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TheThe FunctionFunction ofof thethe MinoanMinoan PalacesPalaces

ProceedingsProceedings of thethe Fourth, InternationalInternational SymposiumSymposium atat the Swedish Institute inin Athens,Athens, 10-16 June,June, 19841984

EDITEDEDITED BYBY RobinRobin HaggHagg and Nanno MarinatosMarinatos

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STOCKHOLMSTOCKHOLM 1987 Trade andand RuleRule inin Palatial Palatial Crete bybY MalcolmMalcolm H.H. Wiener

AbstractAbstract WareWare of coursecourse appearsappears along along the the Syrian, Syrian, Canaanite Canaanite and and AA number of of factors factors suggest suggest a strong a strong palatial palatial role in long-distancerole in long-distance PalestinianPalestinian coasts, particularly at at theimportant the important emporium emporium of of overseasoverseas trade, trade, particularly particularly with with regard regard to the to acquisition the acquisition of bronze, of bronze, ,Ugarit, where aa local (or at least non-Minoan)non-Minoan) imitation ofof oror copper and and tin, tin, beginning beginning with with the protopalatial period. Bronze the protopalatial period. Bronze KamaresKamares WareWare hashas also been reported.'reported.’ Cyprus andand EgyptEgypt waswas needed for for weapons weapons and and tools tools and anddesired desired for prestige for prestige items, items,but but alsoalso receivedreceived KamaresKamares Ware, and imitation Kamares appears CretanCretan coppercopper sources sources are are scanty scanty and thereand thereis no known is no sourceknown of source of Ware, and imitation Kamares appears tintin anywhere in in the the Aegean. Aegean. Tin, Tin, however, however, was available was available and widely and widely inin EgyptEgypt asas well.well66 tradedtraded in in the the Near Near East East during during MMMM II and II there and is there evidence is evidence of Minoan of Minoan WithWith respectrespect to metalwork, Syrian Syrian daggers daggers appear appear in in Crete Crete contactcontact with with known known tin tinroutes routes including including recent recent suggestions suggestions of of pro-pro- byby EMEM IIIIII-MM—MM I, I, and and some some Minoan Minoan daggers daggers and and vessels vessels topalatialtopalatial habitation habitation sites sites on aon chain a chain of islands of islands leading leading to Anatolia. to Anatolia. suchsuch asas lobed kantharoi andand animal-headed animal-headed rhyta rhyta may be EvidenceEvidence suggests suggests the the palaces palaces would would have beenhave active in providing may be been active in providing based on Eastern prototypes. ’ ships,ships, shipwrights,shipwrights, shipyards, shipyards, provisions, provisions, cargoes cargoes for trade for and trade and based on Eastern prototypes.' perhapsperhaps weaponsweapons and and shields shields for fordangerous dangerous voyages. voyages. The trade visi-visi- bleble in thethe archaeological archaeological record record is likely is li tokely have to been have only been a small only a small partpart of thethe whole. whole. ItIt appears appears probable probable that thateven evenin MM in II MM trade with H trade with ’ M.M. Bend,Benzi ,‘Evidence 'Evidence for for a Middle a Middle Minoan Minoan settlement settlement on the on the thethe East waswas both both directional directional and and directed directed from the palaces; from the palaces; acropolisacropolis atat Ialysos Ialysos (Mt. Philerimos)(Mt. Philerimos)', ‘, inin TheThe MinoanMinoun argumentsarguments to to the the contrary contrary seem seem unpersuasive. unpersuasive. In the In neopalatial the neopalatial era, era, Thalassocracy:Tholassocracy: Myth Myth and and reality, reality, cd.ed. by by R. R. HPggHagg and and N. N. Marinatos, Marinatos, bronzebronze is plentifulplentiful in inCrete. Crete. The The evidence evidence from fromZakros suggests Zakros suggests StockholmStockholm 1984,1984,93-105; 93-105; W.-D.W.-D. Niemeier, Niemeier, ‘Theend'The end of of the the Minoan Minoan palatialpalatial control control of oftrade trade with the Near East, and may also suggest with the Near East, and may also suggest Thalassocracy',Thalassocracy ’,ibid., ibid., 205-207. 205-207. centralizedcentralized rule rule in in general general in LMin LM 1 Crete. I Crete. 22 C. Mee, Mee, ‘Aegean'Aegean trade trade and and settlement settlement in Anatolia in Anatolia in the in second the second millenniummillennium B.C.B.C.', ‘, AnatSt Anut. 28, 28, 1978, 121-156; 121-156; E. E. Melas, ‘Minoan'Minoan andand Mycenaean settlement settlement in in KasosKasos and KarpathosKarpathos', ’. BICSBICS 30, 1983,1983, TheThe rolerole of the palacespalaces in in the the organization organization of of overseas overseas trade trade 53-61;53-61; I. I. Love, Love, ‘From 'From Crete Crete to toKnidos: ICnidos: A Minoan A Minoan sea route sea routevia the via the andand particularlyparticularly inin the acquisition ofof coppercopper andand tin tin in in the the Dodekanese',Dodekanese ’, AJAAJA 88, 1984, 251; 251; Niemeier Niemeier (supra (supra n. 1). n. 1). 33 W. Schiering, Schiering, 'The ‘The connections between between the the oldest oldest settlement settlement protopalatialprotopalatial period period is is a a subjectsubject of of major major importance. importance. Cretan Cretan atat MiletusMiletus and and Crete Crete', ’, in in TheThe Minoan Minoan Thalassocracy Thalawocracy 187187 f. f. and and par- par- sourcessources ofof coppercopper seem scanty, and and there there is is no no known known source source ticularlyticularly the discussiondiscussion on on p. 189;p. 189; C. Laviosa, C. Laviosa, ‘The'The MinoanMinoan ofof tintin anywhereanywhere inin thethe Aegean.Aegean. However, tin tin as as well well as copper Thalassocracy:Thalassocracy: Iasos Iasos and and the the CarianCarian coast', coast ’, ibid.,ibid., 183 183 f. f.and and discus- discus- waswas availableavailable and widelywidely tradedtraded in in the the Near Near East East during during the the sionsion on p. p. 185. 185. MM MM IB IBsherds sherds as well as are well reported are reported from Knidos, from Love Knidos, Love (supra(supra n. 2). 2). At At Didyma Didyma the earliestthe earliest Minoan reported thus timetime ofof thethe first palaces. Minoan pottery reported thus farfar isis MM III, R. R. Naumann, Naumann, AnatStAn&St 23, 23, 1964, 1%4, 23. ContactContact betweenbetween thethe NearNear East and CreteCrete beginsbegins inin EM.EM. ‘ Laviosa (supra (supra n. n. 3). 3). ByBy MM MM II II the the tempo tempo and and scopescope of of contact contact havehave increased,increased, and 5 ’ For KamaresKamares WareWare atat Ugarit. Ugarit, see see C. C. Schaeffer,Schaeffer, UgariticaUgariticu I,1, therethere is is evidence evidence of of the the beginning beginning ofof MinoanMinoan habitation along along ParisParis 1939,1939.22, 22, 54-56; 54-56; II, ParisII, Paris 1949,1949.51, 51, fig. 109A andand pl. pl. 38; 38; cf. cf. D. Saltz, ‘The chronology of the Middle Cypriote period’, RDAC, thethe coast coast of ofAnatolia Anatolia and on the islands en route. Excavations Excavations D. Saltz, 'The chronology of the Middle Cypriote period', RDA C, 1977,1977.51-70. 51-70. Imitations Imitations of ofKamares Ware from from Ugarit Ugarit are reported are reported havehave produced produced MMMM IIII stonestone bowls, both imported and and locally locally byby H. H. Kantor,Kantor, ‘The'The Aegean Aegean and and the the Orient Orient in the in thesecond second millennium millennium made,made, fromfrom Rhodes and MM II-IIIII—III pottery pottery from from Rhodes Rhodes B.C.',B.C. ‘, AJAAJA 51.1947,51, 1947, 19.19. The The ports of SyriaSyriamay may have have replaced replaced thosethose andand Kos.' Kos.’ Recent Recent surface surface explorations and and limited limited rescue rescue ex- ex- ofof AnatoliaAnatolia asas thethe principalprincipal destination destination of of Minoan Minoan ships ships seeking seeking cavationscavations havehave discloseddisclosed MiddleMiddle MinoanMinoan pottery including metalmetal at at somesome point point in in MMMM II. II. The DodecaneseDodecanese island island chain chain would would stillstill havehave been useful useful to to mariners mariners wishing wishing to stay to staywithin within sight ofsight land of openopen vessels,vessels, somesome ofof which are said toto be be MM MM II, II, on on Kasos, Kasos, land oror find find shelter, however. however. On On Minoan Minoan trade trade with with the Near the Near East gener-East gener- Karpathos,Karpathos, Saria,Saria, Chalki, Kalymnos,Kalymnos, Telos, Telos, Nisyros, Nisyros, allyally andand in particular with with regard regard to tometal metal and and metallurgy, metallurgy, see (e.g.), see (e.g.), AstypaleaAstypalea and and Samos,Samos, thethe lastlast of which also has fragments K.K. Branigan, 'Minoan ‘Minoan metallurgy and and Cypriot Cypriot copper copper', in ’, in Early E&y ofof MMMM HII or earlierearlier stonestone vessels. vessels.2 ’Island Island sitessites capable of metallurgymetallurgy in in Cyprus, Cyprus, 4000-500 4ooO-500 B.C., B.C., NicosiaNicosia 1982,1982, 208-210; 208.-210; idem, ‘The earliest Minoan scripts: The prepalatial background ’, providingproviding foodfood and water on the the frequent frequent occasions occasions when when the the idem, 'The earliest Minoan scripts: The prepalatial background', KadmosKadmos 8, 8, 1969, 1%9, 20-22. 20-22. windwind oror weather in the the Eastern Eastern Mediterranean Mediterranean is unsuitable is unsuitable 6 6 P. Betancourt, Betancourt, ‘The'The Middle Middle Minoan Minoan pottery pottery of southern of southern Crete Crete forfor sailingsailing would would have have facilitatedfacilitated tradetrade with the East. andand thethe question of of a aMiddle Middle Minoan Minoan thalassocracy thalassocracy', ’, in in TheThe Minoan Minoan InIn Anatolia Anatolia itself, MM II II sherds sherds are are known known from from Miletus, Miletus, Thalassocracy,Thalassocracy, 90-92; Cl.G. Cadogan, Cadogan, ‘Early'Early Minoan and Middle Mi-Mi- noanchronology’,AJA 874,1983,512--518; B.J. KempandR.S. IasosIasos and and Knidos,Knidos, threethree of of the the four four coastal coastal sites sites at atwhich which ex- ex- noan chronology', AJA 87-4, 1983, 512-518; B.J. Kemp and R.S. Merrillees,Merrillees. MinoanMinoan pottery pottery in secondsecond millennium ,Egypt, Mainz C. Laviosa millennium Mainz cavationcavation hashas reached MiddleMiddle Bronze Age levels. levels.' ’ C. Laviosa 1980.1980. hashas observedobserved that atat Iasos Iasos the the architecture architecture of ofbuilding building F F ’ K. Branigan,Branigan, 'Minoan ‘Minoan metallurgymetallurgy' ’(supra (supra n. n. 5),5), 204; 204; idem,idem. displaysdisplays MinoanMinoan characteristicscharacteristics in in the the MBA. MBA.` ’ KamaresKamares 'Byblite‘Byblite daggersdaggers in CyprusCyprus and and Crete Crete', AJA ’, AJA 70, 70, 1966, 1966, 124-126;124-126; 262 Malcolm H.H. Wiener Wiener

