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Ïgh5?Éo6t MARIAN VANDE R WIEL UPLIFT ANDVOLCANIS M OF THE SE COLOMBIAN ANDESI NRELATIO N TO NEOGENE SEDIMENTATION IN THE UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 000004565624 ïgh5?éo6t £°n< BlBLiü m^: jgHEBOUWUNIVEKSnx.. \5EAGENINGEN promotoren: Dr. S.B. Kroonenberg, hoogleraar in de geologie Dr.H.N.A .Priem ,hoogleraa r ind e isotopen-geochronologie enplanetair e geologie aan deRijksuniversitei t Utrecht MtfO^,"^ A.M. VAN DER WIEL UPLIFT ANDVOLCANIS M OFTH E SE COLOMBIAN ANDES IN RELATIONT ONEOGEN E SEDIMENTATION INTH E UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRDGING VAND E GRAADVA N DOCTOR IND ELANDBOUW - EN MILIEUWETENSCHAPPEN, OP GEZAG VAND E RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, DR.H.C .VA NDE RPLAS , INHE TOPENBAA RT EVERDEDIGE N OP DINSDAG 26NOVEMBE R 1991 DESNAMIDDAG S TE VIERUU R EST DE AULAVA ND E LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT TE WAGENINGEN \so\ 5^047 Curriculum vitae Anne Marian van der Wiel was born on the 24th of October 1952 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. After obtaining her Gymnasium-beta certificate at the Amsterdams Lyceum, she started to study biology at the University of Amsterdam. In September 1979 theMaster s degree was obtained with specialization in palynology, and paleontology and plant physiology as additional subjects. From 1981 to 1983 sheperforme d post-graduate palynological research at the Department of Palynology and Paleo/Actuo-ecology of the Hugo de Vries Laboratory of the University of Amsterdam, under supervision ofProf .Dr . Th.va nde r Hammen. In 1983 she obtained a scholarship from the Colombian government for carrying out nine monthso fpost-graduat e stratigraphical research onth eHighplai n of Bogotai n Colombia. In 1984 she started with the study of geology at the University of Amsterdam, for which she received herdegre e in February 1987. In September 1986 she was awarded a scholarship by WOTRO (Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research) for doing aPh.D.-projec t in geology at the Agricultural University of Wageningen in collaboration with the Isotope Laboratory in Amsterdam. The investigation forms part of theECO-ANDE S project. A)W0^Ol> /ys^ Stellingen, behorende bij het proefschrift van A.M. van der Wiel * 1.Ee n correcte interpretatie van stratigrafische sekties in termen van fossiele riviersystemen is alleen mogelijk wanneerd einvloe d vand everschillend e allocyclische faktoren, die bepalend zijn geweest voord e sedimentaire processen, bekendis . Dit proefschrift Miall, A.D. (1980) Cyclicity and the facies model concept in fluvial deposits.Bull. Can. Petrol. Geol. 281, 59- 80. * 2.He triviertyp e dat zichontwikkel t in aktieve,vulkanisch e gebieden isvoornamelij k een funktie vand ehoeveelhei d sediment dieaangevoer d wordte nva nhe t tijdsbestek waarindi t gebeurt. Dit proefschrift Vessell, R.K. and Davies, D.K. (1981) Nonmarine sedimentation in an active fore arc basin. In:Recent and ancient nonmarine depositional environments: modelsfor exploration, (Edited by Ethridge, F.G. and Flores, R.M.), Soc. Econ. Pal. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 31, 31-49. * 3. Het concept van een Partial Annealing Zone is goed bruikbaar bij de interpretatie van splijtingssporen-ouderdommen vanzirkoo ne n titaniet. Dit proefschrift * 4.He t samenvallen vand e verschillende Neogene opheffingspulsen van hetGarzó nMassie f met pauzes in de aktiviteit van de vulkanische boog (deCentral e Cordillera) is het best te verklaren doorvlakk e subductie vand eNazc aPlaa tgedurend edi eperiodes . Ditproefschrif t * 5.D eouderdo m van strike-slip bewegingen langs deEas tAndea nFronta lFaul t Zonee nd etotal e horizontaleverplaatsin g langsd ebreukzon eworde ndoo rdivers eauteur soverschat . Dit proefschrift Giegengack, R. (1984) Late Cenozoic tectonic environments of the Central Venezuelan Andes. In: The Caribbean- South American plate boundary and regional tectonics, (Edited by Bonini, W.E. and others), Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 162, 343-364. Meissnar, R.O., Flueh, E.R., Stibane, F. and Berg, E. (1976) Dynamics of the active plate boundary in southwest Colombia according torecen t geophysical measurements. Tectonophysics 53, 115-136. * 6. Bij de interpretatie van pollendiagrammen wordt de rol van de tektoniek vaak ondergewaardeerd. * 7.E rdien téé n standaardmodel tekome n voorreferentielijste n inwetenschappelijk e publikaties. 8."Oorloge n zijn de aardbevingen van degeschiedenis , zeontstaa n schijnbaar even onverwacht enz ehebbe n evendiepliggende ,onvermijdelijk e oorzaken." A. den Doolaard in een interview in deVolkskran t van vrijdag 19jul i 1991. * 9."I t ischanc ean dno tperfectio n thatrule sth eworld. " Judith Guest, Ordinary people. 