Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela

Vázquez López, José Martín; Vibrans, Heike; García Moya, Edmundo; Valdez Hernández, Juan Ignacio; Romero Manzanares, Angélica; Cuevas Guzmán, Ramón Effects of harvesting on the structure of a neotropical woody bamboo (otatea: guaduinae) populations Interciencia, vol. 29, núm. 4, abril, 2004, pp. 207-211 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela

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How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative EFFECTS OF HARVESTING ON THE STRUCTURE OF A NEOTROPICAL WOODY BAMBOO (Otatea: GUADUINAE) POPULATIONS

José Martín Vázquez-López, Heike Vibrans, Edmundo García-Moya, Juan Ignacio Valdez-Hernández, Angélica Romero-Manzanares and Ramón Cuevas-Guzmán

SUMMARY

Natural populations of Otatea acuminata (Munro) C.E. harvested and non-harvested stands, and were observed over a 2 Calderón & Soderstr. subsp. aztecorum (McClure & E.W. Smith) year period. There was no significant difference between har- R. Guzmán, Anaya & Santana-Michel were studied in the Sierra vested and unharvested stands, but the latter had higher densi- de Manantlán, Jalisco-Colima, in Western Mexico. The objectives ties and longer stems on average. Culm diameter and height were to compare the structure of otate populations at different were significantly different according to soil type in a nonpara- harvesting levels, in order to evaluate the changes occurred due metric ANOVA. A backward lineal regression analysis identified to management and to obtain the best prediction factor for culm a prediction model for juvenile culms production. Present exploi- production. Forty-one 50m2 plots were randomly established in tation levels by artesans appear to be sustainable.

RESUMEN

Se estudiaron poblaciones naturales de Otatea acuminata significativa entre sitios cosechados o no, pero éstos últimos (Munro) C.E. Calderón & Soderstr. subsp. aztecorum (McClure tuvieron, en promedio, mayores densidades y tallos más largos. & E.W. Smith) R. Guzmán, Anaya & Santana-Michel en la Sie- El diámetro y altura de los tallos mostraron diferencias rra de Manantlán, Jalisco-Colima, en el occidente de México. significativas de acuerdo con el tipo de suelo mediante un Los objetivos fueron comparar la estructura de las poblaciones análisis de varianza no paramétrico. Un análisis de regresión con diferentes niveles de aprovechamiento, para evaluar los lineal de retroceso identificó un modelo de predicción para la cambios debidos al manejo y obtener el mejor factor de producción de tallos jóvenes. Los niveles actuales de explotación predicción en la producción de tallos. Se establecieron 41 sitios por artesanos parecen ser sostenibles. de 50m2 y se observaron durante 2 años. No hubo diferencia

Introduction tion are Chusquea, Guadua, longifolia (E. Fourn.) R.W. Pohl, this time, they cannot be har- Olmeca and Otatea (Judziewicz Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl vested. The first, second and About 2.5 billion people et al., 1999). (Santamaría, 1978) and sometimes third year culm, de- worldwide use bamboo and One of the most common Chusquea spp., as well as for pending on environmental con- there are 1250 known species genera in Mexico is Otatea, a some species of the genus ditions, are recognized by local with more than 1500 possible woody bamboo native to Mexi- Arundo, which is not a bamboo. people as “new stem” but uses (FAO, 2000). Bamboos co and Central America where Otate is a semelparous plant herein referred to as “juvenile”. are primitive grasses that grow it is called ‘otate’ (Guzmán et with a 30 to 35 year life cycle, These culms are selected for worldwide except in Europe, al., 1984). The name ‘otate’ and it produces new shoots ev- basket manufacturing because and nearly half of the species means solid cane, and is derived ery year during the rainy sea- of their flexibility. Older culms around the world are native to from the nahuatl native lan- son, from July to September (herein “mature”), usually more America, including woody and guage. This name is also used (Vázquez-López et al., 2000). than 3 years old, are hard and herbaceous bamboos. In Mexi- in some parts of Mexico for New, annual vegetative shoots are used as a construction ma- co the genera of woody bam- Rhipidocladum racemiflorum reach their maximum size in 3- terial and for stakes in agricul- boos with the widest distribu- (Steudel) McClure, Guadua 4 months, and stop growing. At ture (Vázquez-López et al.,

KEYWORDS / Bamboo Harvest / Non-wood Forest Product / Otatea / Tropical Deciduous Forest / Western Mexico / Received: 09/09/2003. Modified: 03/09/2004. Accepted: 03/16/2004.

