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Endline Study Sakcham - III Project
Endline Study Sakcham - III Project Endline Evaluation Report Submitted by Nepal Evaluation & Assessment Team (NEAT) Kathmandu, Nepal Submitted to CARE Nepal February, 2016 Kathmandu Endline Evaluation of Sakcham - III Project Page | 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................10 1.1 Background.................................................................................................................10 1.2 Context .......................................................................................................................11 1.3 Study Objectives .........................................................................................................13 2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................14 2.1 Study Design ..............................................................................................................14 2.2 Study Scope ...............................................................................................................17 -
Ltzt Ul/Alsf Uxgtf -K|Ltzt Slknj:T Uh]X8f, Jf0fu+Uf
1 2 lhNnfx?sf] ul/aLsf] b/, ul/aLsf] ljifdtf / ul/aLsf] uxgtf @)^* lhNnf uf=lj=;=sf gfd ul/aLsf b/ ul/aLsf ljifdtf ul/aLsf uxgtf -k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_ slknj:t uh]x8f, jf0fu+uf 10(2.63) 1.88(0.61) 0.55(0.21) slknj:t km'lnsf 38.67(6.03) 9.36(2.02) 3.27(0.87) slknj:t xyf};f 17.49(3.71) 3.69(1.01) 1.17(0.38) slknj:t gGbgu/, afF;vf]/, ktl/of 45.04(6.34) 11.38(2.33) 4.07(1.03) slknj:t k6gf 31.98(5.78) 7.21(1.76) 2.38(0.7) slknj:t ljh'jf 41.77(6.05) 10.4(2.16) 3.68(0.95) slknj:t xlyxjf, njgL, lj7'jf 48.86(6.3) 13.11(2.52) 4.9(1.17) slknj:t lkk/f 39.97(6.41) 9.82(2.18) 3.48(0.95) slknj:t cle/fj, 8'd/f 39.5(6.11) 9.6(2.04) 3.37(0.86) slknj:t x/gfdk'/, an'xjf 38.43(6.46) 9.11(2.1) 3.14(0.87) slknj:t ks8L 40.75(6.14) 9.92(2.13) 3.45(0.91) slknj:t ltltlv 45.45(6.55) 11.69(2.34) 4.26(1.03) slknj:t sf]kjf 13.51(3.2) 2.68(0.76) 0.82(0.27) slknj:t df]ltk'/ 8.87(2.35) 1.71(0.56) 0.51(0.2) slknj:t lglUnxjf 24.73(4.91) 5.42(1.38) 1.78(0.53) slknj:t ltnf}/fsf]6 32.55(5.83) 7.4(1.8) 2.46(0.73) slknj:t w/dklgof 42.73(6.42) 10.72(2.24) 3.84(0.98) slknj:t hxbL 41.96(5.92) 10.5(2.03) 3.76(0.88) slknj:t k/;f]lxof, a;Gtk'/ 40.97(6.66) 9.95(2.27) 3.48(0.97) slknj:t bf]xgL,/+uk'/ 41.51(6.41) 10.28(2.23) 3.66(0.96) slknj:t uf}/L 46.11(6.78) 11.44(2.41) 4.04(1.05) slknj:t l;+xf]vf]/, a}bf}nL, ;fdl8x 42.23(6.45) 10.67(2.32) 3.84(1.02) slknj:t uf]l7xjf 41.2(6.47) 10.26(2.19) 3.68(0.95) slknj:t ;f}/fxf 47.79(6.88) 12.4(2.57) 4.51(1.16) slknj:t /fhk'/, dx'jf, wgsf}nL 43.49(5.84) 11.19(2.18) 4.06(0.98) slknj:t hogu/, enjf8 16.32(3.56) 3.39(0.94) 1.06(0.35) slknj:t -
Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal
SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics Acknowledgements The completion of both this and the earlier feasibility report follows extensive consultation with the National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), World Food Programme (WFP), UNICEF, World Bank, and New ERA, together with members of the Statistics and Evidence for Policy, Planning and Results (SEPPR) working group from the International Development Partners Group (IDPG) and made up of people from Asian Development Bank (ADB), Department for International Development (DFID), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNICEF