ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Opportunity is taken here to express my gratitude for the help I have received from many quarters in collecting and annotating the correspondence contained in this supplementary volume.

First, acknowledgment is made of the assistance and courtesies that were extended me by the librarians in the Manuscripts and Archives Section of the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand, and in particular, by David Colquhon, David Retter, Tim Lovell-Smith, Kevin Stewart, Lynn Binson and Marsha Donaldson. At the Fisher Library, University of Sydney, Jill Brown was always cheerful and helpful.

In my wide-ranging search for the many ‘missing’ letters that Mantell wrote to Lyell, I received an invariably courteous response, many positive suggestions, and occasionally ‘pure gold’. Special thanks are due to Emeritus Professor Leonard G. Wilson for sending me copies of the Mantell letters at Lyell’s family home, Kinnordy, besides considerable assistance on numerous allied matters. Professor Hugh Torrens was also especially helpful. Additionally, I acknowledge the assistance given by Rita Dockery at the American Philosophical Society Library, Jean Archibald at the Edinburgh University Library, Virginia Murray from John Murray (Publishers) Limited, and Mary Sampson, Archivist, The Royal Society. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION iii

TRANSCRIPTION PROCEDURES vi and FOOTNOTE ABBREVIATIONS vii

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REGISTER viii

TRANSCRIBED CORRESPONDENCE 1

GLOSSARY 377

BIBLIOGRAPHY 384

ii INTRODUCTION

The transcribed correspondence contained in this supplementary volume to the thesis, and Gideon Mantell, 1821-1852: Their Quest for Elite Status in English Geology, comprises the following letters:

Correspondent Number of Letters

Charles Lyell to G.A. Mantell 232 Mary Elizabeth Lyell to G.A. Mantell 10 Charles Lyell (Senior) to G.A. Mantell 1 Frances Lyell (Lyell’s mother) to G.A. Mantell 1 Henry Lyell (Lyell’s brother) to G.A. Mantell 1 Charles Lyell to Mantell’s youngest son 2 Mary Elizabeth Lyell to Mantell’s eldest daughter 1 G.A. Mantell to Charles Lyell 31

Total Letters Transcribed 279

The 31-year correspondence between Lyell and Mantell followed on from their initial meeting on 4 October 1821, when Lyell, who had been visiting his old school at Midhurst, Sussex, called at Mantell’s house at Castle Place, Lewes. Mantell recorded their first meeting in his Private Journal:

Oct.4. – Mr. Lyell of Bartley Lodge, Hants, called on me: he is a pupil of Professor Buckland, of Oxford, and is enthusiastically devoted to Geology. He has travelled much, both in England and on the Continent. He informed me that the late Dr. Arnold was an intimate friend of his, and used to be continually referring to my paper1 on the Alcyonaria (Ventriculites radiatus) for the purpose of examining those which occur near Norwich….Mr. L. drank tea with us, and we sat chatting on geological matters till now – midnight… – Mr Lyell goes to Castle Hill, and Chinting Castle tomorrow and returns here in the evening.2

1 G.A. Mantell, ‘A Description of the fossil Alcyonium from the Chalk Strata near Lewes, in a Letter to A.B. Lambert Esq., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c’, Transactions of the Linnean Society of , 1815, 11, pp. 401-407. 2 GAM-PJ, entry 4 October 1821.

iii Lyell’s first letter to Mantell is dated 3 November 1821, almost one month after their first meeting. His last letter was written on 22 May 1852, three months before he left London for his third visit to North America. Mantell died on 11 November 1852, when Lyell was still overseas. All of the 232 letters that Lyell wrote to Mantell are held at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand (ATL-NZ), together with letters from 271 other non-family correspondents. In all, the inward correspondence of the G.A. Mantell Collection at ATL-NZ amounts to 1,893 letters. Of these, the 232 received from Lyell3 comprise the largest number. Mantell’s other major correspondents4 were Professor B. Silliman of Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut – 94 letters,5 Miss Etheldred Benett6 – 93 letters, Reverend – 84 letters, Robert Bakewell – 76 letters, W.H. Bensted7 – 74 letters, Lord Northampton – 64 letters, W.H. Fitton – 55 letters, and R.I. Murchison – 53 letters. No letters from Lyell to Mantell have been located outside this collection. Mantell’s inward correspondence is held at ATL-NZ because his Mantell’s eldest son, Walter Baldock Durant Mantell,8 who inherited his father’s papers and books, emigrated to New Zealand in 1839. In 1927, the widow of Walter Godfrey Mantell, the son of Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell,9 donated Mantell’s collection, together with the papers of her father- in-law, to the library. The correspondence contained in this volume is unbalanced, since there are only 31 transcriptions of letters from Mantell to Lyell. Originals of 26 of these letters are held at the Library of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and were acquired by that institution

