- -Weeds, including The last1000years(above): -Low freactivityfollowedfuelfragmentationandsuppressionef -Increased -Increase Map ofsouthernSouth America, showingaconservative 2014; Fletcher&Moreno,2012).Satellitemapdata:Google,Maxar MA, 1999;Laraetal.,1999). The insetmapshowslocationofL.Portezueloandothersitesdiscussed(i.e., Abarzúa etal., Araucaria Araucaria ______4 3 2 1 William Nanavati ______from northernmostPatagonia monkey-puzzle tree ( A Holocenehistoryofthe
Department ofEarthSciences,MontanaStateUniversity, Bozeman,MT, U.S.A. Universidad NacionaldelComahue,CentroRegionalUniversitarioBariloche,S.C.de IPATEC, CONICET/UNCO, S.C.deBariloche, Argentina Montana InstituteonEcosystems,StateUniversity, Bozeman,MT, U.S.A. -Euro-American settlement andlandusewasassociatedwith -Late-glacial toearly-Holocenewarming ledtoalargechange - Paleoecology of - -After 11,100 cal yrBP, initialsteppewasreplacedbyshrublandwith Paleo-reconstruction ofL.Portezuelo: Conclusions The paleoecologyof the mid-20thcentury. fre activ Laguna Portezuelovegetation&frehistory Araucaria Araucaria Year (Commen Era) Araucaria increased freuntilelimination. increased disturbance andnon-nativetaxa,deforestation, moderate freactivityandfrequentwetEl Niñoevents. 1750 1950 1150 1350 1550 950 d nativeandintroduceddisturbancetaxa,deforestation,increased American Indianseastofthe Andes. with increased fre activity coincident with the infux of Mapuche expanded withincreasdedfreactivityafter Pinus Euro-Am. settlement American Indians Influx ofMapuche ity marked19thcentury Alnus waspresentby6380calyrBP;increased after1550CE was likelypresentinglacialrefugiawest ofthe Andes. Betula 1 , CathyWhitlock duringmid-20thcenturysignaledplantingoflocalplantations. distribution.
Plantago Picea
Cereals Araucaria Echium vulgare undiff.
and Pinus 1,2
Asteraceae subfam. Cichorioideae ,
Valeria Outes Percent terrestrialpollen(% Rumex Plantago & Euro-A Araucaria araucana
Rumex Eu northernmost Patagonia(37-40 ro-A
, spreadwithEuropeanarrival. Araucaria me Araucaria araucana merican settlement. ri
Nothofagus dombeyi 3 ca , &Gustavo Villarosa 20 n Araucaria araucana in di 40 ca ) to r 60 ta Technologies.
Asteraceae subfam. Asteroideae xa
ca -type 20
. 1550CE. Caryophyllaceae speciesdistribution(orange;CONAF-CONA Fabaceae
Poaceae 3,4 , 20 40 forts since 60 in 02 (pieces cm BCHAR °S CHAR Argentina ): 46
-2
yr
-1 ) References: Devin Quickassistedwithfeldandlabwork. and theNeuquénVolcanic Hazards Assesment, CONICET-Legislatura ProvincialdeNeququén.We wouldliketoacknowledgecollaborationfromCopahueProvincialPark, NeuquénProvince, Argentina. Research wassupportedbygrantsfromthe NationalScienceFoundation(OISE0966472,GSS1461590),FondoparalaInvestigación Científcay Acknowledgements: Lara, A., Bran, D.,Rutherford,P., Perez, A., Clayton,S., Barrios, D.,.Iglesias, G.(1999).Mapeode laEcoregióndelosBosques Valdivianos de Argentina yChile, enescala1:500,000.Boletın Técnico Kaiser, J.,Lamy, F., &Hebbeln, D.(2005). A 70-kyrseasurfacetemperaturerecord off southernChile (OceanDrillingProgramSite1233).Paleoceanography. doi:10.1029/2005pa001146 Fletcher, M.-S.,&Moreno, P. I.(2012b).Vegetation, climateandfreregime changesinthe Andean regionofsouthern Chile(38ºS)covariedwithcentennial-scale climateanomaliesinthetropicalPacifc CONAF-CONAMA. (1999). Catastroyevaluacióndelosrecursos vegetacionales nativosdeChile.ProyectoCONAF-CONAMA-BIRF Berger, A., &Loutre,M.-F. (1991).Insolationvaluesfortheclimateoflast10millionyears. QuaternaryScienceReviews,10(4),297-317. Abarzúa, A. M.,Pinchicura, A. G.,Jarpa, L., Martel-Cea, A., Sterken,M.,Vega, R.,&Pino,M. (2014).Environmentalresponsestoclimaticandculturalchangesoverthelast26,000 yearsinPurén-Lumaco
10,00 Ag e (cal yr BP) 800 600 400 200 FVSA(51). over thelast1500years. QuaternaryScienceReviews,46,46-56. valley (38ºS). ) 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Eu
20 ro -A Ze me Age (cal yr BP) a ri Ar ma ca 20,000 25,000 12,500 10,000 15,000 17,500 au n ys 7360-11,100 calyrBP 2260-7360 calyrBP 1800-2260 calyrBP 460-1800 calyrBP Present-460 calyrBP Holocene interpretation(below):
2500 in 7500 5000 Cu ca di ri ca
0 pr a No to es r th sa ta 20 of ce xa ag ae Abarzúa etal.2014) Non-native taxaspread Local us 40 Zea Mapucheagriculture; Percent terrestrialpollen(% East Moderate fireactivity d moderate at~13ka settlement (7ka), after Euro.arrival N. dombeyi Podocarpus no landusesignal Caldcluvia American Indians
N. obliqua om N. dombeyi Araucaria High fireactivity N. dombeyi V Low fireactivity Low fireactivity colonize region El V appear (5ka) W (70 mele W ariable climate 60 & othercultivars be increased to Cold, humid No humans by14.5ka; American Indian (1550s CE) W open forest Eucryphia/ Araucaria than before armer einmannia, yi
arm, dry Other arboreal taxa -t yp alle Bog e As , drier - -type,
-type, 20 forest te forest -type, Euro-Americanlanduse. - - -type
forest ra
v.
