Annual Report 2014-15
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Executive Summary CAR-National Research Centre on Litchi Poor survival of rambutan germplasm (N-18 I(NRCL), established in the year 2001 has red type and E-35 yellow type) has been continued its momentum in conducting basic and recorded after seventeen months of planting applied research under multi-disciplinary under protected condition. programme covering different aspects of litchi viz., Forty three new clones of litchi have been genetic resource management and crop planted in the field gene bank to enrich the gene improvement, crop production, crop protection and pool. postharvest management. Besides, the centre also conducts training, outreach programmes, and Under crossing programme, only thirteen transfer of technology to improve knowledge and hybrid fruits (China x Shahi-5 nos. and China develop skills of different stakeholders. The salient x Bedana-8 nos.) were harvested out of several achievements of the centre during 2014-15 are crosses made during 2014. presented in brief. More than 18000 crosses were made during 2015 in all possible combination with five parent Research Accomplishments cultivars viz., China, Shahi, Bedana, Rose Scented, and Swarnaroopa. The highest fruit Genetic Resource Management and Crop set (87.63%) was observed in China x Bedana Improvement whereas, lowest in Swarnaroopa x Shahi (2.50%) With the aim to increasing the varietal pool, after one week after pollination. the centre has introduced twelve litchi Wide variation for plant morphological germplasm namely, Piyazi, Pickling, Early characters were noticed in seedling population Bedana, Pant Selection, Ajhauli, Indira Sel-2, (527 nos.) evaluated at 8th years of planting. Out Hongkong, Dam Dam, Ambika Litchi-1, of these, 134 seedlings (25.42%) recorded panicle Bombay Sel, Pantnagar-1, and Rose Scented emergence, flowering, fruit set and fruit from Sabour, Bihar and Ambikapur, development, and 62 seedlings finally bore Chhattisgarh. These have successfully fruits up to maturity. established under the net house. The earlier collections made from Pantnagar and Evaluation of segregating population of litchi Chhattisgarh have been planted in the field gene bank. revealed that maximum plant survival (87.5%) was found in hybrid population and seedlings Eight litchi germplasm have been characterized of selected clones. on the basis of morphological traits. The panicle length ranged from 21.5 cm in Shahi to Crop Production 28.32 cm in Trikolia, whereas fruit set percentage varied from 30.48% in Shahi to Wedge grafting performed during September 76.17% in Elaichi. showed maximum percentage of graft success (48%) with better graft union. Out of eleven longan germplasm evaluated, the accession Lgc-6 recorded maximum fruit yield Air-layers dipped in Rhizobacteria (2%) gave (8.70 kg/tree) and TSS (20.6 °Brix), while significantly higher plant weight (77.10g FW accession Lgc-7 recorded maximum fruit weight and 33.10g DW), root weight (28.24g FW and (7.80 g/fruit). 14.66g DW) and root:shoot ratio on fresh and i dry weight basis (0.58 and 0.84, respectively). whereas, application of 2.0 and 4.0 g PBZ After 10 months of treatment, the highest advanced colour turning by 5 days. available nitrogen content was found under TSS (17.74 0B) and average fruit weight (21.97 Rhizobacteria (2%) (139.51kg/ha) followed by g) was improved due to application of 4.0 g Trichoderma (1%) (137.28 kg/ha) in potting PBZ. Application of 3.0 and 4.0 g PBZ media of treated layers. encouraged cauliflorous growth in the trees and Pruning at 2.0 m height plus 4 branches per reduced leaf area. trunk started bearing and gave maximum fruit No vegetative growth was seen in girdled rd yield (53.14 kg/tree) in 3 year after reiterative branches of China after September. All the pruning. girdled branches exhibited flowering but no Under high density trial, the highest yield (18.75 flowering in ungirdled branches of the tree. kg/plant) was obtained under 6x6 m density All the bio-fertilizers had significant positive followed by 8x4 m (16.45kg/plant) and 8x 6 m effect on growth parameters of litchi plants. (16.25 kg/plant) densities. TSS content in fruit AMF alone as well as in combination with other was more in wider densities in comparison to bio-fertilizers resulted in higher increase in all closer densities. the growth parameters. Higher number of Deficiency symptoms in N-deficient litchi fibrous (feeder) roots, increment in canopy plants were expressed in older leaves of the spread, leaf area, and chlorophyll ‘a’ was plants, which turned yellowish in colour, while observed with AMF+AZ. The mycorrhiza newly emerged leaves became light green in inoculated plants also showed good colour. Plant growth was stunted with shorter colonization (up to 93.0%) in roots of litchi internodal length and reduced leaf