José Martín Vázquez-López. M.Sc., Heike Vibrans. Ph.D., University Juan Ignacio Valdez-Hernández. Ramón Cuevas-Guzmán. Ph.D., Colegio de Postgraduados en of Bonn, Germany. Professor- Ph.D., University of Queensland, CPCA, Montecillo, México. Ciencias Agrícolas (CPCA), Researcher, Programa de Botá- Brisbane, Australia. Professor- Professor-Researcher, Depar- Montecillo, México. Professor- nica, CPCA, Montecillo, Méxi- Researcher, Programa Forestal, tamento de Ecología y Recur- Researcher, Departamento de co. e-mail: [email protected] CPCA, Montecillo, México. sos Naturales, Centro Univer- Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Edmundo García-Moya. Ph.D., e-mail: [email protected] sitario de la Costa Sur, Uni- Centro Universitario de la Cos- Oregon State University, USA. Angélica Romero-Manzanares. versidad de Guadalajara. ta Sur, Universidad de Guadala- Professor-Researcher, Investiga- Ph.D., Universidad Nacional e-mail: [email protected] jara, México. Address: Apartado dor, Programa de Botánica, Autónoma de México. Resear- Postal 108, Autlán de Navarro. CPCA, Montecillo, México. e- cher, Programa de Botánica, Jalisco 48900, México. e-mail: mail: [email protected] CPCA, Montecillo, México. [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

APR 2004, VOL. 29 Nº 4 0378-1844/04/04/207-05 $ 3.00/0 207 RESUMO

Estudaram-se populações naturais de Otatea acuminata (Munro) de predição na produção de caules. Estabeleceram-se 41 lugares de C. E. Calderón & Soderstr. subsp. aztecorum (McClure & E. W. 50 m2 e se observaram durante 2 anos. O diâmetro e altura dos Smith) R. Guzmán, Anaya & Santana-Michel na Serra de Manantlán, caules mostraram diferenças significativas com o tipo de solo Jalisco-Colima, no ocidente do México. Os objetivos foram comparar mediante uma análise de variância no paramétrico. Uma análise de a estrutura das populações com diferentes níveis de aproveitamento, regressão linear de retrocesso identificou um modelo de predição para avaliar as mudanças devido ao manuseio e obter o melhor fator para a produção de caules jovens.