, -
ce -
; Ca Introduced
ae Steppe precipitation associatedwithfrequentElNiñoevents Araucaria Steppe activity andincreasedprecipitationassociatedwithveryfrequentwetElNiñoevents Araucaria ry s Fa op ub
) h ba yl fa Po ce la m. Fletcher &Moreno2012) ce A CE =CommonEra. (black) (Moyetal.,2002). Abbreviations intext:BP =calibratedyearsBP (calyrBP);ka=thousandsofyears; & Loutre,1991),temperatureanomaliesfrompresent(green) (Kaiseretal.,2005),andElNiñoeventfrequency inferred abundanceof Vegetation, fre,climate,andhumanhistorybasedonpublishedinterpretations.Darkershades denotegreater Non-natives, deforestation ac ae 20 ae st northernmost Patagoniathroughtime? How haveclimateandhumansinfuenced and inparticular, thehistoryof What istheHolocenevegetationandfrehistoryofnorthernmostPatagonia, Research questions araucana Araucaria Laguna Portezuelo(37.9°S,71.0°W; 1730melev.), locatedalongthe Here, wepresenta11,100-year historyofvegetation,fre,climate,andlandusefrom the Holocenehistoryofthisspeciesisunderstudied. (Argentina andChile;37-40°S)isculturallysignifcant,endemic,endangered, Although themonkey-puzzletree( Background withmoderate-to-highfreactivity N. dombeyi
ea u associatedwithinfrequentwetElNiñoevents Moderate fireuntillow Laguna SanPedro nd er e oi present. increasedfrompreviouslevels.
40 if
signal Euro-Am. de
V f. (913 mele few
ariable climate ae after 121BP after 500BP and nativedisturbancetaxa 60 Araucaria
-type forest, Ra
nu Steppe
v. Othernc non-arboreal taxa ;
20 ul
Araucaria araucana ac ea
. InformeNacionalcon Variables Ambientales, Santiago,Chile. Cy e pe forest-steppeborderinsouthernSouth America. 20 ra transitioned
increased ENSOevents ce Laguna Portezuelo
Steppetoshrubland; My Steppe transitionsto Increased Mapuche Moderate fireactivity to highfire(<0.5ka) production at~3ka; shrubland by3ka; Possible ae throughout period, Low fire(2-0.5ka) local after Conditions wetter American Indians ri
20 present inregion Increased ENSO & Euro.landuse (1730 mele N. dombeyi
Tecnológica (PICT 2011 2046), op few hy since ~1 Araucaria
after 6ka ll
40 um
Araucaria Zea mays
. Summer(DJF;red)andwinter(JJA;blue)insolationvalues (Berger Arboreal
to 20 A. araucana 1 ka 6.4 ka, W -type Araucaria araucana , deforestation,andhighfremark est Shrubland shrubland v. 40 )
60 Non-arboreal -30 80 Insolation A. araucana anomaly
, atitsnortheasternlimit? (W m withnull-to-lowfre 10 with -10 0
-2 Un ) moderate freandincreased 10 kn
0
ow ) ofnorthernmostPatagonia
(pieces cm -4 n BCHAR T
CHAR an emperature -2
anomaly d 48
In abundancein (°C ter -2 0 yr de )
-1 te ) rm (Moy etal.2002) El Niñoevents 01 El Niñoactivity in an
per 100yr 7-yr ENSO frequency ENSO 7-yr t 02 El Niñoeventfreq. (events 100yr 0 Moy etal.2002) 03 10 0 20
30 -1 ;
Left, pictures of a monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) and a piñon.
Below, a drawing of Mapuche American Indians harvesting Araucaria piñones in the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, Chile (http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article- 99711.html).
Claudio Gay, Los pinales de Nahuelbuta, 1854 L. Portezuelo
Age-depth model for Laguna Portezuelo using Bacon 2.2 (Blaauw and Christen, 2011). Green areas represent calendar ages provided for different layers, blue areas represent probability distributions of the calibrated dates, red area represents Bacon-rejected date, dotted red line shows weighted mean age, and dotted gray lines depict the 95% highest posterior density intervals. Vertical gray bars show location and thickness of tephra layers (≥0.5 cm thickness). Deposition time (black), percent composition of non-carbonate inorganic (blue), and organic (orange) are also plotted by depth.