size. The Zn- plants. deficient plants showed inter-veinal chlorosis Five ponds have been constructed and planting in leaves. The Cu-deficient plants expressed of litchi cvs. Shahi (30 nos.) and China (24 nos.) symptoms of narrowing of younger leaves, along with banana cv. Grand Naine (40 nos.) which became hard. and papaya cv. Pune Selection-3 (42 nos.) have Vegetative flush appeared in July-August been done on pond bunds under litchi-based transformed to maximum extent into panicle cropping system. bearing shoots (74.0-88.0%). The late The yield of maize, faba bean, knol khol, appearance of flushes gave rise to mixed type cabbage and pea crops grown as intercrops was of inflorescences, contributing lesser towards relatively better than other crops. flowering and/or sometimes remained vegetative only with reduced flowering and fruit Litchi cvs. Shahi and China have been planted yield. in raised and mound system under low-lying conditions. Spray of ethrel, NAA, MH and GA3 did not express any residual effect on flower regulation Non-floral shoots of ‘Shahi’ and ‘China’ litchi and physico-chemical parameters of fruit even contained lesser amount of reducing sugar, total after one year. sugar, Chl ‘a’, Chl ‘b’ and Total Chl than floral shoots. Application of 1.0 g PBZ (Paclobutrazol) and Chemical and nutrient status study of ICAR- 2.0 % KNO3 advanced flowering by one week with maximum opened flowers during April NRCL farm revealed that soil pH ranged from ii 7.90-9.40, EC 0.08-0.48 dsm-1, organic carbon Besides Apis sp, some non apis viz., hover fly, 0.09-0.85%, N 40.21-188.24 kg/ha, P2O5 18.28- blue bot fly (Calliphora sp.), syrphid flies 82.26 kg/ha and, K2O 66.0-308.0 kg/ha. In (Metasysrphus sp., Eristalis tenax) have been general, organic carbon content in the farm soil recorded as pollinators of litchi. Variety of is low to medium; nitrogen and phosphorus coccinellids, damsel fly, and dragon fly had also content is medium, and potassium content is low. recorded as visitors on litchi flowers. Crop protection Pruning of twigs in last week of June and manuring the litchi trees with 4 kg of castor Alternaria alternata was found to be a major and 1kg of neem cake in first week of July pathogen causing disease in litchi at multiple followed by spraying of Novaluron 10 EC phenophases (nursery, reproductive and (0.015%) have been found effective against litchi postharvest stage). The incidence of panicle looper and leaf folder. blight caused by Alternaria alternata ranged Spray of neem oil (3ml/l) before flower between 43.1-77.1% during 3rd week of April opening, second and third spray of 2014 and fruit blight (2.9-12.9%) was observed Diflubenzuron 25 WP (0.03%) at clove stage in first week of June 2014 in cv. ‘China’. of fruit and 21 days after second spray curbed Trichoderma viride isolate NRCL T 01 was the fruit and seed borer infestation effectively. found superior for tolerance to different temperature, pH and salt concentration against Postharvest management and value addition a reference strain NRCG T09. NRCL Irrespective of climatic variation during January Trichoderma formulation was successfully and February, anthesis takes place in 2nd week stored at 4 °C up to 6 months without of March, fruit set from mid-March and pulp deterioration in the microbial count. development 40-44 days after flowering (DAF) Anatomical studies were conducted to ascertain in cv. Shahi. the cause of mortality in air-layered plants in The proper maturity with >18 °Brix and 0.5% the nursery. acidity were recorded at 75-78 DAF. Fruit Among the litchi pest, litchi fruit and seed weight increased exponentially from 35 DAF borer, litchi shoot borer, leaf folder, litchi to approximately 70 DAF. looper, ash weevil, red weevil, litchi mite and Quantification of losses at different stages of bark eating caterpillar have been observed as fruits handling showed that loss at wholesale major pests while, bag worm, Spodoptera litura, market of Mumbai was 42-46% on the 5thday Spilosoma sp., many lepidopteran defoliators after arrival of litchi from Muzaffarpur, whereas and litchi bug as minor pests. the loss at retail was about 56-65%. Maximum and minimum pest population was Postharvest dip treatments on fruit rots of litchi observed in the month of September-October revealed that all the treatments Bacillus subtilis and December-January, respectively. @ 1×108 cell/ml, Potassium silicate @ 0.5%, Among natural enemies, praying mantis, Chitosan @ 1%, Carbendazim @ 0.2%) were Chrysoperla carnea, Eocanthecona furcellata, effective in controlling fruit rots up to 6th day syrphid flies, coccinellids, Trichogramma sp. as compared to 3 days in control. and braconids have been observed during study During evaluation for preventive ability of period. antagonists against fruit rots of litchi, the most iii effective isolates against A. alternata were B.