and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), WFP, and the World Bank. WFP, UNICEF and the World Bank commissioned this research. The statistical analysis has been undertaken by Professor Stephen Haslett, Systemetrics Research Associates and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand and Associate Prof Geoffrey Jones, Dr. Maris Isidro and Alison Sefton of the Institute of Fundamental Sciences - Statistics, Massey University, New Zealand. We gratefully acknowledge the considerable assistance provided at all stages by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Special thanks to Bikash Bista, Rudra Suwal, Dilli Raj Joshi, Devendra Karanjit, Bed Dhakal, Lok Khatri and Pushpa Raj Paudel. See Appendix E for the full list of people consulted. First published: December 2014 Design and processed by: Print Communication, 4241355 ISBN: 978-9937-3000-976 Suggested citation: Haslett, S., Jones, G., Isidro, M., and Sefton, A. (2014) Small Area Estimation of Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commissions Secretariat, World Food Programme, UNICEF and World Bank, Kathmandu, Nepal, December 2014. -
Final Electoral Roll
FINAL ELECTORAL ROLL - 2017 STATE - (S24) UTTAR PRADESH No., Name and Reservation Status of Assembly Constituency: 320-Caimpiyarganj(GEN) Last Part No., Name and Reservation Status of Parliamentary Service Constituency in which the Assembly Constituency is located: 64-Gorakhpur(GEN) Electors 1. DETAILS OF REVISION Year of Revision : 2017 Type of Revision : De-novo preparation Qualifying Date : 01.01.2017 Date of Final Publication: 23.10.2017 2. SUMMARY OF SERVICE ELECTORS A) NUMBER OF ELECTORS 1. Classified by Type of Service Name of Service No. of Electors Members Wives Total A) Defence Services 196 0 196 B) Armed Police Force 0 0 0 C) Foreign Service 0 0 0 Total in Part (A+B+C) 196 0 196 2. Classified by Type of Roll Roll Type Roll Identification No. of Electors Members Wives Total I Original Preliminary Preliminary De-novo 196 0 196 roll, 2017 preparation roll of 2017 II Additions Supplement 1 After Draft publication, 2017 0 0 0 List Sub Total: 0 0 0 III Deletions Supplement 1 After Draft publication, 2017 0 0 0 List Sub Total: 0 0 0 Net Electors in the Roll after (I + II - III) 196 0 196 B) NUMBER OF CORRECTIONS/MODIFICATION Roll Type Roll Identification No. of Electors Supplement 1 After Draft publication, 2017 0 Total: 0 Elector Type: M = Member, W = Wife Page 1 Final Electoral Roll, 2017 of Assembly Constituency 320-Caimpiyarganj (GEN), (S24) UTTAR PRADESH A . Defence Services Sl.No Name of Elector Elector Rank Husband's Address of Record House Address Type Sl.No. Officer/Commanding Officer for despatch of Ballot Paper (1) (2) -
Annexure-V State/Circle Wise List of Post Offices Modernised/Upgraded
State/Circle wise list of Post Offices modernised/upgraded for Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Annexure-V Sl No. State/UT Circle Office Regional Office Divisional Office Name of Operational Post Office ATMs Pin 1 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA PRAKASAM Addanki SO 523201 2 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL KURNOOL Adoni H.O 518301 3 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VISAKHAPATNAM AMALAPURAM Amalapuram H.O 533201 4 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL ANANTAPUR Anantapur H.O 515001 