SKRIFTER UTGIVNAUTGIVNA AV AV SVENSKA SVENSKA INSTITUTET INSTITUTET I IATHEN,ATHEN, 4”,4°, XXXVXXXV ACTA INSTITUTIINSTITUTI ATHENIENSIS REGNIREGNI SUECIAB,SUECIAE, SERIES SERIES IN IN 4’94°, XXXV XXXV Offprint TheThe FunctionFunction ofof thethe MinoanMinoan PalacesPalaces ProceedingsProceedings of thethe Fourth, InternationalInternational SymposiumSymposium atat the Swedish Institute inin Athens,Athens, 10-16 June,June, 19841984 EDITEDEDITED BYBY RobinRobin HaggHagg and Nanno MarinatosMarinatos t•=••- 0 On C We. STOCKHOLMSTOCKHOLM 1987 Trade andand RuleRule inin Palatial Palatial Crete Crete bybY MalcolmMalcolm H.H. Wiener AbstractAbstract WareWare of coursecourse appearsappears along along the the Syrian, Syrian, Canaanite Canaanite and and AA number of of factors factors suggest suggest a strong a strong palatial palatial role in long-distancerole in long-distance PalestinianPalestinian coasts, particularly at at theimportant the important emporium emporium of of overseasoverseas trade, trade, particularly particularly with with regard regard to the to acquisition the acquisition of bronze, of bronze, Ugarit,Ugarit, where aa local (or at least non-Minoan)non-Minoan) imitation ofof oror copper and and tin, tin, beginning beginning with with the protopalatial period. Bronze the protopalatial period. Bronze KamaresKamares WareWare hashas also been reported.'reported.’ Cyprus Cyprus andand EgyptEgypt waswas needed for for weapons weapons and and tools tools and anddesired desired for prestige for prestige items, items,but but alsoalso receivedreceived KamaresKamares Ware, and imitation Kamares appears CretanCretan coppercopper sources sources are are scanty scanty and thereand thereis no known is no sourceknown of source of Ware, and imitation Kamares appears tintin anywhere in in the the Aegean. Aegean. Tin, Tin, however, however, was available was available and widely and widely inin EgyptEgypt asas well.well66 tradedtraded in in the the Near Near East East during during MMMM II and II there and is there evidence is evidence of Minoan of Minoan WithWith respectrespect to metalwork, Syrian Syrian daggers daggers appear appear in in Crete Crete contactcontact with with known known tin tinroutes routes including including recent recent suggestions suggestions of of pro-pro- byby EMEM IIIIII-MM—MM I, I, and and some some Minoan Minoan daggers daggers and and vessels vessels topalatialtopalatial habitation habitation sites sites on aon chain a chain of islands of islands leading leading to Anatolia. to Anatolia. suchsuch asas lobed kantharoi andand animal-headed animal-headed rhyta rhyta may be EvidenceEvidence suggests suggests the the palaces palaces would would have beenhave active in providing may be been active in providing based on Eastern prototypes. ’ ships,ships, shipwrights,shipwrights, shipyards, shipyards, provisions, provisions, cargoes cargoes for trade for and trade and based on Eastern prototypes.' perhapsperhaps weaponsweapons and and shields shields for fordangerous dangerous voyages. voyages. The trade visi-visi- bleble in thethe archaeological archaeological record record is likely is li tokely have to been have only been a small only a small partpart of thethe whole. whole. ItIt appears appears probable probable that thateven evenin MM in II MM trade with H trade with ’ M.M. Bend,Benzi ,‘Evidence 'Evidence for for a Middle a Middle Minoan Minoan settlement settlement on the on the thethe East waswas both both directional directional and and directed directed from the palaces; from the palaces; acropolisacropolis atat Ialysos Ialysos (Mt. Philerimos)(Mt. Philerimos)', ‘, inin TheThe MinoanMinoun argumentsarguments to to the the contrary contrary seem seem unpersuasive. unpersuasive. In the In neopalatial the neopalatial era, era, Thalassocracy:Tholassocracy: Myth Myth and and reality, reality, cd.ed. by by R. R. HPggHagg and and N. N. Marinatos, Marinatos, bronzebronze is plentifulplentiful in inCrete. Crete. The The evidence evidence from fromZakros suggests Zakros suggests StockholmStockholm 1984,1984,93-105; 93-105; W.-D.W.-D. Niemeier, Niemeier, ‘Theend'The end of of the the Minoan Minoan palatialpalatial control control of oftrade trade with the Near East, and may also suggest with the Near East, and may also suggest Thalassocracy',Thalassocracy ’,ibid., ibid., 205-207. 205-207. centralizedcentralized rule rule in in general general in LMin LM 1 Crete. I Crete. 