MB IIII waswas a atime time of ofexpanding expanding international international trade gener-trade gener- ally, with with Assyrian Assyrian merchant merchant families families (often connected (often connected idem, ‘Further'Further light light on onprehistoric prehistoric relations relations between between Crete andCrete and Cyprus',Cyprus’, AJAAJA 71,71, 1967, 1967, 117-121; E. E.Davis, Davis, TheThe VaphioVaphio cupscupsond and through family family ties ties to tothe the court) court) organizing organizing caravans caravans to take to take Aegean gold and silver ware, ware, New New YorkYork 1977, 67-95;67-95; idem.idem, ‘The'The including including tin tinto their to their lardk&tl in Anatolia, emissaries emissaries from from silver kantharoskantharos from from Gournia', ’, in in TUASTUAS 4, 4, 1978, 1978, 34-45;3445; cf. G. G. pharaohs of of the the Twelfth Twelfth Dynasty Dynasty going going to the to the citites of Syria Walberg, ProvincialProvincial Middle MinoanMinoan pottery, pottery, MainzMainz 1983, 1983, 146. 146. and Palestine,Palestine, and and messengers messengers of the of rulerthe ruler of of Mari supervis-supervis- Other signssigns of of contact contact include include a few a Eastern few Eastern cylinder cylinder seals in seals in pro-pro- ing tradetrade in variousvarious goodsgoods includingincluding quantitiesquantities of of tin. tin. One One topalatial contexts contexts and and some some copying copying of foreign of foreign seal forms seal includingforms including cylinders, looped looped seals, seals, and andscarabs, scarabs, sometimes sometimes with imitations with imitations of of Mari tablet (A Mari tablet (A 1270)1270) records records over over 500 500 kg. kg. of of tin tin in in the the palace palace Eastern motifs. motifs. A Anumber number of the of MMthe MM IB-II IB-II sealings sealings from from Phaistos inventory, or or enough enough for for 7-10,000 kg.kg. ofof bronze.bronze. The The tablet tablet bear closeclose resemblances resemblances to seals to seals from Karahoyiikfrom KarahOyiik in Anatolia: in Anatolia: D. D. shows that the tintin camecame toto Mari fromfrom thethe directiondirection ofof IranIran Levi, ‘Sulle'Sulle originiorigini Minoiche',Minoiche’, PdPPdP 127, 127, 1969, 1969, 241-264; S. S. Alp, Alp, and went to many placesplaces includingincluding Aleppo, Aleppo, Hazor Hazor and and Ugarit Ugarit Zylinder-Zyiinder- andund StempelsiegelStempelsiegei aus KarahoyiikKarahoiik beibei Konya,Konya, AnkaraAnkara 1968;1968; N. Ozgiig,Gzgtic, ‘Acemhoyiik'AcemhOyiik Saraylarinda Saraylarinda bulunmus bulunmus olan olan MiihiirMuhiir where two residentresident and and probably probably Mariote Mariote tin tinmerchants merchants are are Baskilari',Baskilari’, BelletenBelleten 1977,1977, 357/1;357/I; idem, TheThe Anatolian Anatolian groupgroup of of mentioned. If If “Kaptara”"Kaptara" was was indeed indeed Crete, Crete, then then the the connec- connec- cylinder seal impressionsimpressions fromfrom Kiiltepe,Kiiltepe, Ankara 1965;1965; idem,idem, Seals tion ofof CreteCrete to to this this tin tin route route is isestablished established by bya reference a reference in in and seal impressions of level IBIB fromfrom karum Kanish,Kanish, Ankara Ankara 1968; 1968; the same texttext toto tin tin destined destined for for a mana man from from Kaptara and anan P. Yule,Yule, ‘Notes 'Notes on on scarabs scarabs and and Aegean Aegean chronology’, chronology', BSA 78,78, 1983,1983, interpreter resident resident in in Ugarit Ugarit (who (who is isto tobe be paid paid in tinin tinfor forhis his 358-367; C. C.Mora, Mora, ‘La produzione'La produzione glittica glittica e i contatti e i contatti tra Anatolia tra Anatolia e Creta nel IIIIII-II-II millennio millennio', ’, SMEASMEA 22, 22.1980,297-313; 1980, 297-313; E. Moller, services).8 The Mari tablets services). ’ TheMari tablets also refer toto aa Kaptarite Kaptarite inlaid inlaid 'A‘A revaluation of of the the oriental oriental cylinder cylinder seals seals found found in Crete’, in Crete', in in Inter-Inter- metal weapon, and toto Zimri-LimZimri-Lim sendingsending goodsgoods fromfrom Kap- action and acculturationacculturation inin thethe Mediterranean, Mediterranean, International International con- con- tara toto HammurabiHammurabi of of Babylon-an Babylon-an example, example, perhaps, perhaps, of of gress of MediterraneanMediterraneanpre- pre- ondprotohistory, and protohistory, ed. ed. by by J. J.Best Best and and N. N. palatial gift exchange.exchange.' ’ DeVries, Amsterdam Amsterdam 1980. 1980. Egyptian Egyptian contacts contacts in MM in II MM in Crete II in ap- Crete ap- pear at MaliaMalia in Quartier Mu: Mu: J.-C. J.-C. Poursat,Poursat, ‘Une'Une thalassocratie thalassocratie mi- The existence of anan interpreterinterpreter (assuming (assuming this this reading reading is is noenne auau MinoenMinoen Moyen Moyen II?‘, II?', in in The Minoan Thalassocracy, correct) suggestssuggests regular regular contact, contact, trade trade beyond beyond the thescope scope of of 85-87. No No doubt doubt ideas ideas came came with with the metal the metal and other and tradeother goods. trade goods. sign language or a touristtourist shoppingshopping vocabulary, vocabulary, and and an an in- in- See L.V.L.V. Watrous, Watrous, ‘The 'The role roleof the of Near the EastNear in East the rise in ofthe the rise Cretan of the Cretan creased likelihoodlikelihood of of exchange exchange of of significant significant knowledge knowledge and and palaces',palaces’, in in this this volume. volume. stimuli between CreteCrete andand the the Near Near East East during during the the pro- * J.-R.J.-R. Kupper, Kupper, ‘Northern 'Northern Mesopotamia and andSyria Syria', ’, CAHCAH II,II,l, 1, Cambridge 1973,1973,8-22; 8-22; A. A. Malamat, Malamat, ‘Syro-Palestinian `Syro-Palestinian destinations destinations topalatial period.period.I° ” in a Mari tintin inventory inventory', ’, IEJIEJ21, 21, 1971,1971, 31; 31; G. G. Dossin, ‘La `La route route de de The weapons and and other other bronze bronze objects objects which which continue continue to to retainl’etain enen MesopotamieMesopotamie au au temps temps de de Zimri-Lim Zimri-Lim', ’, RAssyr 64, 64, 1970, 1970, be deposited inin thethe Mesara tholoi inin MMMM II,II, the the large large Middle Middle 97. Minoan cruciblescrucibles from from , Kommos, and and the the grand grand ceremonial ceremonial ’ OneOne MariMan tablet tablet records records a complaint a complaint from froma prince a princeof Qatna of in Qatna in thetheorontes Orontes valley valley of ofwest west Syria Syria to theeldest to the eldest son of son the of king the of king Assyria of Assyria swords fromfrom Malia (superior to to any any swords swords known known from from this this that inin return return for for two two horses horses worth worth 600 shekels 600 shekels of silver of sent silver as re- sent as re- period inin thethe Levant Levant or or Egypt) Egypt) suggest suggest that that a significant a significant quested, the the king king has has sent sent in return in return only only the ridiculous the ridiculous sum of sum18 kg of 18 kg amount of metalmetal waswas arriving.arriving." In ” Inall all probability probability what what we we of tin:tin: G. G. Dossin, ‘Correspondance'Correspondance de de Iasmah-Addu’,lasmah-Addu', in in ArchivesArchives see is only a smallsmall fractionfraction ofof the the whole; whole; metal, metal, unless unless de- de- royalesroyoles dede MariMari V, V, ed. ed. by by A. A. Parrot Parrot and and G. G. Dossin,Dossin, Paris Paris 1952, 1952, 3, 3, posited in an unplundered tomb oror abandonedabandoned in in a a destruc- destruc- 37 (letter 20). 20). Kamares Kamares sherds sherds have have been been found found at Qatna. at Qatna. (Eshnunna(Eshnunna near modern modern Baghdad Baghdad was wasalso on also the on tin theroute, tin which route, perhaps which could perhaps could tion, wouldwould havehave beenbeen meltedmelted andand reused. reused.'2 ” explain how how a acuneiform cuneiform inscription inscription of Naram-Sin of Naram-Sin came to came Kythera. to Kythera. If goods from thethe NearNear East,East, and and in in particular particular bronze bronze or or The findfind spot spot was was said said to beto abe tomb a tomb at the at Minoan the Minoan site of siteKastri, of butKastri, but copper and tin,tin, came came to to Crete Crete during during the the protopalatial protopalatial period period as withwith any any unexcavated unexcavated object object the time the of time arrival of isarrival uncertain: is uncertain: E. E. in large part onon MinoanMinoan ships ships (as (as seems seems likely),13likely)," whowho pro-pro- Weidner, JHS 59, 1939, 137137 f.; J.N. J.N. Coldstream Coldstream and and G.L. G.L. Huxley, Huxley, eds., Kythera: excavations excavations and and studies, studies, LondonLondon 1972,1972,33 33.) .) One Mari vided the ships and also thethe shipwrightsshipwrights and and shipyards, shipyards, provi- provi- document records records that that Zimxi-Lim, Zimii-Lim, accompanied accompanied by a bodyguard, by a bodyguard, sions, cargoescargoes for for trade, trade, weapons weapons and and shields shields for for voyages voyages to to personally visited visited Ugarit: Ugarit: Ch.-F. Ch. Jean,-F. Jean, RAssyrRAssyr 36,36, 1939. 1939, 112, 112, cited cited sometimes dangerousdangerous waters, waters, and and the the way-stations way-stations en enroute? route? in Malamat (supra(supra n. n. 8). 8), 33. 33. For For the the Near Near Eastern Eastern tin trade,tin trade, see gener- see gener- The viewview that independentindependent merchantmen merchantmen were were the the prin- prin- ally Dossin (supra(supra n. n. 8) 8) and and idem, ‘Les'Les archives archives economiquestconomiques dudu palaispalaisde de Mari',Mari’, SyriaSyriau), 20, 1939,97-l1939, 97-113; 13; W.F. W.F. Leemans, JESHO 11, cipal agency of BronzeBronze Age Age trade trade between between the the Near Near East East and and Leemans, JESHO 11, 1968,1%8, 201;201; Malamat Malamat (supra (supra n. n. 8),S), 31-38; N. N.Yoffee, Yoffee, ‘Explaining 'Explaining the Aegean hashas been been popular popular ever ever since since the the discovery discovery of theof the trade inin ancientancient western western Asia’, Asia', MonographsMonographs on the ancient Near Near EastEast Cape GelidonyaGelidonya shipweck."shipweck.” OfOf coursecourse independent independent mer- mer- 2, Malibu 1981,1981,21-60; 21-60; M. M. Larsen, Larsen, ‘The 'The Old Old Assyrian Assyrian colonies colonies in in chantmen couldcould havehave existed existed in in the the protopalatial protopalatial period, period, Anatolia',Anatolia’, JAOSJAOS94,1974,468475; 94, 1974, 468-475; M.M. Heltzer, Heltzer, Goods,Coo& pricesandprices and along withwith fishingfishing boats boats willing willing to to undertake undertake voyages voyages out out of of the organizationorganization ofof trade trade in inUgarit, Ugarit, WiesbadenWiesbaden 1978; 1978; I. Strom,I. Strom, 'Middle‘Middle Minoan Crete:Crete: A A rere-consideration-consideration of somesome of of its its external external turned merchantmen in the summer season oror farmers farmers turned merchantmen in the summer relations',relations ’, inin Interaction andand acculturation acculturation in in the the Mediterranean Mediterranean months, asas inin Hesiod. Hesiod. But But it itseems seems highly highly unlikely unlikely that that in in (supra n. 7),7), 105-211;105-211; N. N. Pack, Pack, TheThe administrative administrative structure structure of of the the palatial CreteCrete the the bulk bulk of of long-distance long-distance trade, trade, particularly particularly the the palacepaloceofMarica. of Mari ca. 180e1750B.C.,Ph.D.cliss.,Universityof1800-1750 B.C., Ph.D. dies., University of Penn- Penn- trade inin prestigeprestige goods goods and and metal, metal, was was carried carried on on in in this this man- man- sylvania, University University MicrofilmsMicroftis 1983.1983. I”° M.M. Astour,Astour, ‘Ugarit 'Ugarit and and the thegreat great powers powers', ’, in in Ugarit in ner; in all probabilityprobability the the palaces palaces were were the the major major organizing organizing Ugarit in retrospect, ProceedingsProceedings ofof Symposium at at the the University University of of Wiscon- Wiscon- force, providingproviding the the necessary necessary resources.resources. I5 ‘s WhileWhile the the sin, WinonaWinona Lake Lake 1981, 1981, 8; 8; idem,idem, ‘Ugarit 'Ugarit and and the the Aegean: Aegean: A brief A brief palatial interestinterest inin long-distancelong-distance trade trade would would by by no no means means summary of of archaeological archaeological and andepigraphic epigraphic evidence evidence', ’, in in Orient ondand have been limited to tin and copper,copper, or or bronze, bronze, surely theirtheir occident: Essays presented toto CyrusCyrus H. H. Gordon, Gordon, ed. byby H. H. Hoffer, Hoffer, acquisition wouldwould havehave been been a primarya primary palatial palatial concern; concern; Neukirchen-Vluyn 1973, 1973, 21; 21; J.-C. J. -C.Courtois, Courtois, ‘Ras `Ras Shamra, Shamra, I. I. Ar- cheologie du du site site', ’, in in Supplement au au dictionnaire dictionnaire de de la laBible, Bible, cd.ed. by by and tools and desired for bronze was neededneeded forfor weapons weapons and tools and desired for H. CazellesCazelles and and A. A. Feuillet, Feuillet, Paris Paris 1979, 1979, Fascs.Fasts. 5252 andand 53,53, pp.pp. items ofof display,display, including including state state and/or and/or cult cult objects objects and and 1205-1208.1205-1208. vessels. "” TheThe five-meter-lo; five-meter-lo, * squaresquare installation installation in in area area 90 90 at atPhaistos Phaistos TradeTrade andand Rule inin PalatialPalatial Crete Crete 263263