2000). About 7 to 8 years after 2000). Though data were ob- cording to the modified ture” referred to green-yellow- emerging, the culms lose their tained with different techniques Köppen classification system ish culms with few culm consistency and become brittle and objectives, which makes it (García, 1972), with a dry sea- sheaths; and 3) “overmature” and unhealthy. Afterwards, they difficult to assess deforestation son Oct to May and a rainy or “dry” referred to completely die away, but new shoots re- rates accurately, they give an season Jun to Sept, an average yellow to grayish culms with- place them. When the flower- idea of the extent of the loss of annual precipitation of out culm sheaths nor foliage ing process is about to initiate, this vegetation type in the 1350mm, and an average an- and with brittle stems. The individuals stop producing new country. The main causes of nual temperature of 22ºC limit of the potential life span shoots and, also, every culm deforestation are changes in (Martínez-Rivera et al., 1991). of one culm seems to be 8 becomes brittle and unhealthy. land use, such as the introduc- Most of the soils are derived years. Health status was de- After flowering all culms die tion of grasses for extensive from karstic limestone fined as 1) ‘healthy’ for green away. During all the period of cattle grazing, as well as slash (Lazcano, 1988). These are culms with complete foliage study, the Otatea acuminata and burn agriculture (Miranda Lithosols, which are rocky, and regular internodes, or 2) stands in the area are flower- and Hernández, 1963; Rze- shallow, and infertile soils. ‘unhealthy’ for yellowish culms ing. Nevertheless, harvesting dowski, 1978; Miller and Regosols overlying igneous with scanty foliage and irregu- can continue because flowering Kauffman, 1998; Pennington material occupy an important lar internodes. is irregular in time and space. and Sarukhán, 1998), timber part of the area; these soils are Flowering takes place in extraction (Trejo and Dirzo, deeper with less rocks and Data analysis patches and some populations 2000) and repeated harvesting more organic matter (INEGI- maintain vegetative propagation of useful species (Bye, 1995). SPP, 1981). Tropical deciduous A nonparametric ANOVA while others are in the sexual This last factor, if done prop- forest covers the greatest por- was applied in order to find dif- reproduction phase. The seed- erly, also could be helping re- tion of the study area. Here, ferences between sites using lings are fragile and highly duce deforestation, using it as a otatales are an important com- harvesting levels, grazing inten- sensitive to trampling and her- controlled harvest that could ponent of the landscape and sity and soil types as grouping bivory. The plants generated render enough benefits to the they occupy 800ha, according variables. The Kruskal-Wallis from seed (sexual propagation) owners for avoiding land use to satellite images (IMECBIO, test was applied using Wilcoxon reach their full size from 7 to 8 changes. 2000), even though only 300ha scores (rank sum). Harvest lev- years after germination (Váz- The aim of this study is to are accessible for harvesting. els were determined by the per- quez-López et al., 2000). Seeds compare the structure of otate centage of culms that were ex- may germinate in the same populations at different harvest- Data collection tracted: 0= Null (0%), 1= Low year they are produced. ing levels, in order to evaluate (10%), 2= Medium (20%), 3= Otatea forms dense thickets the changes due to current har- Forty-one 50m2 (10 x 5m) High (>20%), and also simply in tropical deciduous forests, vest practices and to obtain the plots were randomly estab- as harvested vs non-harvested. called “otatales” (Santamaría, best prediction factor for culm lished between 1997 and 1999 The test was applied to density, 1978). The tropical deciduous production. in harvested (19) and in non- height and dbh for every factor. forest is noted for its high di- harvested (22) areas. Every site Clustered error bars were calcu- versity, endemism and richness Methods was north-south oriented on its lated for density since it was the in useful species (Rzedowski, 10m side. Slope, rockiness, as- variable with the highest varia- 1978; Benz et al., 1994; Cue- Study site pect and altitude were regis- tion. The best prediction factor vas-Guzmán et al., 1998). In tered, as well as evidences of for culm production was identi- the studied area Otatea acu- The study was carried out in harvesting levels (number of fied with a backward linear re- minata subsp. aztecorum is one the community of Platanarillo, stumps), fire, and grazing. gression analysis, using density of the most abundant and use- in the northwestern region of Rockiness, fire, and grazing of juvenile culms as the depen- ful species from this type of the state of Colima, Western were determined according to dent variable. Data were ana- forest and it has been used for Mexico, between 19º21'16'' and Olvera-Vargas et al. (1996). lyzed with the SPSS program V. more than a century. 19º28'52''N, and 103º55'27'' and Every culm was located, and 10.0 (SPSS, 1999). Deforestation rates in tropical 104º01'09''W. It is located in their height and diameter at deciduous forests in Mexico the southeastern part of the Si- breast height (dbh) were mea- Results are high; the surface covered erra de Manantlán, within the sured within each plot. Three by this biome was reduced Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere use categories and two health Structural characteristics from 16 to 6% in 20 years Reserve, in a canyon with categories were recorded. Use (Flores et al., 1971; Lott et al., slopes ranging from 25 to categories were 1) “juvenile” For all the sites, variation of 1987; SARH, 1992, 1994; 100% and altitudes from 900 referred to green culms, no densities was greater than that Mooney et al., 1995; Chal- to 1800m. The climate is mid- more than 3 years old, with of height and dbh (Table I), lenger, 1998; Trejo and Dirzo, latitude tropical sub-humid, ac- spiculate culm sheaths; 2) “ma- and in non-harvested sites