5 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Machilipatnam Avanigadda H.O 521121 6 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA TENALI Bapatla H.O 522101 7 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Bhimavaram Bhimavaram H.O 534201 8 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA VIJAYAWADA Buckinghampet H.O 520002 9 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL TIRUPATI Chandragiri H.O 517101 10 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Prakasam Chirala H.O 523155 11 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL CHITTOOR Chittoor H.O 517001 12 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL CUDDAPAH Cuddapah H.O 516001 13 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VISAKHAPATNAM VISAKHAPATNAM Dabagardens S.O 530020 14 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL HINDUPUR Dharmavaram H.O 515671 15 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA ELURU Eluru H.O 534001 16 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Gudivada Gudivada H.O 521301 17 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Gudur Gudur H.O 524101 18 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL ANANTAPUR Guntakal H.O 515801 19 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA -
DISTRICT : Muzaffarpur
District District District District District Sl. No. Name of Husband's/Father,s AddressDate of Catego Full Marks Percent Choice-1 Choice-2 Choice-3 Choice-4 Choice-5 Candidate Name Birth ry Marks Obtained age (With Rank) (With Rank) (With Rank) (With Rank) (With Rank) DISTRICT : Muzaffarpur 1 KIRAN KUMARIARVIND KUMAR kiran kumari c/o arvind 10-Dec-66 GEN 700 603 86.14 Muzaffarpur (1) Samastipur (1) Darbhanga (1) Vaishali (1) Champaran-E (1) kumar vill+po-parsara dis-muzaffarpur 2 ARCHANA SRI ARUN vill-ratanpur post- 11-Aug-85 ST 900 757 84.11 Muzaffarpur (2) KUMARI CHAUDHARY jagdishparn vhaya- kalyanapur dist- muzaffarpur pin-848302 3PREM LATA SHARI NAND LAL village raja bigha, p.s. 10-Jan-79 GEN 700 566 80.86 Saran (2) Muzaffarpur (3) Darbhanga (2) Gaya (4) Champaran-E (2) KUMARI PRASAD dhanarua. p.o barni district patna pin code 804452 4 REENA SINHASRI DINESH SINGH dinesh singh, d/o- sita 31-Dec-76 BC 900 721 80.11 Siwan (2) Begusarai (3) Muzaffarpur (4) Samastipur (4) Vaishali (5) sharan singh, vill- ruiya, post- ruiya bangra, p.s.- jiradei, distt- siwan 5NILAM SHRI GUJESHWER nilam srivastav c/o-shri 06-Jan-69 BC 700 554 79.14 Gopalganj (2) Siwan (3) Saran (3) Muzaffarpur (5) Patna (14) SRIVASTAV PRASAD akhilesh prasad vill-manichapar, po-hathua dis-gopalginj pin-841436 6 BEENA KUMARIMAHARANGHI vill-mahrana 01-Oct-75 BC 900 700 77.78 Munger (17) Lakhisarai (11) Bhagalpur (15) Muzaffarpur (6) Jamui (12) MATHO po-dahara dis-munger pin-811201 7 KANAK LATASRI ANIL KUMAR village+post- dahibhatta, 23-Dec-85 GEN 700 541 77.29 Gopalganj (5) -
Short Code Rural 10.Xls
STCode DTCode SubdtCode VillCode Villname 10 01 000 0000 Pashchim Champaran 10 01 001 0000 Sidhaw 10 01 001 0001 Kalapani 10 01 001 0002 Bhaisalotan 10 01 001 0003 Tharhi 10 01 001 0004 Pipra 10 01 001 0005 Kotaraha 10 01 001 0006 Rampurwa 10 01 001 0007 Lachhmipur 10 01 001 0008 Daruabari 10 01 001 0009 Santpur 10 01 001 0010 Soharia 10 01 001 0011 Parsauni 10 01 001 0012 Balgangwa 10 01 001 0013 Jharharwa 10 01 001 0014 Shiunaha 10 01 001 0015 Champapur 10 01 001 0016 Narainapur 10 01 001 0017 Gonauli 10 01 001 