TheThe oppositeopposite viewview concerningconcerning the the role role of of the the palaces palaces has has aa vital factorfactor inin the the creation creation of ofthe the palaces palaces and andpalatial palatial beenbeen expressedexpressed by K.K. Branigan,Branigan, who believesbelieves therethere isis no no society.society. evidenceevidence to to supportsupport palatial dominationdomination of of metal metal trade trade in in AA sizablesizable domesticdomestic surplussurplus would have been required toto MMMM I-II,I—II, since since “Minoan "Minoan exports exports of this of period this cannotperiod be cannot be provideprovide goods in exchangeexchange forfor metal metal and and various various luxury luxury im- im- identifiedidentified asas exclusively exclusively palatial palatial products, products, and certainly and certainly the the ports.ports. At Phaistos, where where we we have have the the best best evidence evidence for for MM MM ivoryivory andand scarabs scarabs imported imported into intoCrete Crete are widely are widelydistributed distributed IB—MMIB-MM II,II, the the palatial palatial role role in in creating creating and and directing directing that that outsideoutside palatialpalatial contexts."contexts.“‘616 TheThe evidence for for Minoan Minoan ex- ex- surplussurplus seems impliedimplied by by the the concentration concentration of peopleof people at a attime a time portsports inin thisthis period, however,however, consists consists largely largely of of pottery pottery and and whenwhen thethe nearbynearby Ayiofarango valley valley is is depopulated,” depopulated: by9 by the the muchmuch of of that that-for—for example, example, the the Kamares Kamares WareWare sherds found depositdeposit of 3,0003,000 sealings sealings representing representing 282 282 seals, seals, and and by bythe the inin EgyptEgypt-is—is of of a a quality quality which which in in Crete Crete is is largelylargely limitedlimited toto firstfirst appearanceappearance ofof LinearLinear A.A.”2° The last point is significant: thethe palacespalaces ofof andand Phaistos.”Phaistos." anyany amountamount ofof trade at a givengiven time can take place without WhileWhile bronzebronze may have been worked into toolstools and and knives, knives, writing,writing, but bothboth complexcomplex administrationadministration and and investment investment melted,melted, or even smelted in secondary centers, centers, it it seems seems doubt- doubt- overover time requirerequire literacy.*literacy.2' Providing ’ Providing ships ships and and goodsgoods for fulful thethe manufacture of swordsswords oror sceptersscepters suchsuch asas those those at at extensiveextensive overseas tradetrade involves involves an an investment investment over over time. time. MaliaMalia inin MM IIII’*18 would havehave occurredoccurred outsideoutside thethe control control TheThe amountamount and significance of BronzeBronze Age Age overseasoverseas trade trade ofof thethe palaces. Rather itit appearsappears likely likely that that the the palaces palaces would would hashas been questioned because of thethe basicallybasically agrarianagrarian and and havehave hadhad bothboth the desire and ability to insureinsure thethe supplysupply ofof pastoralpastoral nature ofof thethe , economy, the the lack lack of ofrecognizable recognizable bronzebronze through overseasoverseas ventures ventures and and control control its its availability availability referencesreferences toto overseas trade oror merchantsmerchants inin the the Linear B forfor weapons. TheThe palatial palatial elites elites would would have have regarded regarded bronze bronze tabletstablets and thethe absence absence of of coinage.** coinage.22 However, However, in in interstate interstate asas necessarynecessary forfor constructionconstruction and perhapsperhaps forfor survival. survival. In- In- tradetrade the value ofof aa coincoin in in antiquity antiquity was was simply simply its its approxi- approxi- deeddeed the ability toto maintainmaintain overseas overseas trade trade links links and and thus thus matemate bullion value. InIn thethe Babylonian Babylonian and and Assyrian Assyrian texts texts largelylargely toto control thethe flow flow of of copper copper and and tin tin may may have have been been silversilver oftenoften servesserves asas aa unit of measure, or or “numeraire”, "numeraire", but but hashas beenbeen consideredconsidered evidence evidence of large-scale of large-scale metal metalworking working in MM in MM sionalsional captains, captains, officers, officers, crewmen crewmen and shipwrights and shipwrights engaged regularly engaged regularly 1I-II—fl (L. (L. Pernier Perrier and and L. L. Banti, Banti, 11Ilpalazzopalazzo minoico di Fest&Fe&s II, Rome inin seafaring, plus plus rowers rowers and and warriors warriors on auxiliary on auxiliary duty: E.duty: Linder, E. Linder, 1951,1951. 215-217),215-217), butbut thethe installation installation is moreis more likely likely a lime a lime kiln (H.kiln (H. 'Ugarit:‘Ugarit: A CanaaniteCanaanite thalassocracy',thalassocracy’, inin UgaritUgarit inin retrospectretrospect (supra(supra Blitzer,Blitzer. personalpersonal communication). communication). n.n. 10),10). 40.40. N.N. Sandars has has described described the thelarge large sword sword with awith pommel a pommel of rock of rock 16I6 Branigan.Branigan, ‘Minoan 'Minoan metallurgy’ metallurgy' (supra (supra n. n. 5),5), 210. crystalcrystal asas "a“a weaponweapon of ofunsurpassed unsurpassed size andsize considerableand considerable 12” BetancourtBetancourt (supra (supra n. n. 6),6). 90;90; G. G. Cadogan, Cadogan, ‘What 'What happened happened at at magnificence"magnificence” (N. (N. Sandars, Sandars, ‘Late 'Late Aegean Aegean bronze bronze swords swords', ’, AJAAJA 67, thethe Old Palace Palace of ofKnossos? Knossos?', ‘, in this in volume.this volume. 1963,1963, 117).117). While While this this sword sword was wasundoubtedly undoubtedly ceremonial, ceremonial, it seems it seems °I‘* F.F. Chapouthier, Chapouthier, DeuxDeux Epees@es d’apparatd'apparat decouvertes en en 1936 1936 auau unlikelyunlikely thatthat a societya society would would produce produce for ceremonial for ceremonial purposes purposes palaispalab dede Mallia, Mallia, ParisParis 1938. 1938. H. H.van vanEffenterre Effenterre has suggested has suggested that that swordsswords technologicallytechnologically far far superior superior to any to anyother other known known swords swords in the in the thethe swords belong belong with with MM MM III IIImaterial material ( ‘Peut-on ('Pent dater-on dater les les epeesCp&ss de worldworld atat the the time time without without first firstproducing producing swords swords for combat. for combat. Mafia?',Mallia?‘, BCHBCH 106,106,1982,163 1982, 163 f.), f.), but but a MM a MM II context II context has beenhas been reaf- reaf- 12‘* WithoutWithout the the Ktiltepe Kiiltepe and and MariMari recordsrecords we we would would not not begin begin to to firmedfirmed by 0. Pelon Pelon ('L'epie(‘L’tpCe a l’acrobatel'acrobate et et la la chronologiechronologie maliotemaliote', ’, suspectsuspect thethe amount amount of ofmetal metal transported transported by Assyrian by Assyrian traders traders or or BCHBCH 106,106, 1982,1982, 165-190; 165-190; 107, 107, 1983, 1983, 679-703).679-703). storedstored atat Man.Mari. Our Our impression impression of ofan anLM LM I Crete I Crete extraordinarily extraordinarily rich rich 19I9 D.D. Blackman Blackman and and K. Branigan, K. Branigan, ‘An archaeological'An archaeological survey ofsurvey of inin bronze depends depends on onthe theingots, ingots, hoards hoards and objects and (such objects as the (such giant as the giant thethe lowerlower catchmentcatchment of ofthe the Ayiofarango Ayiofarango Valley Valley', ’, BSABSA 72, 1977.1977, cauldronscauldrons fromfrom , Tylissos, double double axes axes from from Nirou Nirou KhaniKhani and twotwo-- 13-84.13-84. man sawssaws from from Knossos, Knossos, Tylissos Tylissos and Zakros) and Zakros) found in found the LM in IB the LM IB 2°p D. Levi,Levi, ‘L’archivio'L'archivio di di cretule cretule a Festbs’,a Festos', ASAteneASAtene 35/36,35136, destructiondestruction deposits. deposits. While While hoards hoards from palacefrom palacebasements basements may be may be 1958,1958, 136192;136-192; E. Fiandra,E. Fiandra, ‘A 'A thethe cosacosa servivano servivano le lecretule cretule di di preserved byby collapsedcollapsed walls walls and and floors, floors, bronze bronze tools fromtools farm-from farm- Festos',Festbs’, Proc2CretCongr,ProcZCretCongr, 382-397; 382-397; Branigan, Branigan, ‘The 'The earliest earliest Minoan Minoan houses are are particularly particularly likely likely to escapeto escape archaeological archaeological detection. detection. Tin Tin scripts'scripts’ (supra (supra n. 5),5), 4; 4; L. L. Godart,Godart, `Le‘Le lineairelineaire A et sonson environne-environne- may convert to to a greya grey powder powder at temperatures at temperatures below below 15°C. The15°C. The KasKag ment',merit’, SMEA 20, 1979,1979, 27-42.2742. shipwreckshipwreck has has recently recently produced produced the firstthe identificationfirst identification of grey tinof grey tin 21*’ ExamplesExamples of of the the importance importance of writing of writing to investment to investment may be may be powder fromfrom an an Aegean Aegean archaeological archaeological context context ( J.J. Muhly.Muhly, personal personal foundfound in in Near Near Eastern Eastern and and Egyptian Egyptian texts texts stipulating stipulating payment payment of in- of in- communication). Much Much of our of knowledgeour knowledge of Minoan of Minoan Type A swordType A sword terest,terest, andand in in contracts contracts such such as theas theone onefrom from Ktiltepe Kiiltepe listing li fourteensting fourteen andand bronzebronze or or copper copper vessel vessel production production comes comesnot from not Crete from but Crete but men whowho invest invest 30 30 minas minas of gold of goldfor twelve for twelve years in years the in the narug'um,narug’um. fromfrom the the material material preserved preserved in the in Shaft the ShaftGraves; Graves; the other the main other body main body literallyliterally sack, of of a atrader: trader: Yoffee Yoffee (supra (supra n. n. 9),9), 31. of TypeType A A swords swords is whatis what remained remained from fromthe interrupted the interrupted looting oflooting of 2222 St.St. Alexiou,Alexiou, in in this this volume; volume; J. Chadwick,J. Chadwick, The The Mycenaean Mycenaean Arkalochori cave. cave. The The 18th 18th dynasty dynasty tomb tomb paintings paintings showing showing Aegean Aegean world, Cambridge 1976, 1976, 156 156 f. However, f. However, the tablets the tablets are for are the for most the most emissaries bearing bearing goods goods which which are principallyare principally metallic metallic (vessels, (vessels, in- in- part thethe immediate immediate accounting accounting or dictation or dictation records recordsof the scribes of the scribes gots andand swords) swords) may may depict depict the the essential essential reality reality lying lying behind behind the the pot-pot- itemizingitemizing goods goods going going in and in and out ofout the of palace. the palace. We cannot We tellcannot from tell from sherdssherds recoveredrecovered in inexcavations. excavations. thethe tabletstablets where where certain certain goods goods are aregoing going or for or whom for theywhom are they are trade and 13r3 M.M. Wiener, Wiener, ‘Crete 'Crete and and the the Cyclades in LM in LMI: The I: taleThe of tale the of the ultimately intended. intended. Moreover, Moreover, records records of long-distance of long-distance trade and conical cups’, cups', in in The Minoan Thalassocracy, Thalassocracy, 17 17 f.f. and and commentcomment p.p. of investmentinvestment over over time time would would probably probably have been have kept been on parch-kept on parch- 218. No No Syrian Syrian or Canaaniteor Canaanite material material has has beenbeen reported fromfrom any any ment oror papyruspapyrus (I.(I. Pini,Pini. ‘Neue'Neue Beobachtungen Beobachtungen zu zuden den tOnernentonernen of thethe Dodecanese or or Anatolian Anatolian sites, sites, and recognizedand recognized Cycladic Cycladic ma- ma- Siegelabdriicken vonvon Zakros Zakros', ’, AAAA 1983, 4;4; J. J.Weingarten, Weingarten, TheThe terial isis extremely extremely rare rare or ornonexistent. nonexistent. See also See J. also Cherry, J. Cherry, ‘The 'The ap- Zakro master and his place in prehistory,prehbtory, GOteborg GOteborg 1983, 1983, 38-42).3842). pearance of AegeanAegean states’,states', Proceedings of the the Cambridge Cambridge The evidenceevidence for for parchment parchment suggests suggests the amount the amount of Aegean of Aegean writing writing PhilologicalPhilological Society 30,30, 1984,1984, 18-48.1848. we maymay be be missing; missing; indeed indeed experiments experiments have shownhave shownthat the thatlinear the linear 14I4 ToTo Branigan, Branigan, for forexample, example, the evidence the evidence suggests suggests that that MinoanMinoan scriptsscripts are are poorly poorly suited suited to incision to incision inin clay clay but but well well adapted adapted to to inking inking shipsships carried&& enon “free "free lance lance trade” trade" with with the Nearthe Near East andEast Egypt and inEgypt in on parchment or papyruspapyrus (E.L.(E.L. Bennett,Bennett, Jr.,Jr., personal personal communica- communica- MM I-II: Branigan,Branigan, ‘Minoan 'Minoan metallurgy’ metallurgy' (supra(supra n.n. 5),5). 209. tion). TwoTwo bowls bowls from from Knossos Knossos with with cursive cursive inscriptions inscriptions in ink in ink show show 1515 NavalNaval organizationorganization may may already already have have beenbeen similarsimilar to to that that de- de- the suitability ofof LinearLinear A A for for such such a amedium. medium. scribed in an UgariticUgaritic texttext fromfrom thethe end end of of the the Bronze Bronze Age: Age: profes-PrOfes- 264 Malcolm H.H. Wiener Wiener