208 APR 2004, VOL. 29 Nº 4 variation was greater than that TABLE I in harvested sites for juvenile STRUCTURAL VARIABLES IN HARVESTED AND NON-HARVESTED STANDS and dry culms. Total density OF Otatea acuminata SUBSP. aztecorum IN THE STATE OF COLIMA, WESTERN MEXICO was not significantly different Variable Harvest n Mean ±s.d. Variation among harvesting levels (χ2=0.456, df=3, P=0.928), condition coefficient(%) grazing intensity (χ2=0.776, Height (m) harvested 722 4.59 ± 1.43 31.2 df=2, P=0.679) or soil type non-harvested 767 4.47 ± 1.20 26.8 χ2 ( =0.975, df=1, P=0.324). DBH (cm) harvested 722 2.43 ± 0.63 25.9 Densities of culms by use cat- non-harvested 767 2.29 ± 0.60 26.2 egories were also not signifi- cantly different among harvest- Density (culms/ha) harvested 19 1452.63 ± 705.04 48.5 ing levels (juvenile culms: of juvenile culms non-harvested 22 1263.64 ± 751.85 59.5 χ2=4.315, df=3, P=0.229; ma- Density (culms/ha) harvested 19 5052.63 ±2596.44 51.4 ture culms: χ2=1.0, df=3, of mature culms non-harvested 22 4200.00 ±2111.19 50.3 P=0.810 and dry culms: Density (culms/ha) harvested 19 1094.74 ± 767.01 70.1 χ2=4.436, df=3, P=0.218), graz- of dry culms non-harvested 22 1509.09 ±1272.01 84.3 ing intensity (juvenile culms: χ2=2.652, df=2, P=0.266; ma- Total culm density harvested 19 7600.00 ±3380.34 44.5 ture culms: χ2=0.425, df=2, (culms/ha) non-harvested 22 6972.73 ±3225.08 46.3 P=0.808 and dry culms: χ2=1.832, df=2, P=0.4), nor soil types (juvenile culms: χ2=0.0, df=3, P=0.869; mature culms P=0.001 and dry culms dbh: of juvenile and dry culms. Re- df=1, P=0.988; mature culms: height: χ2=4.954, df=3, P=0.175 χ2=11.671, df=1, P=0.001; juve- cruitment in 1997 was higher χ2=1.517, df=1, P=0.218 and and dry culms height: χ2=1.771, nile culms height: χ2=3.66, df=1, than mortality, whereas in 1999 dry culms: χ2=1.170, df=1, df=3, P=0.621); or grazing in- P=0.056; mature culms height: recruitment decreased and mor- P=0.279). However, the average tensity (juvenile culms dbh: χ2=7.138, df=1, P=0.008 and tality increased (Figure 1). Fig- densities of juvenile and ma- χ2=0.626, df=2, P=0.731; ma- dry culms height: χ2=3.21, df=1, ures 2 and 3 show this variation ture culms were consistently ture culms dbh: χ2=3.187, df=2, P=0.073). Greatest dimensions in recruitment and mortality higher in harvested stands P=0.203 and dry culms dbh: were observed in harvested sites broken down by management (Table I). χ2=2.479, df=2, P=0.289; juve- (Table I), and the longest culms type. The non-harvested stands Comparison of dbh and nile culms height: χ2=3.052, were found in regosols. show a lower density of mature height did not show significant df=2, P=0.217; mature culms Total density appears to be culms and a higher mortality differences among harvesting height: χ2=5.829, df=2, P=0.054 the best descriptor for the ef- than harvested ones. levels (juvenile culms dbh: and dry culms height: χ2=2.684, fects of harvesting. We used χ2 =1.153, df=3, P=0.764; ma- df=2, P=0.261), but rendered clustered error bar graphics Harvesting intensity and χ2 ture culms dbh: =4.387, df=3, significant differences between (confidence interval 95%) to prediction of shoot production P=0.223 and dry culms dbh: soil types (juvenile culms dbh: demonstrate differences within χ2=2.958, df=3, P=0.398; juve- χ2=5.980, df=1, P=0.014, mature the two-year period. There is a Stump density indicated a nile culms height: χ2=0.718, culms dbh: χ2=11.874, df=1, considerable change in densities reduction in harvesting level

Figure 1. Density of Otatea acuminata subsp. aztecorum culms by Figure 2. Mature Otatea acuminata subsp. aztecorum culm density use category and by year. N: number of plots. by type of management and by year. N: number of plots.