0018 Malkauli 10 01 001 0019 Gorar 10 01 001 0020 Satchubanwa 10 01 001 0021 Pipra 10 01 001 0022 Songaharwa 10 01 001 0023 Dardari 10 01 001 0024 Misraulia 10 01 001 0025 Kotraha 10 01 001 0026 Naurangiya 10 01 001 0027 Kerai 10 01 001 0028 Berai 10 01 001 0029 Ghurauli 10 01 001 0030 Amhat 10 01 001 0031 Mohna 10 01 001 0032 Matiaria 10 01 001 0033 Amwa 10 01 001 0034 Katharwa 10 01 001 0035 Dewtaha 10 01 001 0036 Mahuawa 10 01 001 0037 Bankatwa 10 01 001 0038 Semra 10 01 001 0039 Harnatanr 10 01 001 0040 Mahdewa 10 01 001 0041 Bairiya Kalan 10 01 001 0042 Bairiya Khurd 10 01 001 0043 Chhatraul 10 01 001 0044 Garkatti 10 01 001 0045 Jarar 10 01 001 0046 Sinagahi 10 01 001 0047 Balua 10 01 001 0048 Bihar 10 01 001 0049 Belahwa 10 01 001 0050 Pachrukha 10 01 001 0051 Madanpur 10 01 001 0052 Rampurwa 10 01 001 0053 Rampur 10 01 001 0054 Naakar Rampur 10 01 001 0055 Jamunapur 10 01 001 0056 Pipra Dharauli 10 01 001 0057 Chegauna 10 01 001 0058 Binwaliya 10 01 001 0059 Dudhaura 10 01 001 0060 Karmaha 10 01 001 0061 Budhsar 10 01 -
Displacemect of People from Terai District
KAPILBASTU DISTRICT: REPORTED DISPLACEMENT - as of 5 November, 2007 82°30'0"E 82°37'30"E 82°45'0"E 82°52'30"E 83°0'0"E 83°7'30"E Maidan Juluke Siddhara Arghakhanchi Bela Thada Simalapani Gangapraspur Gadhawa Gobardiya D a n g 27°45'0"N Map Locator 050 100 200 300 Dubiya Kilometers 204 IDPs (32 families) at Ghumchir, 27°45'0"N Shivagadhi BagargangaVDC Saljhundi Malwar Shivapur Motipur Koilabas Mahendrakot Barakulpur Banganga Gugauli 992+ IDPs at Shankarpur, Shivagadhi VDC 400 IDPs (80 families) at Chunna, Barakulpur VDC Gajehada Budhi Kopawa Rudrapur Jayanagar Chanai Hariharpur Birpur Kapilbastu Hathausa 27°37'30"N Nigalihawa Thunhiya Patna 27°37'30"N Rajpur Khurhuriya Manpur Patthardaihiya Bishunpur Lalpur Mahuwa Jahadi Jawabhari Balaramwapur Dhankauli Tilaurakot Patariya Udayapur Fulika Sadi Administrative Boundaries Ganeshpur Rupandehi Baraipur Ramnagar Maharajganj Bhalubari District Bahadurganj KapilbastuN.P.Infrustructure Damage by VDC Bhagwanpur VidhyaNagar (based on DSP data as of 26 Oct. 2007) $+ Dharmpaniya Nandanagar VDC 140 Sauraha Taulihawa Pakadi Major Roads Ajigara 120 Sisawa120 Dohani Shipanagar Dumara Highway Sirsihawa Kajarhawa Baskhaur Purusottampur 96 Kushhawa 100 Feeder Road KrishnaNagar Milmi Labani Singhkhor Gotihawa Gauri Basantapur Masina 27°30'0"N District Road 80 Haranampur74 71 n n 27°30'0"N o 64 Abhirawa o i Harduona i t t Other Road c 60 c Bithuwa e e r Parsohiya r i i Somdiha Baluhawa District HQ D Bedauli Titirkhi $+ D 37 t t 40 n n Bijuwa Most affected VDCs based on Killings/household destroyed e e m m 18 e Pipra e 20 Rangapur15 Hathihawa v v 12 Municipalities o o 7 2 3 M M 2 Water bodies 0 The majority of displaced in India have reportedly Barakulpur Birpur Bishunpur Ganeshpur Khurhuriya KrishnaNagar Motipur Patthardaihiya IDP Concentrations Sum of House destroyed Sum of House partial damage / looted Sum of huts burned returned to Nepal, however organisations estimate 400+ Sum of Shops destroyed Sum of Hotels Sum of Petrol pumps remain with host families / relatives. -
Sitamarhi.Pdf