oil and graingrain sometimesometime serveserve thisthis functionfunction as as well.well.=23 In thethe tablets fromfrom PylosPylos there there is isa possiblea possible instance instance of textilesof textiles 23‘a R.R. Sweet, Sweet, OnOn prices,prices, moneys moneys and and money money uses uses in thein the Old Old BabylonianBabylonianperiod, Ph.D. diss.,diss., University University of ofChicago, Chicago, 1958,1958. p.p. 50; 50; valued in terms of grain”grain." OfOf coursecourse thethe numerairenumeraire chosen chosen period, Ph.D. D. Snell,Snell, LedgersLedgers andand prices: prices: Early Early Mesopotamian Mesopotamian merchant merchant ac- ac- need not bebe physically physically present present in in a atransaction; transaction; an anEgyptian Egyptian counts, New HavenHaven and and London London 1982, 1982, 7. 7. texttext fromfrom thethe sixteenth sixteenth year year of of Ramesses Ramesses II recordsII records the thepur- pur- 2424 ChadwickChadwick (supra (supra n. n. 22),22). 110.110. In In the the Iliad,Iliad, oxen oxen areare thethe stan- stan- chase ofof a young female slaveslave forfor 4 debendeben andand 1 kite ((= = 4141 dard of value, value, whether whether for for gold gold or bronze or bronze armor armor (100(100 oxen and and nine nine oxen respectively, 6.235-236); bronze tripods and slave women kite) of silver, paidpaid inin thethe form form of of garments garments and and cloth cloth valued valued oxen respectively, 6.235-236); bronze tripods and slave women skilledskilled in in weaving weaving (twelve (twelve and and four four oxen oxen respectively, respectively, 23.702-705); 23.702-705); at 26 1/3l/3 kitekite ofof silver,silver, 55 vesselsvessels of bronze valued at 8 2/3 of bronze valued at 8 2/3 Lycaon when when sold sold as asa slave a slave at Lemnos at Lemnos (100 (100oxen, oxen,21.79) 21.79)or the gold or the gold kite, 1 kitekite worth worth of of beaten beaten copper copper and and a container a container of honey of honey tasselstassels ofof Athena Athena's ’s aegis aegis (100 (100 oxen oxen each, each, 2.449). 2.449). The “oxen The "oxen stan- stan- valued at 44 kite kite of of silver. silver. Although Although copper copper vessels vessels and and corn corn dard"dard” of of course course may may reflect reflect Dark Dark Age Agerather rather than Bronzethan Bronze Age prac- Age prac- were usedused regularlyregularly inin thethe Ramesside period as currency, their their tice.tice. (I(I am grateful grateful to to 0. O.Dickinson Dickinson for reminding for reminding me of methe ofreference the reference inin book 23 23 and and T. T. Palaima Palaima for forthe referencesthe references in books in books 2 and 6.)2 and 6.) value was usuallyusually stated stated in in terms terms of ofsilver.* silver.25 ’Finally, Finally, asas thethe 23u J.J.Janssen,J.J.Janssen, CommodityCommodity prices prices from from the the Rome&dRamessid period,period, Egyptian exampleexample indicates, indicates, in in the the absence absence of ofcurrency currency one one Leiden 1975;1975; A.H. A.H. Gardiner, Gardiner, ‘A lawsuit 'A lawsuit arising arising from the from purchase the purchase shouldshould not underestimate the ingenuity of traderstraders inin thethe artart ofof two slavesslaves', ’, JournalJournalofEgyptian of Egyptian archaeology21,1935,140-146. 21, 1935, 140-146. ofof . Accordingly Accordingly neither neither the the evidence evidence for for the the distribu- distribu- 2626 CopperCopper along along with with lead lead and and silver silver may mayalso havealso comehave fromcome from tiontion or origin of trade goods inin Crete, nornor thethe silencesilence of thethe Laurion or or even even the the : Peloponnese: N. Gale N. andGale Z. and Stos-Gale, Z. Stos-Gale, ‘Lead 'Lead andand silver in in the the ancient ancient Aegean Aegean', ’, ScientificScientificAmerican American 24,24, JuneJune 1981, 1981, laterlater Linear BB tabletstablets regarding regarding trade trade and and merchants, nor the merchants, nor the 188,188, 192.192. Cf. Cf. J. Muhly,J. Muhly, ‘Lead 'Lead isotope isotope analysis analysis and the and kingdom the kingdom of of absenceabsence of coinagecoinage givegive adequate adequate reason reason to to question question the the im- im- Alasia',Alasia’, RDACRDAC 1983,1983, 210-218; 210-218; S. Morris, S. Morris, in in TheThe Minoan Minoan portanceportance of long-distancelong-distance trade,trade, particularly particularly in in metals, metals, to to Thalassocracy,Thalassocracy, comment,comment, p. p. 111. 111. Crete Crete also also has smallhas small native native copper copper protopalatial Crete. deposits,deposits, but but there there is no is evidenceno evidence they were they exploited were exploited in ancient in times: ancient times: T.T. Wheeler, R. R. Maddin andand J. J. Muhly, ‘Ingots and the Bronze Age InIn sum,sum, it is lilikelykely thatthat Crete in the old palace period ob- Muhly, 'Ingots and the Bronze Age coppercopper tradetrade in in the the Mediterranean: Mediterranean: A progress A progress report report', ’, ExpeditionExpedition tained its tained its tin,tin, and probably much of its copper, fromfrom pointspoints 17,17,1975,32. 1975, 32. Sources Sources for for tin tin other other than than the Near the Near East haveEast also have been also been alonethealong’the wellwell-established-established metalmetal routes routes in in the the Near Near East, East, that that suggested:suggested: J.D. J.D. Muhly, Muhly, CopperCopper and tin:tin: The The distribution distribution of of mineral mineral thethe tradetrade was extensive, andand that itit waswas largelylargely (though not resourcesresources and thethe naturenature of of the the metal metal trade trade in thein Bronzethe Bronze Age, Age, wholly)wholly) directeddirected fromfrom the palaces.palaces.1628 Hamden,Hamden, Conn.Conn. 1973, 1973, (supplement (supplement 1976),1976), 293.293, 337. 337. However, However, it it seemsseems likelylikely that that the the bulk bulk of theof thecopper copper came came with thewith tin. the The tin. The MariMari textstexts referrefer to to the the import import of copperof copper from from Alasia alreadyalready in in the the 18th 18th InIn thethe foregoing discussion of Minoan long-distancelong-distance trade,trade, centurycentury B.C.: H.W. H.W. Catling, Catling, Cyprus 'Cyprus in the in Late the Bronze Late Bronze Age ’, Age', CAHCAH nono distinction hashas been been made made between between gift gift exchange exchange and and II,II, 2,2,203. 203. The The later later KasKa.5 shipwreckshipwreck contains contains both both copper copper and tinand tin ox-ox- trade,trade, administered tradetrade and trade for profit, oror barterbarter andand hidehide ingotsingots (G. (G. Baas, Bass, personal personal communication). communication). 2721 See,See, e.g., e.g., K. K. Polrknyi,Polanyi, ‘The 'The economy economy as institutedas instituted process process', ’, in in tradetrade at a price,price, nor nor between between down-the-line down-the-line exchange, exchange, TradeTrade andand market in the earlyearly empires,empires, ed.ed. byby K.K. Polanyi,Pohinyi, C. prestigeprestige giftglft exchange,exchange, freelance commercial trade,trade, and and direc- direc- ArenbergArenberg and H.H. Pearson, Pearson, 1957, 1957, 243; 243; idem,idem, ‘On'On thethe comparative comparative tionaltional commercial trade.*trade.27 ’There There are are twotwo reasons forfor thisthis treatmenttreatment ofof economic economic institutions institutions in antiquity in antiquity with illustrationswith illustrations restraint.restraint. First,First, there there is isthe the very very partial partial and potentiallyand potentially fromfrom Athens, Mycenae Mycenae and and Alalakh Alalakh', ’, in in CityCity invincible,invincible, anan OrientalOriental Institute symposium, ed. by C. Kraeling and R. Adams, 1960; C. misleadingmisleading nature of of the the evidence, evidence, given given the the general general lack lack of of Institute symposium, ed. by C. Kraeling and R. Adams, 1960; C. Renfrew,Renfrew, TheThe emergence emergence of of civilisation, civilisation, London London 1972,1972, 465475; 465-475; data, the accidents of data, the accidents of recovery and the fact thatthat mostmost tradetrade AncientAncient civilization and trade,trade, ed.ed. by by J. SabloffSabloff andand C. Lamberg-Lamberg- willwill havehave been in goods whichwhich leaveleave no no archaeological archaeological trace. trace. Karlovsky,Karlovsky, Albuquerque Albuquerque 1975, 1975, especially especially C. Renfrew. C. Renfrew, ‘Trade 'Trade as ac- as ac- TheThe 20th Dynasty StoryStory ofof Wenamun. Wenamun, where where the the King King of of tiontion at aa distance distance', ’, pp. pp. 3-59. 3-59. ByblosByblos receives linenlinen garments,garments, papyrus papyrus or ormats, mats, ox hides,ox hides, "uI J.J. Van Van Seters, ‘What 'What is istrade? trade? The The nature nature of Egyptian of Egyptian trade intrade in thethe East Mediterranean Mediterranean during during the secondthe second millennium millennium B.C. ‘, Ar- ropes,ropes, lentils and fishfish inin exchangeexchange for for wood, wood, provides provides a agood good B.C.', Ar- chaeologicalchaeologicalnews news 8,8.213, 2/3, 1979,1979.37 37 f.; f.; M. M. Lichtheim, Lichtheim, Ancient Egyp- illustrationillustration of tradetrade without without trace. trace.28 ” So does the export trade trade tiantian literatureliterature II,II, Berkeley, Berkeley, LosLos Angeles Angeles and and London London 1976,1976,224-230; 224-230; inin woolenwoolen garments implied implied by by the the listing listing of of100,000 100,000 sheep sheep A.H.A.H. Gardiner,Gardiner, EgyptEgypt and and thethe pharaohs,pharaohs, Oxford Oxford 1961, l%l, 306-313. 306-313. inin thethe KnossosKnossos LinearLinear B tablets.tablets. KillenKillen hashas observedobserved thatthat wool "29 J.J. Killen,Killen, ‘The 'The wool wool industry industry of Crete of Crete in the in Late the BronzeLate Bronze Age ’, Age', BSA 54, 1964, l-15. Among the products carried by the Keftiu in playedplayed anan importantimportant role in the Minoan economy,economy, asas inin thethe BSA 54, 1964, 1-15. Among the products carried by the Keftiu in thethe ThebanTheban tomb paintings paintings are are rolls rolls of cloth. of cloth. Important Important evidence evidence in in economyeconomy of medievalmedieval England.England." ”Food Food would would oftenoften have thisthis connection may may come come from from the current the current British Britishexcavations excavations of of beenbeen aa major tradetrade item,item, particularly particularly in in times times of of drought. drought. Amarna,Amama, where thethe textile textile remains remains are are combed combed for fortraces traces of wool. of wool. LumberLumber and plants or or herbs herbs thought thought to to have have medicinal medicinal prop- prop- "yI The majormajor export export of Cyreneof Cyrene in antiquity in antiquity was “silphium”, was "silphium", ertieserties werewere sometimes sometimes majormajor trade goods goods in in antiquity, antiquity, as as were were whichwhich hashas yet yet to tobe beidentified. identified. Arabia Arabia grew wealthy grew wealthy in Hellenistic in Hellenistic timestimes fromfrom the the export export of frankincense of frankincense and myrrh; and myrrh; but when but they when were they were slaves."slaves.m TheThe tendencytendency ofof metal toto disappeardisappear throughthrough reuse reuse nono longer desired desired after after the the conversion conversion of Constantine, of Constantine, Arabia was Arabia was hashas alreadyalready been noted. impoverished.impoverished. The The major major trade trade goods goods of Venice of Venice at the heightat the of height its of its TheThe secondsecond reason forfor restraint restraint is isthat that the the categories categories sug- sug- powerpower in thethe 16th 16th century century were were slaves, slaves, silk andsilk spices.and spices. The Puritans The Puritans gestedgested forfor trade oftenoften tend tend to to dissolve dissolve in ln thethe disorder ofof inin BritainBritain and and America America collected collected and sold and a soldgreat a many great herbs many thought herbs thought to have medicinal properties, most of which are now regarded as nox- reality.reality. A merchant, messenger messenger or or sea sea captain captain of of a rulera ruler may may to have medicinal properties, most of which are now regarded as nox- iousious weeds. InIn the the American American West West in thein the 18th18th--19th-19th centuriescenturies setset outout with a specificspecific destinationdestination and and goal goal but but indulge indulge in in medicinesmedicines nownow regarded regarded as worthlessas worthless were were sold in sold large in quantities: large quantities; otherother tradetrade on his own along the way, while private traders theirtheir discardeddiscarded containers containers are are useful useful dating dating evidence evidence for students for students of of maymay bringbring gifts to a foreignforeign prince prince to to facilitate facilitate their their trading. trading. thethe westward migration. migration. As to the possibility of significant trade in medicinal herbs or EnkomiEnkomi in thethe Late Late Bronze Bronze Age Age may may have have sent sent copper, copper, As to the possibility of significant trade in medicinal herbs or plants,plants, itit should should be benoted noted that thatone Egyptian one Egyptian text of thetext early of 18ththe early 18th scentedscented oil,oil, spicesspices and other products products to to the the great great emporium emporium dynastydynasty (perhaps(perhaps from from the the early early 16th 16th century) century) refers refers to the to importa- the importa- atat Ugarit,Ugarit, from where theythey would would have have been been taken taken by by others others tiontion of medicinalmedicinal herbs herbs from from Keftiu. Keftiu, and anotherand another from the from reign the of reign of toto placesplaces rangingranging fromfrom the Troad to to Egypt. Egypt. From From the the Cypriot Cypriot ThutmoseThutmose IIIIII mentionsmentions Keftiu Keftiu lichens lichens imported imported for embalming for embalming fluid: fluid: TradeTrade and Rule inin PalatialPalatial Crete Crete 265265 standpoint,standpoint, the the trade trade would would have have been been “directional”. "directional". To To the the regularlyregularly from thethe areaarea of of Palaikastro or or Siteia.Siteia.” 