3 G.A. Mantell papers, ATL-NZ, Folders 60-67. 4 Summary details on Silliman and most of the other major correspondents of Mantell are contained in the Biographical Register of this volume. 5 Copies of the 94 letters from Silliman to Mantell are held at the ATL-NZ. The originals are located at Yale University. 6 Etheldred Benett (1775 - 1845). The daughter of a Wiltshire squire who lived at Norton House, near Warminster. Fossil collector and correspondent from 1813 to 1843. 7 William Horatio Bensted (1802 - 1873). Owner of a quarry at Maidstone, Sussex. 8 Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell (1820 - 1895). Born in Lewes, Sussex, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1839. From 1848 to 1855 he served as a Commissioner for extinguishing native land titles in the South Island. In 1861 he was elected to the NZ House of Representatives, but retired from the House in 1866 and accepted a seat in the Legislative Assembly, which he retained until his death. Walter Mantell was also a keen naturalist. 9 Acknowledgement is made to the Alexander Turnbull Library for providing this information.

iv when it purchased Darwin’s letters to Lyell from the Lyell family. Copies of 25 of these letters are also held at the Alexander Turnbull Library,10 and resulted from an earlier interchange of letters arranged by Lyell’s sister-in- law, Katherine Lyell (who married Lyell’s younger brother Henry and was also the sister of Lyell’s wife, Elizabeth Mary) and Walter Lyell between 1876 and 1878.11 As a result of this interchange, Katherine Lyell received carefully transcribed copies of Lyell’s letters to Mantell, which she incorporated in her Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell.12 Subsequently, only five additional letters from Mantell to Lyell have been located. Three of these are at Kinnordy House,13 still the family seat of the Lyell family, one at the Edinburgh University Library, and one in the archives of John Murray (Publishers) Ltd. Unfortunately, there are no known copies of any of Mantell’s letters to Lyell during the period 1822 to 1830 when Lyell wrote most of his more informative letters to Mantell. The two volumes of Katherine Lyell’s Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell have provided one of the earliest and most important sources of information on Lyell. Extracts from 36 of Lyell’s letters to Mantell are contained in this work, considerably more than that of any other leading contemporary geologist.14 Another feature of K. Lyell’s work is the number of subtle editorial deletions and exclusions made to certain selected extracts of Lyell’s letters to Mantell.15 For the most part these excisions relate to late nineteenth-century social conventions and proprieties. Nevertheless, there are strong indications that the editor deliberately fashioned a favourable image of her brother-in- law and her omissions underscore the importance of this volume of Lyell’s letters. The other major source of background information on Lyell, Wilson’s

10 G.A. Mantell papers, ATL-NZ, Folder 101. 11 Leonard G. Wilson of Minneapolis, Minnesota, has kindly provided documentation concerning the exchange of letters copies between Walter Mantell and Katherine Lyell. 12 K.M. Lyell (ed.), Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., author of ‘Principles of Geology &c’, 2 vols, John Murray, London, 1881. 13 The assistance of L.G. Wilson in providing copies of these three letters is acknowledged. 14 The relative importance of Lyell’s letters to Mantell in: K. Lyell , op. cit. (note 12), is indicated by the following ranking of quoted recipients of his letters (the number of letters quoted is in parentheses). Lyell’s sisters and mother – 68; Charles Lyell senior – 49; L. Horner (Lyell’s father- in-law) – 42; G.A. Mantell – 36; C. Bunbury – 27; C. Tichnor – 27; J. Fleming – 15; C. Darwin – 14; R.I. Murchison – 7; A. Sedgwick – 5. 15 Examples of the various deletions and omissions made by Katherine Lyell are given in section 4.1.1 (1) of the accompanying thesis.