District District District District District Sl. No. Name of Husband's/Father,s AddressDate of Catego Full Marks Percent Choice-1 Choice-2 Choice-3 Choice-4 Choice-5 Candidate Name Birth ry Marks Obtained age (With Rank) (With Rank) (With Rank) (With Rank) (With Rank) DISTRICT : Sitamarahi 1 NEERU KUMARIKEDAR PANDEY vill-pusa sadpur 15-Jan-78 GEN 700 539 77 Muzaffarpur (8) Samastipur (6) Sitamarahi (1) Vaishali (7) Saran (5) po-sadpur dis-samastipur 2 RUPAM KUMARISANJIV KUMAR vill+post- mahamadpur, 15-Feb-80 GEN 900 686 76.22 Muzaffarpur (10) Samastipur (8) Darbhanga (4) Sitamarahi (2) Vaishali (10) badal, p.s.- sakari, via- silaut, distt- muzaffarpur, pin- 843119 3 USHA KUMARISRI NAND KISHOR c/o- sri nand kishor 28-Jul-68 BC 900 673 74.78 Patna (37) Vaishali (21) Saran (11) Saran (11) Sitamarahi (3) PRASAD prasad, vill- kurji, p.s.- digha, post- sadakat asram, distt- patna 4 MANORAMA MUNA PRASADE vill-kundbapar 25-Dec-75 MBC 900 668 74.22 Sitamarahi (4) Begusarai (13) Samastipur (15) Purnia (8) Araria (2) KUMARI po-akangardhi ps-akangarsari dis-nalanda 5 MEENA KUMARIRAM JEE SARMA vill-muradpur 24-Jan-68 GEN 900 658 73.11 Sitamarahi (5) Sheohar (2) Darbhanga (12) Madhubani (1) Muzaffarpur (21) po-dumda ps-sitamarahi 6 ANURADHA GORELAL MAHTO gorelal mahto, mohalla- 11-Mar-76 BC 900 657 73 Sheikhpura (31) Sitamarahi (6) Saran (16) Nawada (42) Jamui (45) SINHA khandpar baburam talab fatka ke pas, post- sheikhpura, district sheikhpura, p.s. shekipura, ward no. 4 7 NIVA KUMARISRI SAURAV vill-baluaa j, po- raeni , 05-Aug-79 GEN 900 657 73 Muzaffarpur (22) Samastipur (26) Darbhanga (14) Vaishali (32) Sitamarahi (7) KUMAR ps- sakara, dist muzaffarpur 843121 8RINA KUMARISRI KUMAR MAHTO d/o sri kumar mahto, 08-Dec-83 SC 500 365 73 Champaran-E (6) Champaran-W Sitamarahi (8) Madhubani (4) Patna (69) village- sakhuanwan, (4) post- gounoli, p.s. -
Tehsil Village Code Census Revenue Village Nichlaul 184073 Agya
Tehsil Village Code Census Revenue Village Nichlaul 184073 Agya Nichlaul 183887 Agya Nichlaul 183912 Amda urf Jhulnipur Nichlaul 183911 Amdi Nichlaul 184061 Amtaha Nichlaul 183960 Amahwa Nichlaul 183962 Ardauna Nichlaul 183975 Araji Alam Singh Nichlaul 183932 Arjunhi Nichlaul 183838 Ahirauli Nichlaul 183896 Aamutalab Nichlaul 183978 Aaraji Dhamaur Nichlaul 183836 Aaraji Bairiya Nichlaul 183921 Aaraji Hira Kathik Nichlaul 183854 Itahiya Nichlaul 184099 Indarpur Nichlaul 183882 Odwaliya Nichlaul 183889 Ovri Nichlaul 183947 Aurahiya Nichlaul 184018 Auratar Nichlaul 183869 Katkhor Nichlaul 184137 Kathara Sugauli Nichlaul 183989 Kathari Kala Nichlaul 183995 Kathari Khurd Nichlaul 183948 Kathya Nichlaul 183843 Kadja Nichlaul 183928 Kanbhiswa Nichlaul 183944 Kapardhikka Nichlaul 183903 Kaprauli Nichlaul 183919 Kapia Nichlaul 183985 Kamta Nichlaul 184084 Kamhariya Nichlaul 183872 Kardah Nichlaul 183917 Karmahiya Nichlaul 184080 Karmahiya Nichlaul 183955 Karwathi Nichlaul 183879 Karwathi Urf Katka Nichlaul 183946 Kalnahi Kala Nichlaul 183945 Kalnahi Khurd Nichlaul 184078 Kaaridiha Nichlaul 183832 Kishunpur Nichlaul 184077 Kishunpur Nichlaul 183864 Kuwarisati Nichlaul 184113 Kuyia Nichlaul 183952 Kudia Nichlaul 183982 Kaima Nichlaul 183971 Kaimi Nichlaul 184136 Kothibhar Tehsil Village Code Census Revenue Village Nichlaul 218196 Kothibhar Nagar Chetra Nichlaul 183981 Kolhua Nichlaul 184017 Kohadwal Nichlaul 184082 Khajuria Nichlaul 183970 Khamhaura Nichlaul 184027 Kharchauli Nichlaul 183939 Khuthawa Nichlaul 184117 Khuduri Nichlaul 183849 Kheshra -
Ecology, Diversity and Taxonomy of the Pteridophytes of Pharenda Forest of Maharajganj District, Uttar Pradesh