10.D eorganisati e van veelgrot ebedrijve n inNederlan d lijkt tevoldoe n aand etweed e hoofdwet vand ethermodynamica : dewanord eneem tvoortduren d toe. * 11. Het is kenmerkend voor de arrogantie van het Westen dat Afrika en Zuid-Amerika geen enkelero lspele ni nd e "nieuwewereldorde " vanBush . * 12.He tafbeelde n vanblot elichaamsdele n vanvrouwe n inadvertentie s alsmidde l omd everkoo p van bepaalde produkten testimulere n isinderdaa d goedkoop, zoalsd enieuwst e reklame vanee n bekend zeepmerk ("goedkoper kan het niet" bij een afbeelding van twee vrouwenborsten) al aangeeft. * 13. Experimenten moeten reproduceerbaar zijn, dat wil zeggen: ze moeten altijd op dezelfde manier misgaan . Wettenva nFinagle . PS pj ,J5 (] Q« PS ^ J (t fB S Cl Ö tï "1 H- h- g - fi-_ » P r 5 s» ïf£ tt oo o »s er S*?" o ui 3 CL W 4i. pu PS I—» U EL *< • S-B S a (M PS 00 s s- a tt. er ri- o i° ° & « c -> a S- cr c. « 3 3. <~ s S « o o <jö&" So* ,5os "^ a. 3 5 <: V S » t-I Aan Frans "?" O* S" I* Aan mijn ouders p A losgeólogo s de Ingeominas, Bogotay Ingeominas, Ibagué Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT 1 SAMENVATTING 3 RESUMEN 5 PART 1: INTRODUCTION 9 Chapter I: General information 9 1.Introductio n 9 1.1.Scop eo f the investigation 9 1.2.Backgroun d of theinvestigatio n 11 2.Locatio n and geography of the study area 13 3. Regional geology 13 3.1.Plat e tectonic setting 13 3.2.Regiona l tectonic setting 14 3.3.Regiona l geologic history 15 4.Previou s literature 18 5. Aerial photographs andtopographica l sheets 19 5.1. TheS .Neiv aBasi n 19 5.2. Ignimbrite plateau west of the S.Neiv a Basin 19 5.3.Volcaniclasti c terraces alongth eRi oPâe z 19 5.4. Other areas 20 PART 2:TH E GARZONMASSI F 21 Chapter II:Precambria n toRecen t thermotectonic history of the Garzón Massif (Eastern Cordillera ofth eColombia n Andes) as revealed by fission track analysis 21 A.M.va n derWie l andP.A.M . Andriessen 1.Introductio n 21 2.Analytica l Procedures 23 3. Results and discussion 24 3.1. Precambrian history of the massif 28 3.2.Mesozoi c history of the massif 28 3.3.Cenozoi c history of themassi f 35 4.Conclusion s 39 PART 3:DEPOSIT S OFTH E S.NEIV A BASIN 41 Chapter III:Neogen e infill of the S. Neiva Basin 41 1.Introductio n 41 2.Lithostratigraph y of theNeogen e formal andinforma l rock units 41 2.1. Introduction 41 2.2.L a CiraFormatio n 42 2.3.Hond a Formation 42 2.4.Gigant e Formation 47 2.5.La sVuelta s formation 59 2.6.Quaternar y alluvial fan deposits 60 2.7.Quaternar y terraces 62 2.8.Younges t Quaternary alluvial deposits 64 Chapter IV: Geochronology of theNeogen e deposits of theS . Neiva Basin 65 A.M.va n derWiel ,E.H .Hebed a andP.A.M . Andriessen 1.Method s 65 2.Result s and discussion 66 Chapter V:Petrolog y of theHonda , Gigante and LasVuelta sformation s 71 1.Petrolog y of the conglomerates and sandstones 71 1.1.Introductio n 71 1.2. Thepebbl e counts:metho d 71 1.3.Result s of thepebbl e counts 73 1.4. Thepoin t counts:metho d 75 1.5. Results of thepoin t counts 78 1.6. Discussion and conclusions 80 2.Petrolog y of the volcanic deposits of theGigant e Formation 81 2.1.Microscopica l description of thevolcani c deposits 81 2.2.Chemica lcompositio n andclassificatio n of the volcanic deposits 83 2.2.1.Method s 83 2.2.2.Result s and discussion 83 2.3. Conclusions 88 Chapter VI:Sedimentatio n patterns ofth e Honda Formation: influence of uplift and basin subsidence on fluvial deposition 89 A.M.va nde rWie l andG.D .va nde n Bergh 1.Introductio n 89 2.Facie s types andfacie s associations of theHond aFormatio n 89 2.1. Introduction 89 2.2.Lithofacie s types of theHond aFormatio n 89 2.3. Interpretation of the data in terms of facies associations 91 3. Depositional environments 93 3.1.Distinctio n of four large-scale sequences in theHond a Formation 93 3.2.Paleocurren t directions 95 3.3.Depositiona l environments of sequences Aan d B 95 3.4.Depositiona l environments of sequence C 96 3.5.Depositiona l environment of sequence D 97 4. Discussion 98 4.1. Uplift, basin subsidence andvolcanis m 101 4.2.Climat e 103 4.3. Paleogeographic reconstruction andinterpretatio n of river systems 103 5.Conclusion s 105 Chapter VII: Sedimentation patterns of the Gigante Formation: influence of volcanism and uplift of the GarzónMassi f on fluvial deposition 107 A.M. van derWie l and G.D. vande n Bergh 1.Introductio n 107 2. Facies types andfacie s associations of theGigant e Formation 107 2.1. Introduction 107 2.2. Lithofacies types of theGigant eFormatio n 107 2.3. Interpretation of thedat ai n terms of facies associations 109 3.Depositiona l environments 112 3.1.Paleocurren t directions 115 3.2.Depositiona l environment of theNeiv a Member 115 3.3.
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