37 The situa-situa- extentextent the palacespalaces were were centers centers of of regional regional distribution distribution and and tiontion suggestssuggests thatthat the palace at Zakros fulfilled fulfilled a a special special func- func- commercecommerce and itemsitems such such as as large large quantities quantities of metalof metal were were tiontion in connectionconnection withwith trade trade to to the the East East within within a wider a wider exchanged,exchanged, directional commercial commercial trade trade and and palatial palatial gift gift ex- ex- palatialpalatial system, upon whichwhich itit depended.depended. While While the the argument argument changechange wouldwould have tendedtended to merge.31 ” isis hardlyhardly conclusive-Zakros conclusive—Zakros might might have thrivedhave thrived in- in- ThatThat a squadron ofof shipsships mightmight sailsail east from CreteCrete without without dependentlydependently as a specializedspecialized portport site-the site—the factors factors cited cited plus plus knowingknowing exactly where metal might be available or how much thethe nature and valuevalue of thethe prestigeprestige goodsgoods foundfound there there (in- (in- clothcloth or oil,oil, how how many many vessels, vessels, tools, tools, weapons weapons or whateveror whatever cludingcluding the fine ware which is almostalmost exclusivelyexclusively ofof KnossianKnossian mightmight be required in in exchange exchange for for the the metal metal does does not not affect affect origin)origin) maymay suggestsuggest thatthat neopalatial Zakros waswas ultimatelyultimately thethe underlying nature or or control control of of the the trade. trade. Although Although Ren-Ren- governedgoverned from Knossos. The resumptionresumption ofof excavation excavation at at frewfrew and BraniganBranigan have have maintained maintained that that there there is little is little PalaikastroPalaikastro maymay provide provide important important new new information information bearing bearing evidenceevidence forfor directionaldirectional trade involving involving the the Aegean Aegean until until Late Late onon this question. HelladicHelladic 111,III,32 ‘* forfor the purpose ofof thisthis paperpaper an an order order from from aa Minoan palace to sail East and bringbring backback tintin andand coppercopper TheThe foregoing discussiondiscussion ofof whether whether long-distance long-distance trade trade (in- (in- isis directional enough.enough. cludingcluding inin particular trade inin metal)metal) was was controlled controlled by by the the OtherOther imports suchsuch as as gold, gold, ivory, ivory, certain certain stones stones and and obsi- obsi- diandian also implyimply a directionaldirectional search,search, and and foreign foreign rulers rulers or or merchantsmerchants would surely have desired specific Minoan pro-pro- E.E. and Y.Y. Sakellarakis, Sakellarakis, ‘The 'The Keftiu Keftiu and andthe Minoan the Minoan Thalassocracy’, Thalassocracy', ductsducts in return.return. Accordingly it it seemsseems highly likelylikely that “direc-"direc- inin The Minoan Thalassocracy, 197-202197-202 and and comments, comments, p. 203.p. 203. tionaltional trade"trade” existed inin thethe protopalatialprotopalatial period, and thatthat inin 313’ InIn the the story story of of Wenamun, Wenamun, the the local local ruler ruler replies replies to ato request a request forfor logslogs forfor thethe sacredsacred bark bark of of AnionAmon-Re-Re by reminding reminding Wenamun Wenamun that that thethe main andand especiallyespecially as as regards regards tin tin and and copper copper it was it was thethe Pharaoh has has always always sent sent gold gold in exchange, in exchange, and produces and produces written written directeddirected byby thethe palaces. palaces. recordsrecords ofof the the terms terms of pastof past transactions transactions (supra (supra n. 28). n. 28). 3232 RenfrewRenfrew (supra (supra n. n. 27),27), 473;473; Branigan Branigan (supra (supra n. n. 5),5), 209.209. For the neopalatial period, controlcontrol ofof overseas overseas tradetrade by by the the 3333 Branigan,Branigan, ‘Minoan 'Minoan metallurgy’ metallurgy' (supra (supra n. n. 5),5), 209 209 f. SeeSee also also Alexiou, , HerakIeion 1%9,13O-135.130-135. Of Of course course palaces isis moremore generally generally accepted, accepted, for forexample example by K.by K. Alexiou, Minoan civilization, Herakleion 1969, ifif thethe extent extent of of palatial palatial knowledge knowledge and regulation and regulation of economic of economic lilifefe Branigan, whowho cites cites glypticglyptic evidence for neopalatialneopalatial control control discloseddisclosed byby the the Linear Linear B tabletsB tablets (see (seeD. Page, D. Page, HistoryHistory andand the the overover internalinternal affairs, increased increased Minoan Minoan trading trading interest interest in inthe the Homeric Iliad, Iliad, BerkeleyBerkeley 1959,181) 1959, 181) reflects reflects to a to significant a significant degree degree the the Aegean, the existenceexistence ofof presumablypresumably palatial palatial prestige prestige gift gift ex- ex- palatial Minoan Minoan economic economic and bureaucratic and bureaucratic system of system LM 1 (as of seems LM I (as seems changechange with EgyptEgypt (as(as shownshown by by depictions depictions of of Keftiu Keftiu on on likely),likely), then then the the argument argument for forneopalatial neopalatial control control of overseas of overseas trade trade isis accordingly strengthened. strengthened. The The types types and and ideographicideographic contents of of Egyptian tombs and and objects objects bearing bearing the the Pharaonic Pharaonic cartouche cartouche Linear AA documents documents have have been been interpreted interpreted as indicating as indicating LM I LM I inin Crete) and thethe concentrationconcentration of of skilled skilled craftsmen craftsmen in in the the regionalregional specialization specialization under under palatial palatial direction: direction: T. T. Palaima,PaIaima, ‘Pre-'Pre- palaces, the last pointpoint leading leading him him to to conclude conclude that that metal metal was was liliminaryminary comparative comparative textual textual evidence evidence for palatial for palatial control control of econ- of econ- controlled by the palaces.”palaces." omicomic activityactivity in in Minoan Minoan and and MycenaeanMycenaean Crete’.Crete', inin this this volume. volume. 34y WeingartenWeingarten (supra (supra n. 22).n. 22). The TheEgyptian Egyptian word forword a for a contractcontract- — For thethe neopalatial neopalatial period period one one further further argument argument for for btmt—literallybtmt-literally meansmeans “sealed "sealed thing”. thing". palatial control of long-distance trade is available: the palatial control of long-distance trade is available: the 353s WeingartenWeingarten (supra (supra n. n. 22),22), 7-24, 7-24, 107; S. S. Marinatos. Marinatos, ArchEph evidence of Zakros. AtAt thethe top top of of a a small small hill hill about 300 300 meters meters 1939-401939-4O @ubl.(publ. 1948), 1948), 69-%; 69-96; J. J.Betts, Betts, ‘New 'New light li ghton the on Minoanthe Minoan fromfrom the harbor at ZakrosZakros is is HogarthHogarth's House ’s House A, A,where where he he bureaucracy',bureaucracy ’, KadmosKadmos 6, 6, 1967, 1967. 15-40. 15-40. 36M See discussion following paper by S. ChrysoulakiChrysoulaki and L.and L. foundfound preservedpreserved 525 525 nodules nodules bearing bearing 1,005 1,005 seal seal impressions impressions See discussion following paper by S. Platon, in in this this volume. volume. stampedstamped by 214 seal types, withwith manymany nodulesnodules bearingbearing im-im- 373’ HalsteadHalstead has has estimated estimated that that at Zakrosat Zakros only only about about 5 5 %% of thethe pressions of of seals seals on on 2 2or or 3 3surfaces surfaces and and some some showing showing indica- indica- palace area area as as traditionally traditionally defined defined (and (andas we asknow we it, know with muchit, with much tionstions of contactcontact with with parchment, parchment, or orat leastat least with with hides.hides.” 34 of thethe east east side side missing) missing) was was used used for magazines,for magazines, compared compared to about to about Some of thethe Zakros Zakros seal seal impressions impressions and and a multiple a multiple sealing sealing 3030 oh% atat all all other other palatial palatial sites: sites: P. Halstead. P. Halstead, ‘From 'From determinism determinism to to uncertainty: Social Social storage storage and andthe rise the of rise the Minoanof the Minoanpalace ’,palace', in in Zakros-type sealings system appear alsoalso at at Ayia Ayia Triada;Triada; four Zakros-type sealings Economic archaeology, archaeology, ed. by by A. A. Sheridan Sheridan and and G. BaileyG. Bailey (BAR (BAR In-In- occur at Sklavokambos, and and a anodule nodule from from clay clay similar similar in in ap- ap- ternationaltemationaJ SeriesSeries 96),%), OxfordOxford 1981, 1981, 187-213. 187-213. J. Moody J. Moody also also pearance toto Zakros Zakros nodules nodules and and bearing bearing the the imprint imprint of aof seal a seal believes that that the the magazine magazine area areaof the of Palace the Palace at Zakros at isZakros significantly is significantly of ZakrosZakros type type comes comes from from Katsambas, Katsambas, the port the of port of less inin terms terms of of percentage percentage of total of totalarea than area the than other the palaces, other al-palaces, al- Kn0ss0s. ” though her her estimates estimates differ differ from from Halstead Halstead's: ’s: J. Moody, J. Moody, ‘The Minoan 'The Minoan Knossos." palace as as a aprestige prestige artifact artifact', ’, in this in thisvolume. volume. Such estimates Such estimates are of are of House A at Zakros isis at thethe furthestfurthest pointpoint of of the the site site and and course problematic; problematic; for for example, example, ethno-archaeological ethno-archaeological research research has has uphill from the harbor butbut adjacentadjacent to to a a roadway, roadway, and and may may shownshown that that in in Greece large large amounts amounts of grain of grain were sometimeswere sometimes stored stored have functionedfunctioned asas the the northwest northwest comer corner entrance entrance to the to the in basketsbaskets (H. (H. Blitzer,Blitzer, personal personal communication). communication). If baskets If baskets were were used for storage in Minoan times, they wouldwould generally generally have left have no left no palatial port site,site, andand a a point point of of control control for for goods goods moving moving used for storage in Minoan times, they trace, makingmaking it itdifficult difficult always always to identify to identify storerooms. storerooms. Moreover, Moreover, by land.land.