- -Weeds, including The last1000years(above): -Low freactivityfollowedfuelfragmentationandsuppressionef -Increased -Increase Map ofsouthernSouth America, showingaconservative 2014; Fletcher&Moreno,2012).Satellitemapdata:Google,Maxar MA, 1999;Laraetal.,1999). The insetmapshowslocationofL.Portezueloandothersitesdiscussed(i.e., Abarzúa etal., Araucaria ______4 3 2 1 William Nanavati ______from northernmostPatagonia monkey-puzzle ( A Holocenehistoryofthe

Department ofEarthSciences,MontanaStateUniversity, Bozeman,MT, U.S.A. Universidad NacionaldelComahue,CentroRegionalUniversitarioBariloche,S.C.de IPATEC, CONICET/UNCO, S.C.deBariloche, Montana InstituteonEcosystems,StateUniversity, Bozeman,MT, U.S.A. -Euro-American settlement andlandusewasassociatedwith -Late-glacial toearly-Holocenewarming ledtoalargechange - Paleoecology of - -After 11,100 cal yrBP, initialsteppewasreplacedbyshrublandwith Paleo-reconstruction ofL.Portezuelo: Conclusions The paleoecologyof the mid-20thcentury. fre activ Laguna Portezuelovegetation&frehistory Araucaria Araucaria Year (Commen Era) Araucaria increased freuntilelimination. increased disturbance andnon-nativetaxa,deforestation, moderate freactivityandfrequentwetEl Niñoevents. 1750 1950 1150 1350 1550 950 d nativeandintroduceddisturbancetaxa,deforestation,increased American Indianseastofthe . with increased fre activity coincident with the infux of expanded withincreasdedfreactivityafter Pinus Euro-Am. settlement American Indians Influx ofMapuche ity marked19thcentury Alnus waspresentby6380calyrBP;increased after1550CE was likelypresentinglacialrefugiawest ofthe Andes. Betula 1 , CathyWhitlock duringmid-20thcenturysignaledplantingoflocalplantations. distribution.

Plantago Picea

Cereals Araucaria Echium vulgare undiff.

and Pinus 1,2

Asteraceae subfam. Cichorioideae ,

Valeria Outes Percent terrestrialpollen(% Rumex Plantago & Euro-A Araucaria araucana

Rumex Eu northernmost Patagonia(37-40 ro-A

, spreadwithEuropeanarrival. Araucaria me Araucaria araucana merican settlement. ri

Nothofagus dombeyi 3 ca , &Gustavo Villarosa 20 n Araucaria araucana in di 40 ca ) to r 60 ta Technologies.

Asteraceae subfam. Asteroideae xa

ca -type 20

. 1550CE. Caryophyllaceae speciesdistribution(orange;CONAF-CONA Fabaceae

Poaceae 3,4 , 20 40 forts since 60 in 02 (pieces cm BCHAR °S CHAR Argentina ): 46

-2

yr

-1 ) References: Devin Quickassistedwithfeldandlabwork. and theNeuquénVolcanic Hazards Assesment, CONICET-Legislatura ProvincialdeNeququén.We wouldliketoacknowledgecollaborationfromCopahueProvincialPark, NeuquénProvince, Argentina. Research wassupportedbygrantsfromthe NationalScienceFoundation(OISE0966472,GSS1461590),FondoparalaInvestigación Científcay Acknowledgements: Lara, A., Bran, D.,Rutherford,P., Perez, A., Clayton,S., Barrios, D.,.Iglesias, G.(1999).Mapeode laEcoregióndelosBosques Valdivianos de Argentina yChile, enescala1:500,000.Boletın Técnico Kaiser, J.,Lamy, F., &Hebbeln, D.(2005). A 70-kyrseasurfacetemperaturerecord off southernChile (OceanDrillingProgramSite1233).Paleoceanography. doi:10.1029/2005pa001146 Fletcher, M.-S.,&Moreno, P. I.(2012b).Vegetation, climateandfreregime changesinthe Andean regionofsouthern (38ºS)covariedwithcentennial-scale climateanomaliesinthetropicalPacifc CONAF-CONAMA. (1999). Catastroyevaluacióndelosrecursos vegetacionales nativosdeChile.ProyectoCONAF-CONAMA-BIRF Berger, A., &Loutre,M.-F. (1991).Insolationvaluesfortheclimateoflast10millionyears. QuaternaryScienceReviews,10(4),297-317. Abarzúa, A. M.,Pinchicura, A. G.,Jarpa, L., Martel-Cea, A., Sterken,M.,Vega, R.,&Pino,M. (2014).Environmentalresponsestoclimaticandculturalchangesoverthelast26,000 yearsinPurén-Lumaco

10,00 Ag e (cal yr BP) 800 600 400 200 FVSA(51). over thelast1500years. QuaternaryScienceReviews,46,46-56. valley (38ºS). ) 0 0 0 0 0 0

- Eu

20 ro -A Ze me Age (cal yr BP) a ri Ar ma ca 20,000 25,000 12,500 10,000 15,000 17,500 au n ys 7360-11,100 calyrBP 2260-7360 calyrBP 1800-2260 calyrBP 460-1800 calyrBP Present-460 calyrBP Holocene interpretation(below):