International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences (IJRSB) Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2016, PP 40-47 ISSN 2349-0357 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0365 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0365.0402006 www.arcjournals.org Ecology, Diversity and Taxonomy of the Pteridophytes of Pharenda Forest of Maharajganj District, Uttar Pradesh Ravi Pratap Gautam1, S. Dominic Rajkumar2, Shobhit Kumar Srivastava3, Shashank Kumar Singh4, Akhilesh Kumar Gupta5 Department of Botany St. Andrew‟s College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh [email protected] Abstract: Eastern Uttar Pradesh is rich in plant diversity as most of its parts are situated at the foothills of Great Himalaya. The forests of these places are supposed to have abundant diversity of all types of plants from lower forms to higher. Pharenda Forest is one of them. It is a township also known as Anand Nagar situated in Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh. Geographically Pharenda is situated between the coordinates 27º 06’ N and 83º 17’ E. A survey consisting repetitive field trips was made to learn about the diversity and richness of Pteridophytes of this forest on the basis of effects of climate change. During this study about eleven species of Pteridophytes were collected and morphological observations were made. Keywords: Eastern Uttar Pradesh, plant diversity, Pharenda, Pteridophytes, climate change. 1. INTRODUCTION The Pteridophytes are one of the primitive vascular plants distributed all over the world. India consists of a plenty and diverse pteridophytic flora because of its various climatic conditions and geography. The ferns are found rich in the Himalayas and Western Ghats, as these places are the two hotspots of biodiversity in India. -
COMMUNICATION TRADE ROUTES and HIGHWAYS at the Opening Of
COMMUNICATION TRADE ROUTES AND HIGHWAYS At the opening of the seventeenth century, there were no metalled roads in the district, though the main routes of land travel were clearly defined by avenues of trees and occasional rest-houses, known as serais. The travelers and merchants could pass the night in comfort and comparative security within their walled enclosures. These roads were of beaten earth and connected the district with the adjoining regions. However they were used only in the dry season. The whole district seems to have been traversed by a network of such roads. These roads connected the district with Basti, Faizabad, Azamgarh, Deoria and Ballia. Gorakhpur was a chief garrison town on the north of Ghaghra in the medieval period. Roads which were unmetalled connected it with Bihar and the adjoining areas. To know what transport would be like in the district of the seventeenth century or an earlier period, one may have to picture to oneself trains of ox- coaches (raths) and ox-carts (bahlis) with hammocks attached to the vehicles for carrying fodder for the animals, as well as small luggage, with a posse of horses ridden by middle class people and palanquins (palki) used by the elites or caravans of oxen, ponies and other pack animals laden with goods and flanked by foot-pilots. There were no bridges one the rivers which had to be crossed by means of ferry boats. The carts and wagons were fastened to boats by the wheel and the pole. The oxen and the horses swimming all the while, goods had to be unloaded before the pack-animals were driven into the rivers for negotiating their waters.