%36 comparisons at at different different points points in time in timerequire require the assumption the assumption that that Zakros commands a a fine fine harbor harbor protected protected from from both both north north the functionfunction of of areas areas both both within within and without and without the palaces the palacesremained remained and westwest winds,winds, but but is is unique unique among among major major Minoan Minoan sites sites in in unchanged. It mayIt maybe, be, however, however, that in that the neopalatial in the neopalatial period storage period storage that thethe readilyreadily accessible accessible agricultural hinterland hinterland seems seems insuf- insuf- previously accommodated accommodated within within palace palace walls walls was transferredwas transferred to to areas outsideoutside the the walls. walls. At At KnossosKnossos kouloureskouloures capable capable of ofstoring storing ficient to createcreate an an agricultural agricultural surplus surplus or oreven even fully fully toto Sup- sup- ficient to grain sufficientsufficient to tofeed feed 1,000 1,000 people people for a year for a year (K. Branigan, Branigan, ‘The 'The port thethe site, toto saysay nothingnothing ofof the the needs needs of of a a fleet fleet of of ships. economic role role of ofthe thefirst first palaces palaces', ’, in this in volume) this volume) are paved are over paved over The areaarea devoted to storagestorage maymay have have been been proportionallYproportionally to createcreate a amonumental monumental West West Court Court and facade and facadein MM III.in MMThere III. There less at ZakrosZakros thanthan at at other other palaces, palaces, with with supplies supplies coming coming are no kouloures at at the the neopalatial neopalatial palace palace of Zakros. of Zakros. 266266 MalcolmMalcolm H.H. Wiener Wiener palaces,palaces, and the relatedrelated questionquestion of of whether whether the the palace palace at at IBIB mustmust have reflected not onlyonly patternspatterns of of continuity continuity but but ZakrosZakros played a special role in palatialpalatial tradetrade with with the the East East alsoalso processes ofof change. change. underunder the controlcontrol ofof Knossos, Knossos, raises raises inevitably inevitably the the larger larger questionquestion of whetherwhether all all major major aspects aspects of ofoverseas overseas trade trade and and MalcolmMalcolm H. H. Wiener settlement,settlement, and CreteCrete itself,itself, were were governed governed directly directly or or in- in- 3535 East 76th76th StreetStreet directlydirectly byby aa central authority, particularlyparticularly atat thethe height height of of NewNew York, NewNew YorkYork 10021 10021 thethe neopalatialneopalatial periodperiod during during mature mature LM LM IA-B. IA—B. Only Only a brief a brief summarysummary ofof the position cancan bebe givengiven here.here. First,First, there isis thethe often-notedoften-noted absence absence of of city city walls walls and and the the 3838 S.S. Alexiou,Alexiou, 'Pre ‘Pre-palatial-palatial citadelscitadels in in Crete’ Crete' (in Greek),(in Greek), existenceexistence ofof undefended undefended and indefensibleand indefensible "country “country KretologiaKretologiaS, 8, 1979,41-56; 1979, 41-56; G. G.Cadogan, Cadogan, ‘War 'War in Minoan in Minoan Crete Crete', ’, lec- lec- houses"houses”3838 inin LMLM I,I, on on an an island island whose whose later later history history is is ture,ture, New York, York, 1980; 1980; S. Hood,S. Hood, ‘The 'The “country "country house” house" and Minoan and Minoan markedmarked by frequentfrequent destructive destructive wars wars between between city-states city-states and and society',society ’, in MinoanMinoan society,society, Bristol Bristol 1983, 129-135.129-135. 3839 HoodHood (supra (supra n. n. 38),38), 129 129 f. f.The The difference difference in termsin terms of number of number whosewhose topography invitesinvites separatism separatism and and rebellion. rebellion. The The andand sizesize of of rooms rooms may may have have been beeneven greater,even greater, since Knossos since Knossosmay may palacepalace atat Knossos now reaches its maximum extent, withwith aa havehave hadhad more more floor floor levels, levels, particularly particularly on the easton the side, east than side, the than the geographicalgeographical size two-and-one-halftwo-and-one-half timestimes thatthat of of Phaistos Phaistos otherother palaces.palaces. andand close to twice that ofof Malia.3gMalia.39 CretansCretans settlesettle atat sites sites in in 4°@ WienerWiener (supra(supra n. 13),13), 17-25. 17-25. ” J.D.S. Pendlebury, The archaeologyarchaeology ofof Crete, Crete, London London 1939, 1939, thethe Cyclades andand Dodecanese Dodecanese in in increasing increasing numbers numbers during during J.D.S. Pendlebury, The 6,6.9-l 9-11, 1,94 94 and and 184; 184; L.V. L.V. Watrous, Watrous, ‘AyiaTriada:'Ayia Triada: A A new new perspective perspective thethe course of LMLM IA.IA. At At Phylakopi, Phylakopi, Akrotiri, Akrotiri, Ayia Ayia Irini Irini and and onon thethe MinoanMinoan villa villa', ’, AJAAJA 88, 1984,1984, 133.133. Trianda,Trianda, MinoanMinoan influence influence is is dominant dominant at at least least in in the the cultural cultural 42” J.J. Cherry, Cherry, ‘Generahsation 'Generalisation and and the archaeologythe archaeology of the state’,of the state',in in andand economic spheres,spheres, if if not not politically politically as as well.'"well.@ The coun-coun- SocialSocial organization and and settlement, settlement, ed.ed. byby D. D. Green, Green, C. C.Haselgrove Haselgrove trytry houses oror villasvillas are are established established (beginning (beginning in inMM MM III) III) at at andand M.M. Spriggs Spriggs (BAR (BAR 47),47), Oxford Oxford 1978, 429431; 429-431; A. Peatfield, A. Peatfield, between places well suited to controlling roadways and entrances to 'Palace‘Palace andand peak: peak: The The political political and religiousand religious relationship relationship between places well suited to controlling roadways and entrances to palaces and and peak peak sanctuaries sanctuaries', ’, in this in volume.this volume. valleys."valleys?’ The The peak sanctuaries, ledled by by Juktas, Juktas, take take on ona a 43‘s WalbergWalberg (supra (supra n. n. 7),7). 89-137; 89-137; S. S. Andreou, Andreou, PotteryPottery groups of more formalformal and and uniform uniform appearance appearance with palatial with palatial thethe oldoldpalaceperiod palace period in inCrete, Crete, Ph.D.Ph.D. diss., diss., University University of Cincinnati, of Cincinnati, iconography,iconography, and and are are themselves themselves reflected reflected in in representations representations 1978.1978. *I East Crete also participatesparticipates in pottery in pottery export, export, however, however, in in inin finds from KnossosKnossos andand Zakros.Zakros.4242 44 East Crete also Egypt (G.(G. Cadogan, Cadogan, personal personal communication) communication) and particularly and particularly at at Knossos now dominates pottery pottery innovation, innovation, in incontrast contrast to to Thera: W.-D.W.-D. Niemeier, Niemeier, ‘The 'The master master of the of Goumia the Gournia octopus octopus stirrup stirrup thethe distinctive regional potterypottery traditions traditions of of the the protopalatial protopalatial jar and aa LateLate Minoan Minoan IA IA workshop workshop at Gournia at Gournia exporting exporting to Thera’, to Thera', period,"period,” and much of the LM I fine wareware foundfound atat Phaistos,Phaistos, inin TUAS 4, 1979,1979, 18-26.18-26. Ayia Triada, Zakros,Zakros, Kommos, Kommos, Kythera. Kythera, Melos. Melos, Kea Kea and and 43” WienerWiener (supra (supra n. n. 13),13), 1717 and and 25. 25. 464 BettsBetts (supra (supra n. n.35). 35). Of courseOf course identical identical or nearly or nearlyidentical identical seal- seal- Rhodes is of KnossianKnossian origin."origin.” ArchitectureArchitecture alsoalso seemsseems toto ingsings fromfrom various various places places might might result result from from the activity the activity of of inter-inter- followfollow a KnossianKnossian inspiration,inspiration, particularly particularly in inthe theuse useof of regionalregional commercial commercial or religiousor religious entities entities which whichcould have could existed have existed ashlar. Whether thethe KnossianKnossian primacyprimacy inin pottery,pottery, architec- architec- even inin the the absence absence of centralof central rule. rule. tureture and other artsarts reflects reflects political political domination domination or or merely merely cul- cul- 47” HoodHood (supra (supra n. n. 38),38), 132. 132. Hood Hood gives gives as anas examplean example the many the many palaces owned owned by by Ramesses Ramesses III; III;closer closer in time, in Amenhoteptime, Amenhotep III had III had tural preeminencepreeminence and and prestige-the prestige —the “Versailles"Versailles ef- tural major palacespalaces at at Malkata Malkata and andat Medinet at Medinet Gurab Gurab at the gateway at the togateway to fect"feet”“-is45—is of coursecourse hardhard toto determine. determine. thethe Fayum,Fayum, and and a acommemorative commemorative scarab scarab records records his building his building at least at least The appearance at at Knossos, Knossos, Tylissos, Tylissos, Ayia Ayia Triada, Triada, Gour- a lake atat a a site site thought thought to tobe beAkhmin, Akhmin, the homethe home of his of wife his Ty, wife in Ty, in nia and ZakrosZakros of of sealings sealings made made by by identical identical or veryor very similar similar Middle Egypt Egypt (A. (A. Russman,Russman, personalpersonal communication). communication). The exten-The exten- sivesive naturenature of of Minoan Minoan contacts contacts with Egyptwith Egypt in LM inI (see LM W. I (see W. Helck,Helck, sealsseals has beenbeen proposedproposed as as evidence evidence favoring favoring central central rule rule Die Beziehungen Agyptens Agyptens andund VorderasiensVorderasiens zur zur AgaisAgUis bis insins 7. 7. exercised inin part byby travelingtraveling officials."officials6 S. Hood hashas sug- sug- JahrhundertJahrhunderf v. v. Chr., Chr., Darmstadt Darmstadt 1979; 1979; E. and E. Y.and Sakellarakis, Y. Sakellarakis, supra supra gested that the ruler of CreteCrete may may have have resembled resembled the the pharaoh pharaoh n. 30).30), as as shown shown for for example example by the by depictions the depictions of Keftiu of emissariesKeftiu emissaries inin Egypt in owning manymany palaces.palaces.`' ” on Theban tombstombs and and a scribala scribal tablet tablet from from the reignthe reign of Thutmose of Thutmose III giving instruction in the writing of KeftiuKeftiu names names (see T. (see Peet, T. Peet, ‘The 'The Whatever the casecase regardingregarding central central rule rule in inLM LM I, itI, is it is III giving instruction in the writing of Egyptian writing writing board’, board', EssaysEssays inin AegeanAegean archaeologyarchaeologypresented presented to to highly unlikely that the relationshiprelationship between between the the Minoan Minoan highly unlikely that the Sir ,Evans, Oxford 1927, 1927, 90-99) suggest suggest that that the the ruler ruler at at palaces remainedremained constant constant for for 500 500 years. years. If theIf the palaces palaces were were Knossos would would have have known known that that the thePharaoh Pharaoh ruledruled allall Egypt Egypt and and had had independent at at the the outset, outset, then then differing differing effects effects of ofplague, plague, of of palaces at at various various places, places, but butthere there is no is reason no reason in particular in particular to sug- to sug- drought and and of of malaria, malaria, the the accidents accidents of ofindividual individual longevity longevity gest MinoanMinoan emulation. emulation. affecting rule andand succession,succession, rivalryrivalry between between the the palaces, palaces, affecting rule In the preparation preparation of ofthis this paper paper I received I received much muchhelpful helpful advice and advice and and the consequencesconsequences of of dynastic dynastic intermarriage intermarriage would would likely likely comment from from J. J. Bennet,Bennet, P.P. Betancourt, Betancourt, J. Crouwel,J. Crouwel, 0. Dickinson, 0. Dickinson, have resultedresulted in in shifting shifting alliances alliances and bordersand borders and differing and differing S. Iakovidis,Iakovidis, 0. O.Muscarella, Muscarella, J. Rutter, J. Rutter, P. Warren P. Warren and L.V. and Watrous L.V. Watrous degrees of central authority. Palatial Palatial rule rule from from MM MM IB IB to toLM LM among others,others, toto all all of of whom whom I here I here express express my thanks.my thanks. TradeTrade andand Rule inin PalatialPalatial Crete Crete 267267