2500 in 7500 5000 Cu ca di ri ca

0 pr a No to es r th sa ta 20 of ce xa ag ae Abarzúa etal.2014) Non-native taxaspread Local us 40 Zea Mapucheagriculture; Percent terrestrialpollen(% East Moderate fireactivity d moderate at~13ka settlement (7ka), after Euro.arrival N. dombeyi Podocarpus no landusesignal Caldcluvia American Indians

N. obliqua om N. dombeyi Araucaria High fireactivity N. dombeyi V Low fireactivity Low fireactivity colonize region El V appear (5ka) W (70 mele W ariable climate 60 & othercultivars be increased to Cold, humid No humans by14.5ka; American Indian (1550s CE) W open forest Eucryphia/ Araucaria than before armer einmannia, yi

arm, dry Other arboreal taxa -t yp alle Bog e As , drier - -type,

-type, 20 forest te forest -type, Euro-Americanlanduse. - - -type

forest ra

v.

, -

ce -

; Ca Introduced

ae Steppe precipitation associatedwithfrequentElNiñoevents Araucaria Steppe activity andincreasedprecipitationassociatedwithveryfrequentwetElNiñoevents Araucaria ry s Fa op ub

) h ba yl fa Po ce la m. Fletcher &Moreno2012) ce A CE =CommonEra. (black) (Moyetal.,2002). Abbreviations intext:BP =calibratedyearsBP (calyrBP);ka=thousandsofyears; & Loutre,1991),temperatureanomaliesfrompresent(green) (Kaiseretal.,2005),andElNiñoeventfrequency inferred abundanceof Vegetation, fre,climate,andhumanhistorybasedonpublishedinterpretations.Darkershades denotegreater Non-natives, deforestation ac ae 20 ae st northernmost Patagoniathroughtime? How haveclimateandhumansinfuenced and inparticular, thehistoryof What istheHolocenevegetationandfrehistoryofnorthernmostPatagonia, Research questions araucana Araucaria Laguna Portezuelo(37.9°S,71.0°W; 1730melev.), locatedalongthe Here, wepresenta11,100-year historyofvegetation,fre,climate,andlandusefrom the Holocenehistoryofthisspeciesisunderstudied. (Argentina andChile;37-40°S)isculturallysignifcant,endemic,endangered, Although themonkey-puzzletree( Background withmoderate-to-highfreactivity N. dombeyi

ea u associatedwithinfrequentwetElNiñoevents Moderate fireuntillow Laguna SanPedro nd er e oi present. increasedfrompreviouslevels.

40 if

signal Euro-Am. de

V f. (913 mele few

ariable climate ae after 121BP after 500BP and nativedisturbancetaxa 60 Araucaria

-type forest, Ra

nu Steppe

v. Othernc non-arboreal taxa ;

20 ul

Araucaria araucana ac ea

. InformeNacionalcon Variables Ambientales, Santiago,Chile. Cy e pe forest-steppeborderinsouthernSouth America. 20 ra transitioned

increased ENSOevents ce Laguna Portezuelo

Steppetoshrubland; My Steppe transitionsto Increased Mapuche Moderate fireactivity to highfire(<0.5ka) production at~3ka; shrubland by3ka; Possible ae throughout period, Low fire(2-0.5ka) local after Conditions wetter American Indians ri

20 present inregion Increased ENSO & Euro.landuse (1730 mele N. dombeyi

Tecnológica (PICT 2011 2046), op few hy since ~1 Araucaria

after 6ka ll

40 um

Araucaria Zea mays

. Summer(DJF;red)andwinter(JJA;blue)insolationvalues (Berger Arboreal

to 20 A. araucana 1 ka 6.4 ka, W -type Araucaria araucana , deforestation,andhighfremark est Shrubland shrubland v. 40 )

60 Non-arboreal -30 80 Insolation A. araucana anomaly

, atitsnortheasternlimit? (W m withnull-to-lowfre 10 with -10 0

-2 Un ) moderate freandincreased 10 kn

0

ow ) ofnorthernmostPatagonia

(pieces cm -4 n BCHAR T

CHAR an emperature -2

anomaly d 48

In abundancein (°C ter -2 0 yr de )

-1 te ) rm (Moy etal.2002) El Niñoevents 01 El Niñoactivity in an

per 100yr 7-yr ENSO frequency ENSO 7-yr t 02 El Niñoeventfreq. (events 100yr 0 Moy etal.2002) 03 10 0 20

30 -1 ;

Left, pictures of a monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) and a piñon.

Below, a drawing of Mapuche American Indians harvesting Araucaria piñones in the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, Chile (http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article- 99711.html).

Claudio Gay, Los de Nahuelbuta, 1854 L. Portezuelo

Age-depth model for Laguna Portezuelo using Bacon 2.2 (Blaauw and Christen, 2011). Green areas represent calendar ages provided for different layers, blue areas represent probability distributions of the calibrated dates, red area represents Bacon-rejected date, dotted red line shows weighted mean age, and dotted gray lines depict the 95% highest posterior density intervals. Vertical gray bars show location and thickness of tephra layers (≥0.5 cm thickness). Deposition time (black), percent composition of non-carbonate inorganic (blue), and organic (orange) are also plotted by depth.