APR 2004, VOL. 29 Nº 4 209 Figure 4. Density of Otatea acuminata subsp. aztecorum juvenile culms and stumps by year. N: number of plots. Figure 3. Dry Otatea acuminata subsp. aztecorum culm density by type of management and by year. N: number of plots. TABLE II RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH STATUS AND (Figure 4); in 1997, 32% of the predictably had lasger otates. MANAGEMENT TYPE OF Otatea acuminata SUBSP. juvenile culms were harvested, However, mean differences aztecorum CULMS IN 1997 AND 1999, IN THE STATE whereas in 1999 only 9% were too small (0.12m in OF COLIMA, WESTERN MEXICO were. As harvesting levels de- height and 0.14cm in dbh, see Vitality 1997 1999 creased in the studied otatales, Table I) to influence harvest- Non-Harvested Non- Harvested the number of healthy culms ing. Yet, culms were slightly harvested harvested decreased too. Dry and un- larger in harvested sites. These sites (%) sites (%) sites (%) sites (%) healthy culms increased from sites had the highest densities 1997 to 1999 (Table II). Linear of juvenile and mature culms Alive healthy 58.1 59.5 43.6 38.3 backward regression analysis and the lowest density of dry Alive unhealthy 26.8 31.6 32.7 41.2 identified density of mature culms (Figure 3). Similar re- Dry 15.1 8.9 23.7 20.5 culms as the best predictor for sults were reported by Total 100 100 100 100 shoot production (Figure 5): y= Vázquez-López et al. (2000) 0.1942x + 458.679, where y: using a different sampling density of juvenile culms and method and data analysis. lionidae species observed in the and recruitment decreased as x: density of mature culms; Under a traditional manage- field that are used afterwards as density increased. This effect N=41, R2=0.396, F=25.578 ment system of otatales in the nests by wasps, probably from may be due to an intraclonal (P<0.05), t=5.057 (P<0.05). study area there is no planned the worldwide distributed genus regulation of the new shoot na- selection of areas for harvesting. Psenulus (Matthews, 2000). tality or even self-thinning by Discussion The main criteria for choosing a Thus, these otatales are no mortality of genets (Makita, harvesting site are accessibility longer useful for basketry nor as 1996). Similar results were ob- Although not significant, data and proximity to villages. In stakes. However, even in stands tained by Taylor and Qin (1993) suggest that harvesting increases practice, there are two additional with imminent flowering annual in China. In Colombia, most shoot production (Table I; Fig- factors that restrict harvesting harvesting was lower than re- “guaduales” (Gua dua’s popula- ure 4), stimulates growth of rhi- and affect the populations. First, cruitment in both years of the tions) without management had zomes and roots, and perhaps recent delimitation of individual study. This suggests that tradi- high proportions of mature and storage of nutrients. This could land property in communal tional harvesting has been done dry guaduas and few juvenile be interpreted as compensatory lands due to new property rights at a conservative level and does culms (Cruz, 1994). Similar ten- growth (McNaughton, 1983), oblige artisans to look for new not deteriorate the resource. dencies were encountered by which increases net primary harvesting zones. Second, a se- This study showed that ma- Christanty et al. (1996) in an productivity after harvesting or quential prolonged flowering ture culm density is the best agroforestry management sys- grazing in many plant species process from 1993 onwards has predictor for culm production. tem in a humid tropical region as a result of an increment in diminished the stock of useful This indicates that juvenile culm in Indonesia, as well as by relative growth rates of shoots otate culms. Before flowering production is a function of the Singh and Singh (1999) in an (Olson and Richards, 1988). the culms become brittle and number of mature culms nearby, experimental bamboo plantation Significant differences were unhealthy and have several though an excess of mature in a dry tropical region in India. found for populations growing holes, 3-4.5mm in diameter, culm limited re-sprouting Otate’s potential production on different soils; deeper soils likely caused by some Curcu- (Vázquez-López et al., 2000) is considerable. For example,