v biography to the year 1841,16 contains generally short extracts from 43 of Lyell’s 232 letters to Mantell. Most relate to geological topics, although there is considerable overlap with the extracts included in K. Lyell’s earlier volumes. Extracts quoted by K. Lyell and Wilson in their respective publications are marked by an asterisk in this volume, which also enables the various deletions made by Lyell’s sister-in-law to be noted. No significant extracts from Mantell’s letters to Lyell appear to have been quoted in the literature.

16 L.G. Wilson, Charles Lyell: The Years to 1841:The Revolution in Geology, Yale University Press,

vi TRANSCRIPTION PROCEDURES and FOOT-NOTE ABBREVIATIONS

1. TRANSCRIPTION PROCEDURES

The following procedures have been adopted in transcribing and annotating the correspondence between Charles Lyell and his family and Gideon Algernon Mantell.

· All letters to and from members of the Lyell and Mantell families have been placed in numbered chronological order, including letters whose date has not been determined with certainty. Four letters that could not be dated are situated at the end of the transcriptions. · All letters have been reproduced in their entirety. Abbreviations and punctuations have been preserved. Spelling errors are marked by the editorial device [sic]. The early nineteenth century ‘ƒs’ has been replaced with the modern ‘ss’. The occasional lack of a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence has not been rectified. · When the writer did not place the date of a letter on the upper right corner of the first page, it is still stated in that position in squared parentheses: [9 March 1834]. If the full date was not given in any part of the letter, and it has been deduced from the context and/or the use of a ‘calendar for any year’, then that date is indicated in foot-noted square parentheses. · The following symbols are used in the text of the letters: [word illegible] indicates that it has not been possible to decipher a word or a specific number of words.

New Haven and London, 1972.

vii [ink blob] indicates that the word has been obliterated through an ink-blob.

[word ?] indicates the probable but not certain word in the text.

[ *] with foot-note indicates that the text between asterisks has been written by an amanuensis or quoted by K. Lyell or L.G. Wilson in their respective books on Lyell.

· All of Lyell’s letters have been transcribed from the originals. Mantell’s letters were transcribed from either ‘xerox’ copies of the original letter or from a copy of a previous transcription. In either case the circumstances are noted. · In foot-note references to a stated scientific paper, the date in square parentheses indicates the date when that paper was read at the particular society. · The free-hand diagrams and figures drawn by Lyell and Mantell have been traced or copied from copies of the original and placed in the same position as in the original letter.

2. FOOT-NOTE ABBREVIATIONS

APS American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia ATL-NZ Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand BAAS British Association for the Advancement of Science CL Charles Lyell DAB Dictionary of American Biography DNB The Dictionary of National Biography DSB Dictionary of Scientific Biography ENPJ The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal GAM Gideon Algernon Mantell GAM-PJ Private Journal of G.A. Mantell, G.A. Mantell Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, New Zealand. G & H of G W.A. Sarjeant, Geologists and the History of Geology: an international bibliography from the origins to 1978, 5 vols, Arvo Press, New York, 1978. GSL The Geological Society of London LLJ-CL K. Lyell (ed.), Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart.,author of ‘Principles of Geology &c’, 2 vols, Murray, London, 1881. Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London PGSL Proceedings of the Geological Society of London QJGSL Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

viii TGSL Transactions of the Geological Society of London

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REGISTER

As a general rule persons mentioned in the correspondence three or more times are described in the following Bibliographical Register. Exceptions are generally less significant figures mentioned within a limited time-span. Persons mentioned only once or twice in the correspondence are identified in a foot-note. The main references used in compiling the following Biographical Register were: (1) The Dictionary of National Biography, 22 vols, Oxford University Press, London, 1949-50.

(2) W.A. Sarjeant, Geologists and the History of Geology, 5 vols, Arvo Press, New York, 1980.