22 C. Mee, Mee, ‘Aegean'Aegean trade trade and and settlement settlement in Anatolia in Anatolia in the in second the second millenniummillennium B.C.B.C.', ‘, AnatSt Anut. 28, 28, 1978, 121-156; 121-156; E. E. Melas, ‘Minoan'Minoan andand Mycenaean settlement settlement in in KasosKasos and KarpathosKarpathos', ’. BICSBICS 30, 1983,1983, TheThe rolerole of the palacespalaces in in the the organization organization of of overseas overseas trade trade 53-61;53-61; I. I. Love, Love, ‘From 'From Crete Crete to toKnidos: ICnidos: A Minoan A Minoan sea route sea route via the via the andand particularlyparticularly inin the acquisition ofof coppercopper andand tin tin in in the the Dodekanese',Dodekanese ’, AJAAJA 88, 1984, 251; 251; Niemeier Niemeier (supra (supra n. 1). n. 1). 33 W. Schiering, Schiering, 'The‘The connections between between the the oldest oldest settlement settlement protopalatialprotopalatial period period is is a a subjectsubject of of major major importance. importance. Cretan Cretan atat MiletusMiletus and and Crete Crete', ’, in in TheThe Minoan Minoan Thalassocracy Thalawocracy 187187 f. f. and and par- par- sourcessources ofof coppercopper seem scanty, and and there there is is no no known known source source ticularlyticularly the discussiondiscussion on on p. 189;p. 189; C. Laviosa, C. Laviosa, ‘The'The MinoanMinoan ofof tintin anywhereanywhere inin thethe Aegean.Aegean. However, tin tin as as well well as copper Thalassocracy:Thalassocracy: Iasos Iasos and and the the CarianCarian coast', coast ’, ibid.,ibid., 183 183 f. f.and and discus- discus- waswas availableavailable and widelywidely tradedtraded in in the the Near Near East East during during the the sionsion on p. p. 185. 185. MM MM IB IBsherds sherds as well as are well reported are reported from Knidos, from Love Knidos, Love (supra(supra n. 2). 2). At At Didyma Didyma the earliestthe earliest Minoan pottery reported thus timetime ofof thethe first palaces. Minoan pottery reported thus farfar isis MM III, R. R. Naumann, Naumann, AnatStAn&St 23, 23, 1964, 1%4, 23. ContactContact betweenbetween thethe NearNear East and CreteCrete beginsbegins inin EM.EM. ‘ Laviosa (supra (supra n. n. 3). 3). ByBy MM MM II II the the tempo tempo and and scopescope of of contact contact havehave increased,increased, and 5 ’ For KamaresKamares WareWare atat Ugarit. Ugarit, see see C. C. Schaeffer,Schaeffer, UgariticaUgariticu I,1, therethere is is evidence evidence of of the the beginning beginning ofof MinoanMinoan habitation along along ParisParis 1939,1939.22, 22, 54-56; 54-56; II, ParisII, Paris 1949,1949.51, 51, fig. 109A andand pl. pl. 38; 38; cf. cf. D. Saltz, ‘The chronology of the Middle Cypriote period’, RDAC, thethe coast coast of ofAnatolia Anatolia and on the islands en route. Excavations Excavations D. Saltz, 'The chronology of the Middle Cypriote period', RDA C, 1977,1977.51-70. 51-70. Imitations Imitations of ofKamares Kamares Ware Ware from from Ugarit Ugarit are reported are reported havehave produced produced MMMM IIII stonestone bowls, both imported and and locally locally byby H. H. Kantor,Kantor, ‘The'The Aegean Aegean and and the the Orient Orient in the in thesecond second millennium millennium made,made, fromfrom Rhodes and MM II-IIIII—III pottery pottery from from Rhodes Rhodes B.C.',B.C. ‘, AJAAJA 51.1947,51, 1947, 19.19. The The ports of SyriaSyriamay may have have replaced replaced thosethose andand Kos.' Kos.’ Recent Recent surface surface explorations and and limited limited rescue rescue ex- ex- ofof AnatoliaAnatolia asas thethe principalprincipal destination destination of of Minoan Minoan ships ships seeking seeking cavationscavations havehave discloseddisclosed MiddleMiddle MinoanMinoan pottery including metalmetal at at somesome point point in in MMMM II. II. The DodecaneseDodecanese island island chain chain would would stillstill havehave been useful useful to to mariners mariners wishing wishing to stay to staywithin within sight ofsight land of openopen vessels,vessels, somesome ofof which are said toto be be MM MM II, II, on on Kasos, Kasos, land oror find find shelter, however. however. On On Minoan Minoan trade trade with with the Near the Near East gener-East gener- Karpathos,Karpathos, Saria,Saria, Chalki, Kalymnos,Kalymnos, Telos, Telos, Nisyros, Nisyros, allyally andand in particular with with regard regard to tometal metal and and metallurgy, metallurgy, see (e.g.), see (e.g.), AstypaleaAstypalea and and Samos,Samos, thethe lastlast of which also has fragments K.K. Branigan, 'Minoan‘Minoan metallurgy and and Cypriot Cypriot copper copper', in ’, in Early E&y ofof MMMM HII or earlierearlier stonestone vessels. vessels.2 ’Island Island sitessites capable of metallurgymetallurgy in in Cyprus, Cyprus, 4000-500 4ooO-500 B.C., B.C., NicosiaNicosia 1982,1982, 208-210; 208.-210; idem, ‘The earliest Minoan scripts: The prepalatial background ’, providingproviding foodfood and water on the the frequent frequent occasions occasions when when the the idem, 'The earliest Minoan scripts: The prepalatial background', KadmosKadmos 8, 8, 1969, 1%9,