210 APR 2004, VOL. 29 Nº 4 Estudio del Bambú Guadua. Ar- doninae) on Magnetic Island, menia, Colombia. 293 pp. Queensland. Austral. J. Ent. 39: Cuevas-Guzmán R, Núñez-López 25-28. NM, Guzmán-Hernández L, McNaughton SJ (1983) Compensatory Santana-Michel FJ (1998) El plant growth as a response to bosque tropical caducifolio en la herbivory. Oikos 40: 329-336. reserva de la biosfera Sierra de Miller PM, Kauffman JB (1998) Ef- Manantlán, Jalisco-Colima, fects of slash and burn agricul- México. Boletín del Instituto de ture on species abundance and Botánica (Universidad de composition of a tropical decidu- Guadalajara) 5: 445-491. ous forest. Forest Ecol. Manag. FAO (2000) Information bulletin on 103: 191-201. non-wood forest products. Non- Miranda F, Hernández E (1963) Los Wood News, Nº7. Food and Ag- tipos de vegetación de México y riculture Organization. Rome, su clasificación. Bol. Soc. Bot. Italy. 95 pp. Méx. 28: 29-179. Flores MG, Jiménez J, Madrigal X, Mooney HA, Bullock SH, Medina F Moncayo F, Takaki F (1971) (1995) Introduction. In Bullock Tipos de vegetación de la Repú- SH, Mooney HA, Medina E blica Mexicana. Subsecretaría de (Eds.) Seasonally Dry Tropical Planeación, Dirección General de Forests. Cambridge University Estudios, Secretaría de Recursos Press. Cambridge, UK. pp. 1-7. Hidráulicos. México, DF. 135 pp. Olson BE and Richards JH (1988) García E (1972) Modificaciones al Tussock regrowth after grazing: Figure 5. Relationship between the density of juvenile and mature sistema de clasificación climática intercalary meristem and axillary culms using backward lineal regression analysis de Köeppen. Instituto de Geo- bud activity of tillers of Agropy- grafía. Universidad Nacional ron desertorum. Oikos 51: 364- Autónoma de México. México, 382. on a stand with a density of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DF. 217 pp. Olvera-Vargas M, Moreno S, Fi- 5000 mature otate culms/ha we Guzmán R, Anaya MC, Santana- gueroa-Rangel BL (1996) Sitios predict a production of ca. The authors are thankful to Michel FJ (1984) El Género permanentes para la inves- Otatea (Bambusoideae) en Méxi- tigación silvícola. Manual para 1430 juvenile culms/ha/yr. Ev- the otate artisans and land co y Centroamérica. Boletín del su establecimiento. Libros Téc- ery juvenile culm has an aver- owners of Platanarillo, particu- Instituto de Botánica (Universi- nicos del Instituto Manantlán. age weight of 5 to 6kg. There- larly Juan Enciso and Pedro dad de Guadalajara) 5: 2-20. Universidad de Guadalajara. fore, the results predict an esti- Figueroa for information and IMECBIO (2000) Diagnóstico inte- Guadalajara, México. 55 pp. gral y plan de manejo de los re- Pennington TD, Sarukhán J (1998) mated yield of 7 to 8tons/ha of logistic support, to Miguel cursos naturales: Ejido Platana- Árboles tropicales de México. bamboo fresh weight. Besides, Olvera and Blanca Figueroa rillo, Municipio de Minatitlán, Manual para la identificación de mature culms can be sold as for helpful comments, to Colima. Instituto Manantlán de las principales especies. 2nd ed. stakes at a price of US$0.10 to Manuel Pio Rosales for the Ecología y Conservación de la Fondo de Cultura Económica. US$0.20 each. The bamboos statistical analyses. Pia Biodiversidad. Universidad de México, DF. 521 pp. Guadalajara. Autlán de Navarro, Ruiz-Pérez M, Fu M, Yang X, Bel- not only provide income to Winland and Cyntia Ayala im- Jalisco. 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Wolong Reserve, China. Am. J. Nacional Autónoma de México. Veg. Sci. 7: 281-288. Bot. 80: 375-384. cuperating stands an attractive 847 pp. range and introduce livestock. Martínez-Rivera LM, Sandoval JJ, Trejo I, Dirzo R (2000) Deforestation Christanty L, Mailly D, Kimmins JP Guevara RD (1991) El clima en of seasonally dry tropical forest: According to local people, this (1996) “Without bamboo, the la reserva de la biosfera Sierra de a national and local analysis in practice has already completely land dies”: Biomass, litterfall, Manantlán (Jalisco-Colima, México. Biol. Cons. 94: 133-142. destroyed numerous stands. and soil organic matter dynamics México) y en su área de influen- Vázquez-López. JM, Benz BF, of a Javanese bamboo talun- cia. Agrociencia 2: 107-119. Olvera-Vargas M, Graf S (2000) The control efforts should be kebun system. 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