DiscussionDiscussion

J.J. Shaw:Show: I havehave beenbeen concernedconcerned with with Minoan Minoan exports exports for for havehave beenbeen significant.significant. InIn thethe American American West West of of the the 19th 19th cen- cen- somesome timetime andand wonder ifif youyou thinkthink that that wood wood was was a apossible possible turytury aa majormajor item of trade waswas patentpatent medicines,medicines, whichwhich wewe export.export. Crete had quitequite aa bit bit of of wood, wood, as as did did Cyprus Cyprus and and todaytoday consider worthless.worthless. Byblos,Byblos, andand of coursecourse wewe havehave the the big big bronze bronze saws saws from from HagiaHagia TriadaTriada andand Zakros. C.C. Laviosa:Laviosa: DirectionDirection of of trade trade seems seems a very a very important important ques- ques- tion,tion, butbut we we should should also also consider consider the politics the politics over such over a long such a long M.M. Wiener:Wiener: Yes, Yes, I I think think wood wood is is a avery very likely likely export. export. The The an- an- periodperiod ofof time. time. The CretansCretans mustmust havehave hadhad more more than than one one nalsnals ofof Thutmosis IIIIII referrefer to to Keftiu Keftiu ships ships in in Levantine Levantine ports ports placeplace asas aa sourcesource of silver, wood, etc.etc. ItIt's also ’s also a matter a matter of of withwith masts,masts, poles andand large trees en route to Egypt, andand anan competition,competition, theythey would have looked for thethe bestbest prices.prices. AkkadianAkkadian termterm forfor one one variety variety of of wood wood has has been been thought thought by by AnAn AnatolianAnatolian question now: youyou pointedpointed toto the the import- import- somesome toto derive from the wordword kaptaru.kaptaru. IfIf thethe Mari tabletstablets anceance ofof the DodecaneseDodecanese in in the the commerce commerce with with Anatolia. Anatolia. Do Do referrefer toto Crete, thenthen already already in in MM MM II II Crete Crete is is taking taking finished finished youyou thinkthink we could havehave ChiosChios and and Mytilene Mytilene as as trade trade posts? posts? products,products, suchsuch asas pincers, pincers, bronze bronze vessels vessels and and other other types types of of toolstools and weapons, abroad. abroad. Cloth Cloth is isalso also a major a major possibility possibility M.M. Wiener: II wouldwould be very surprisedsurprised if if we we don'tdon ‘t find find Minoan Minoan andand K. Branigan hashas already already referred referred to to the the great great number number of of depositsdeposits inin allall ofof these islands. II agreeagree thatthat the the Minoans Minoans must must loomloom-weights-weights in thethe earlyearly palace period. TheThe Knossian Knossian Linear Linear havehave soughtsought contactcontact with all the established tin tin routes routes and and it it's ’s BB tabletstablets indicateindicate anan enormous number of sheep atat thethe endend truetrue that, asas we we can can see see from from the the Near Near Eastern Eastern texts, texts, the the ofof the palatial period. relativerelative value of metalsmetals variesvaries considerablyconsiderably fromfrom place place to to PerfumedPerfumed oil, winewine andand even even medicinal medicinal plants plants are are also also placeplace andand time to time. possibilities.possibilities. In thethe pre-scientificpre-scientific age age medicinal medicinal plants plants might might

GeneralGeneral Discussion on EconomyEconomy andand TradeTrade

W.W. Heick:Helck: LetLet me saysay firstfist howhow thethe tradetrade situation looks looks from from B.B. Foster: II wouldwould lilikeke to comment on on various various points points made made . thethe point of viewview of Egypt.Egypt. We We are are not not allowed allowed to to forget forget that that byby thethe speakers speakers on ontrade. trade. First aboutFirst venturing.about venturing. In In historicalhistorical changes took place during thesethese periods.periods. ForFor ex- ex- MesopotamiaMesopotamia thethe typical typical pattern pattern in inalmost almost all alleconomic economic ac- ac- ample,ample, it has beenbeen saidsaid that that in in the the Old Old and and Middle Middle Kingdoms Kingdoms tivitiestivities isis for thethe palacepalace to to avoid avoid venturing; venturing; to toleave leave it toit to tradetrade was conducted only only by by the the pharaoh pharaoh but but there there is is alsoalso thethe private individuals andand then to turnturn aroundaround and and collect collect the the timetime between thethe two two epochs, epochs, during during which which there there was was much much profit. ThisThis worksworks in in land-lease, land-lease, where where the the person person who who leases leases private enterprise.enterprise. agreesagrees to deliver a certain amount amount of of harvest, harvest, and and if theif the year year InIn the timetime whichwhich interests interests us us here, here, the the exchange exchange between between isis good,good, hehe makesmakes a a lot lot of of profit, profit, if itif it's ’sbad, bad, he he takes takes a aloss. loss. CreteCrete and Egypt isis onon aa palace palace basis. basis. The The first first mention mention of of We can look forfor thethe same same mechanisms mechanisms in in trade. trade. We We have have Crete,Crete, in the annals of of Thutmoses Thutmoses III, III, a a rulerruler of Crete is is men-men- private archives fromfrom the the Old Old Babylonian Babylonian period period (18th/17th(18th/17th tioned.tioned. This meansmeans that that the the Egyptians Egyptians knew knew there there was was a rulera ruler cent.cent. B.C.)B.C.) wherewhere private private merchants merchants outfitted outfitted ships ships and and on the island. WeWe also have aa paintingpainting in in the the tomb tomb of of Senmut, Senmut, dedicated models of of gold gold and and silver silver ships ships in in the the local local temple. temple. at the time of Hat-Shepsut,Hat-Shepsut, which which shows shows gifts gifts given given byby the the These people dealt with the state, but but were were not not state state officials, officials, Minoans. It isis importantimportant that that the the first first person person carried carried a biga big theythey had no titles;titles; theythey merelymerely go where thethe moneymoney is.is. TheThe sword.sword. II think at that time time the the Minoans Minoans exported exported arms, arms, as as well well records were kept in silversilver value. ContraryContrary to to some some points points as smiths who could manufacturemanufacture them. them. Some Some weapons weapons of of which were made here, wewe dodo know know that that a astandard standard currency currency King AhmoseAhmose areare made in the Minoan fashion,fashion, and and the the in- in- existed in thethe 18th cent.cent. B.C. ThereThere were were standard standard silver silver rings rings scriptionscription accompanyingaccompanying thethe picture picture is is so so bad bad that that it was it was which were usedused asas coinage. coinage. perhaps made byby CretanCretan artists.artists. There There may may also also have have been been The other pointpoint I I would would like like to to make make is is that that one one of of the&he hid- an exchange of artists. We We know know for for example example that that Hattushilis Hattushilis den problems in the circulationcirculation patternpattern ofof foreign foreign goods goods is is III asked forfor anan architect architect from from Babylon. Babylon. The The exchange exchange on on an an the trade of craftsmen and and artisans artisans themselves. themselves. We We know know that that official basis continues down down to to the the times times of of Echnaton. Echnaton. A A cer- cer- skilled people werewere exchanged, exchanged, so so that that if ifyou you find find a foreign a foreign tain typetype ofof MycenaeanMycenaean vessel vessel is is found found only only in in the the king king's ’s object in a court you cannot telltell if itit waswas importedimported oror mademade palace and inin thethe houses houses of of his his immediate immediate environment. environment. This This there. shows there waswas nono privateprivate trade trade in in this this commodity. commodity. The The Lastly, I would like to stress that thethe Old Old Assyrian Assyrian trade trade evolution ofof tradetrade outside outside the the official official framework framework comes comes was definitely private based based on on family family relationships, relationships, with with the the gradually. wife staying at Assur producing textiles textiles and and sending sending them them to to 268 GeneralGeneral Discussion

Kanesh toto be be exchanged exchanged in thein the local local market market for for silver and to evidenceevidence of pottery goes, goes, like, like, for for example, example, the the existence existence of of be returnedreturned toto Assur. Assur. Tin Tin was was also also going going from from Assur Assur to to KamaresKarnares ware she&sherds foundfound in in various various parts parts of the of Mediterra- the Mediterra- Kanesh toto raise money for the family. The palace extracted nean, these these could havehave been been brought brought by by middlemen, middlemen, not not the the customs, butbut thethe profits profits went went to to private private merchants. merchants. We We have, have, Minoans themselves.themselves. inin other words, thethe classicalclassical MesopotamianMesopotamian pattern,pattern, where where thethe individual takestakes the the risks risks and and the the government government then then moves moves G. Kopcke: II cancan only say that II agreeagree withwith everyevery sceptical inin to collectcollect the profit.profit. remark.

P. Warren:Warren: II found thethe comments comments of of both both the theOriental Oriental W. Helck:Helck: Nevertheless,Nevertheless, the frescoesfrescoes inin thethe tomb tomb of of Senmut Senmut specialistsspecialists very useful andand I Iwas was going going to to ask ask them them myself myself to to showshow us Cretan peoplepeople bringing Cretan objects.objects. So the possi-possi- comment on the possibility of of thethe existenceexistence ofof aa freefree merchantmerchant bility that Cretans broughtbrought thesethese objectsobjects lieslies closeclose at hand!hand! class inin Crete.Crete. They They have have done done so, and so, have and drawn have drawn diametrically opposite pictures. II wouldwould likelike toto refocus refocus the the I. Pini:Pini: ButBut werewere thesethese CretansCretans merchants? merchants? question and saysay thatthat oneone of of the the most most interesting interesting areas areas for for tradetrade inin CreteCrete was was the the Levant, Levant, Ugarit, Ugarit, etc. etc. Which Which of theof thetwo two W. Helck:Helck: WhatWhat isis aa merchant?merchant? They are people who brought patterns isis thethe strongest strongest in in the the Levantine Levantine states? states? The The palace palace goods by order of thethe kingking oror even even on on private private initiative. initiative. pattern of Egypt,Egypt, oror thethe Mesopotamian Mesopotamian model model of of free free mer- mer- chant enterprise? If one of thesethese patternpattern is is more more dominant, dominant, G. Walberg: InIn thethe TodTod treasuretreasure there isis no KamaresKamares pottery, pottery, thisthis may be thethe closercloser model for understanding Minoan Minoan social social nor can any Cretan influenceinfluence bebe demonstrateddemonstrated inin thethe metal metal structure.structure. vases. Most of the "MM“MM features”features" can can be befound found elsewhere elsewhere and notnot in in Crete. Crete. W. Helck:Helck: II thinkthink thethe Mesopotamian is is the the stronger stronger one, one, be- be- cause the PhoenicianPhoenician townstowns went went over over to to that, that, not not to theto the L. V.V. Watrous:Watrous: II welcome the remarkremark thatthat pottery pottery is isnot not Egyptian. EvenEven thethe Egyptians Egyptians changed changed in inthe the Ramesside Ramesside always aa good indication of trade,trade, but but in in some some instances instances it it period, asas I I mentionedmentioned in in my my paper. paper. This This model model also also accords accords is, at leastleast within thethe Aegean.Aegean. The The extent extent and and amount amount of ofpot- pot- more with the innerinner feelings feelings of of man, man, who who wants wants to to make make pro- pro- tery produced in LM IBIB Knossos,Knossos, foundfound bothboth in in Crete Crete and and fit and not justjust workwork forfor the the state state as as was was the the case case in in Egypt. Egypt. elsewhere inin thethe Aegean,Aegean, isis tootoo much for usus notnot toto have have to to postulate some kind of centralizedcentralized operation. II know know from from S. Hood: ScalesScales havehave beenbeen found inin thethe Shaft Shaft Graves Graves at at Kommos, forfor example, example, that that there there is is a atremendous tremendous amount amount of of Mycenae andand the Vapheio tomb, andand it it has has been been suggested suggested imported Knossos ware.ware. And And going going back back to to our our earlier earlier discus- discus- that theythey were were used used for for weighing weighing precious precious metals metals in connec-in connec- sion about thethe origins origins of of the the palaces, palaces, it it follows follows that that if ifpottery pottery tion with trade. IfIf thisthis isis thethe case,case, itit wouldwould implyimply thatthat some some is a poorpoor indicationindication of of trade, trade, we we cannot cannot use use the the lack lack of itof it very powerfulpowerful people people were were engaged engaged in intrade. trade. against diffusion.diffusion.

