concluded that In D.I Yogyakarta in the Manufacturing Industry sector, Province, Sleman Regency has a high the Financial sector, Corporate level of Development, Bantul and Leasing & Services and the building Kulon Progo Regency have a middle sector. With the level of built-in LQ 32

Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 and Road Density LQ in the Moderate and quarrying sector, Agriculture, condition so that in the cluster Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries, and typology this district is also a Processing Industry sector with the developed and fast-growing region. most superior sector. With LQ the Bantul Regency has a middle road density and LQ of land is level of Development, with its medium conditions, with the typology superior sector in the form of Mining of classes this district is also a fast and quarrying sector, Agriculture, developing region. Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries, and Gunung Kidul Regency has a the Processing Industry sector with low level of Development ,with its the most superior sectors. With the superior sector in the primary sector, land LQ level built in medium namely the leading sector in the conditions and LQ Road density is in Mining and quarrying sector and a high condition, as well as in the Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and typology of classes this district is also Fisheries. The most superior sector is a fast developing region. the mining and quarrying sector. Kulon Progo Regency also has a Besides that, Road density LQ and middle level of Development, with the Built-in land LQ are in the low superior sector being the same as category and even though the Klassen Bantul regency in the form of Mining typology is a fast developing region.

Figure 3. Inter-Regency Inequality Map in D.I Yogyakarta 33

Jurnal GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2019) Page. 23-34 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 D. CONCLUSTION karst, so it is difficult to build In Province D.I Yogyakarta infrastructure. there is a high gap between one region and another. This is indicated by the E. REFERENCE value of the williamson index whose BPS. 2007. D.I. Yogyakarta dalam angka tahun 2006, BPS Provinsi value is above 0.7. So that the GDP D.I. Yogyakarta per capita in the Province of D.I BPS. 2008. D.I. Yogyakarta dalam Yogyakarta is less evenly distributed. angka tahun 2007, BPS Provinsi But the inequality that occurred D.I. Yogyakarta

during 2006-2008 experienced a BPS. 2009. D.I. Yogyakarta dalam decline, although it was not angka Tahun 2008, BPS Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta significant, but for three years, there

was an increase in equality. Leonataris, Citra. (2012).Analisis Pola Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan The causes of the inequality of dan Perkembangan Wilayah di development in D.I Yogyakarta are Kota Bekasi.Tesis .Institut Pertanian Bogor. location and topography. Sleman

Regency has a high level of Masli, Lili. 2007. Analisis faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi Development because it is close to the pertumbuhan ekonomi dan city of Yogyakarta and is located ketimpangan regional antar kabupatendi provinsi jawa barat between the City of Surakarta and the

City of Yogyakarta which has a very Rustiandi, Ernan Dkk. 2011. Perencanaan Dan strong level of interaction. Bantul and Pengembangan Kulon Progo Regency have a middle Wilayah.Crespren Press: Jakarta

level of Development because Bantul Sukirno, Sadono. 1985. Ekonomi and Kulon Progo districts, especially Pembangunan, Jakarta: LPFE UI. the southern part, has a dominate

lowland topography, beside that Tarigan, Robinson.2005.Ekonomi Regional Teori Dan Bantul Regency is directly adjacent to Aplikasi:Bumi Aksara:Jakarta the city of Yogyakarta, and Gunung Wijaya, Bayu. Dan Atmanti,Hastarini. Kidul Regency has a low level of Analisis Pengembangan Development because the topographic Wilayah dan Sektor Potensial Guna Mendorong Pembangunan and morfology form of Kulon Progo Di Kota Salatiga. Universitas Regency is in the form of hills and Diponogoro 34