L. V. Watrous:Watrous: II think thatthat the the scales scales may may have have been been religious religious S. Hiller: RegardingRegarding Ch. Ch. Doumas Doumas' ’ questionquestion aboutabout whatwhat objects, inin imitationimitation of of the the Egyptian Egyptian practice practice of ofweighing weighing the the evidence we have forfor a a fleet, fleet, there there is isthe the tablet tablet testimony testimony at at soul. Think ofof thethe scales scales found found in in a atomb tomb at atMaurospelio, Maurospelio, Pylos about the "shipbuilders" “shipbuilders” who are building shipsships for for the the Crete, which are made of gold foil and couldcould notnot havehave beenbeen palace. But we also have evidence for a fleetfleet inin CreteCrete asas J. J. functional. Chadwick has shown in the Doro LeviLevi Festschrift. The tablets also suggestsuggest thatthat the the palace palace controlled controlled certain certain main main in- in- S. Hood: II would also likelike to to ask ask about about the the old old idea idea that that the the dustries, likelike thethe production production of of swords swords and and bronze bronze working. working. ceiling patterns inin Middle and and New New Kingdom Kingdom tombs tombs were were imi- imi- We have tablets from PylosPylos referring referring to to ca. ca. 300 300 smiths, smiths, which which tations ofof Cretan Cretan textiles, textiles, which which were were used used to coverto cover the theceil- ceil- are far tootoo many many for for the the needs needs of of the the palace. palace. I was I was impressed impressed ings in Egyptian houseshouses atat thethe time. time. to hearhear M.M. WienerWiener talktalk of of the the palace palace controlling controlling armour.

W. Helck: OfOf course, there areare three three tombs tombs in in the the Middle Middle M. Wiener:Wiener: Certainly the tabletstablets fromfrom Pylos Pylos and and Knossos Knossos Kingdom and a good manymany inin thethe NewNew one,one, atat Malkata Malkata for for show a tremendous amount of palatialpalatial controlcontrol and and I Iwould would instance, and theythey dodo have have Minoan/Mycenaean motifs.motifs. think thatthat the the Linear A tablets tablets would would disclose disclose a similar a similar con- con- trol of thethe palacepalace over thethe economy.economy. AsAs toto weaponweapon control,control, Ch. Doumas: FromFrom what wewe have have seen seen in in many many papers papers the the in the firstfirst book book of of Samuel Samuel there there is ais versea verse that that refers refers to the to the function of of the the Minoan Minoan palaces palaces was was mostly mostly economic. economic. Today Today Philistines monopolizingmonopolizing the the metal metal working working in orderin order to pre- to pre- we are disucssing to whatwhat extent extent the the palaces palaces controlled controlled trade, trade, vent anyone else else from from having having swords; swords; the the Israelites Israelites must must go go and II agreeagree with K. KilianKilian about tradetrade involving involving moremore than than to Gaza toto get knives.knives. OneOne doesndoesn't ’t wantwant toto read that 800800 years luxury goods. At Thera wewe have 1/3l/3 ofof thethe totaltotal amount ofof back, butbut itit does does show show the the tendency tendency to controlto control the mainthe main early stirrup jarsjars inin thethe Aegean. Aegean. weapons. EvenEven today, today, the the most most capitalistic capitalistic society society does does not not Another point: point: since since many many of of our our assumptions assumptions about about trade trade permit trade in in uranium. The The great great bronze bronze swords swords from from Malia are conjectural, howhow can can we we discuss discuss the the destruction destruction of of the the cannot bebe anythinganything butbut palatialpalatial products. products. flfleet,eet, when we dondon't ’t eveneven knowknow ifif itit existed? As far asas thethe ContentsContents SVENSKA PrefacePreface ...... 99 BackgroundBackground and and MethodologyMethodology BenjaminBenjamin R. R. Foster,Foster, The LateLate Bronze Age Age palace palace economy:economy: A A view view from from the the East East ...... 11—11- 1616 WolfgangWolfgang Helck,Helck, TheThe dissolutiondissolution of of the the palace palace economy economy inin thethe Ramesside Ramesside period period ...... 17—17- 19 KlausKlaus Kilian,Kilian, Zur Zur Funktion der der mykenischen mykenischen ResidenzenResidenzen aufauf demdem griechischen griechischen Festland Festland ...... 21—21- 38

MargaritaMargamta Lindgren, The The function function of ofthe the Minoan Minoan palaces-Myth palaces—Myth and reality and reality ...... 39—39- 42 INSTITUTET AntonisAnfonic A. Zois.Zois, The The function function of theof theMinoan Minoan palace: palace: A contribution A contribution to the todefinition the definition of the main of the problem main orproblem a model or for a model for futurefuture researchresearch(outhne) (outline) ...... 43—43- 44 GeneralGeneral discussiondiscussion ...... 45—45- 46 TheThe EmergenceEmergence of thethe Cretan Cretan Palaces Palaces P.M.P.M. Warren,Warren, TheThe genesis of of the the Minoan Minoan palace palace ...... 47—47- 56 StefanStefan Hiller, Hiller, Palast undund TempelTempel im im Ahen Alten Orient Orient und und imim minoischen minoischen Kreta Kreta ...... 57—57- 64 L.L. VanceVance Watrous, The The role role of ofthe the Near Near East East in the in risethe ofrise the of Cretan the Cretan palaces palaces ...... 65—65- 7070 GeraldGerald Cadogan, What happenedhappened at atthe the Old Old Palace Palace of Knossos? of Knossos? ...... 71—71- 7373 I ATHEN, GeneralGeneral discussiondiscussion ...... 73—73- 7474 TheThe Relations Relations of of the Palace with TownTown and TerritoryTerritory Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Poursat, Town Town and and palace palace at at MaliaMalia in in the the protopalatial protopalatial period period (summary) (summary) ...... 75—75- 7676 StellaStella Chrysoulaki and and LefterlsLefteris Platon, Platon, Relations Relations between between the thetown town and andpalace palace of Zakros of Zakros ...... 77—77- 84 87 HenriHenri van wfenterre,Effenterre, The The function function of monumentahtyof monumentality in the in Minoan the Minoan palaces palaces ...... 85—85- 87 SKRIFTER AlanAlan Peatfield, Palace Palace and and peak: peak: The politicalThe political and religious and religious relationship relationship between palaces between and palacespeak sanctuaries and peak sanctuaries ...... 89—89- 93 LuciaLucia Nixon, Neo-palatial Neo-palatial outlying outlying settlements settlements and the and function the function of the Minoan of the palaces Minoan palaces ...... 95—95- 9898 GeneralGeneral discussion ...... 98—98- 99

NewsNews from from the Field JosephJoseph W.W. Shaw,Shaw, A A “palatial” "palatial" stoa stoa at Kommos at Kommos ...... 101-110101-110

YannisYannis TzedakirTzedakis and and StellaStella Chrysoulaki, Chrysoulaki, Neopalatial Neopalatial architectural architectural elements elements in the in areathe areaof of Chania ...... 111-115111-115 4°, YannisYannls TzedakbTzedakis and and Erik Erik Ha/lager, Hallager, A clay-sealingA clay-sealing from from the Greek-Swedish the Greek-Swedish excavations excavations at Khania at Khania ...... 117-120117-120 Hermann Kienast. Neue Forschungen im Kopais-BeckenKopais-Becken (Zusammenfassung) (Zusammenfassung) ...... 121-122121-122 Hermann Kienast, Neue Forschungen im XXXV.

TheThe Palaces Palaces as as CeremonialCeremonial and and Religious Religious Centres Centres GeraldineGeraldine C.C. Gesell,Gesell, The The Minoan Minoan palace palace and and public public cult cult ...... 123-128123-128 RobinRobin HUgg,Hogg, On On the the reconstruction reconstruction of theof westthe west facade facade of the of palace the palaceat Knossos at Knossos ...... 129-134129-134 NannoNanno Marmatos.Marinatos, Public Public festivals festivals in thein thewest west courts courts of the of palaces the palaces ...... 135-143135-143 ChristosChrlstos Boulotb.Boulotis, Nochmals Nochmals zum zum Prozessionsfresko Prozessionsfresko von vonKnossos: Knossos: PalastPalast und und Darbringung Darbringung von von Prestige-ObjektenPrestige-Objekten ...... 145-156145-156 157-161157-161 EllenEllen N. Davis,Davis, The The Knossos Knossos miniature miniature frescoes frescoes and andthe function the function of the central of the courts central courts ...... THE WolfWolf-Dietrich-Dietrich Niemeier,Niemeier, On On the the function function of theof the ‘Throne 'Throne Room Room' ’ in inthe the palace palace at Knossos at Knossos ...... 163-168163-168 ErikErik Ha/lager,Hallager,A A “Harvest "Harvest Festival Festival Room” Room" in the inMinoan the Minoan palaces? palaces?An architectural An architectural study of the studyPillar Cryptof the Area Pillar at Crypt Area at KnossosKnossos ...... 169-177169-177 FUNCTION D.J.D.J. Ian Begg, Begg, Continuity Continuity in inthe the West West Wig Wing at Knossos at Knossos ...... 179-184179-184 GeneralGeneral discussiondiscussion ...... 184-186184-186 AnnCharlotteAnnCharlotte Noralfedt,Nordfeldt, Residential Residential quarters quarters and and lustrallustral basinsbasins ...... 187-194187-194 ClairyC/airy Palyvou, Circulatory Circulatory patterns patterns in Minoan in Minoan architecture architecture ...... 195-203195-203 SinclairSinclair Hood, Mason Mason's ’s marks marks in in the the palaces palaces ...... 205-212205-212 ImmoImmo Beyer, DerDer Palasttempel Palasttempel von von Phaistos Phaistos (...... 213-225213-225 GOstaCosta SUjlund,Sifflund, The The agoge agoge of theof Minoanthe Minoan youth youth as reflected as reflected by palatial by palatial iconography iconography ...... 227-233227-233

JenniferJennifer Moody, The Minoan Minoan palace palace as a as prestige a prestige artifact artifact ...... 235-241235-241 OF GeneralGeneral discussiondiscussion ...... 242-244242-244 THE TheThe Palaces as Centres of TradeTrade and ManufactureManufacture KeithKeith Branigan, TheThe economiceconomic rolerole of thethe firstfirst palaces ...... 245-249245-249 StylianosStylianos Alexiou,Alexiou, Minoan Minoan palaces palaces as as centrescentres of of trade trade and and manufacture manufacture ...... 251-253251-253 GunterGiinfer Kopcke, The CretanCretan palacespalaces and and trade trade ...... 255-260255-260 MINOAN MalcolmMalcolm H. Wiener, Wiener, Trade Trade and and rule rule in palatialin palatial Crete Crete ...... 261-267261-267 General discussion discussion ...... 267-268267-268 OlivierOlivier Pelon.Pelon, Minoan Minoan palaces palaces and and workshops: workshops: New New data data from from MaliaMalia ...... 269-272269-272 J.A. Ma&i//lvray,MacGillivray, Pottcry Pottery workshops workshops and and the oldthe palacesold palaces in Crete in Crete ...... 273-279273-279 GiselaGi&a W&erg,Walberg, PaMhI Palatial and and provincial provincial workshops workshops in the in Middle the Middle Minoan Minoan period period ...... 281-28528 l-285 KarenKaren PolingerPollnger Foster, Foster, Reconstructing Reconstructing Minoan Minoan palatial palatial faience faience workshops workshops ...... 287-292287-292 PALACES ColinCo/in Macdonald, A AKnossian Knossian weapon weapon workshop workshop in Late in LateMinoan Minoan II and II IIIA and ILIA ...... 293-295293-295 MervynMervyn Popham,Popham, The The use use of ofthe the palace palace at Knossos at Knossos at the at time the oftime its destruction,of its destruction, c. c. 14001400 B.C.B.C...... 297-299297-299 299-300 General discussion discussion ...... 299-300 FromFrom Minoan to Mycenaean Administration Administration Thomas G.G. Palaima,Palaima, PreliminaryPreliminary comparative comparative textual textual evidence evidence for palatial for palatial control ofcontrol economic of activityeconomic in Minoan activity and in Minoan and 301-306 Mycenaean Crete Crete ...... 301-306 307-312 John Bennet, Knossos Knossos and and LM LM III Ill Crete: Crete: A post-palatialA post-palatial palace? palace? ...... : 307-312 313-316 J.T.J. T. Hooker,Hooker, Minoan and and Mycenaean administration:administration: A A comparisoncomparison of ofthe the Knossos Knossos and Pylosand Pylos archives...... 313-316 317-319 PaulPaul AstrOmAstrom and Karl-ErlkKarl-Erik Sj&pdst, SjOquist, The The scribes scribes and and their their helpers helpers in the in palacethe palace at at Pylos ...... 317-319 319-320 General discussion discussion ...... 319-320 The Function Function of of Frescoes Frescoes in in thethe Palaces Palaces 320-328 M.A.S. Cameron, Cameron, The The ‘palatial’ 'palatial' thematic thematic system system in the in Knossos the Knossos murals. murals. Last notes Last on notes on Knossos frescoes frescoes ...... 320-328 329-333 Final discussiondiscussion ...... 329-333 Final 335-336 Programme and participantsparticipants ofof the the symposium symposium ...... 335-336 ...... 337-339 Abbreviationsf$,bbreviations . . . 337-339 ...... 341-344 Index

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