(3) H.B. Woodward, The History of the Geological Society of London, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1908.

The numbers in parentheses indicate the reference used in the Register. Other references are detailed where appropriate.

ANNING, Mary. (1799 - 1847). English fossil collector and dealer based at Lyme Regis, Dorset. Her notable discoveries included an Icthyosaurus (1811) and the first Plesiosaurus (1821). (1)

ix AGASSIZ, Louis Jean Rodolphe. (1807 - 1873). Swiss naturalist and palaeontologist who came to Paris in 1831 from Neuchatel to study fossil fish. Emigrated to the U.S.A. in 1846. (2)

BABBAGE, Charles (1792 - 1871). English mathematician and inventor of a calculating machine. FRS 1816. Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge, 1828-1839. Active in the foundation of the Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834. (1)

BAKEWELL, Robert (1768 - 1843). English geologist. Author of An Introduction to Geology illustrative of the general structure of the Earth, London, 1813. Friend and correspondent of Mantell. (1)

BEAUMONT, Jean Baptiste Armande Louis Leonce Elie de (1798 - 1874). French structural geologist. Ecole des Mines, Paris from 1828. (2)

BELL, Thomas (1792 - 1880). Dental surgeon, Guys Hospital, 1817-61. FRS 1828. Comparative anatomist and also Professor of Zoology, King’s College, London, 1836. (1)

BOWERBANK, James Scott (1797 - 1877). Partner in a London distillery and geologist. A Founder of the London Clay Club, 1836, and of the Palaeontographical Society, 1847. FRS 1842. (1) BRANDE, William Thomas (1788 - 1866). Chemist. Professor of Chemistry, Royal Institution, 1813. FRS 1813. Joint Editor of Quarterly Journal of Science and Art, 1825. Chief Officer of Coinage Department, Mint, 1854. (1)

BRICKENDEN, Richard Thomas Lambart (1809 - 1900). Brother in law of Mr Patrick Duff of Elgin, Scotland.

BROCHANT, Andre Jean Francois Marie de Villiers (1772 - 1840). French mineralogist and structural geologist. Undertook early mapping of the geology of France. (2)

BRODERIP, William John (1789 - 1859). Lawyer and naturalist. A founder of Zoological Society, 1826. FRS 1828. Magistrate at Thames police- court, 1822-46. (1)

BRONGNIART, Adolphe Theodore (1801 - 1876). Son of the French palaeontologist Alexandre Brongniart. Palaeontologist and Professor of Botany, Jardin des Plantes, 1833-52. (2)

BROWN, Robert (1773-1858). Botanist. Noted for his investigations into the impregnation of plants. (1)

BUCH, Christian Leopold von (1774 - 1853). Prussian geologist and palaeontologist. (2)

BUCKLAND, William (1784 - 1856). English cleric, geologist and palaeontologist. Appointed Reader in Mineralogy at Oxford in 1813 and of Mineralogy in 1818. Canon of Christ Church, 1825. GSL President 1824-26 and 1839-41. Dean of Westminster 1848-56. (1 and 3)

x BUNBURY, Charles James Fox (1809 - 1886). English botanist. Married the second of Leonard Horner’s daughters. (2)

CLIFT, William (1775-1849). Naturalist and medical draughtsman. Curator, Hunterian Museum, Royal College of Surgeons, 1793-1844; FRS1823. (2)

COLE, Viscount William Willoughby, later third Earl of Enniskillen (1807 - 1886). English vertebrate palaeontologist and fossil collector. Served 7 terms as a member of the GSL council. (2 and 3)

CONYBEARE, William Daniel (1787-1857). English cleric, palaeontologist and geologist. First to describe the Ichthyosaurus. Vicar of Axminster, Devonshire, 1836-44. Dean of Llandaff 1845-57. (1)

CUVIER, Baron Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert (1769 - 1832). French comparative anatomist, zoologist and palaeontologist. Professor at the Jardin des Plantes from 1802. (2)

DANIELL, John Frederick (1790 - 1845). Physicist; FRS 1813. Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, London, 1831-45. Copley Medallist, 1836. (1)

DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809 - 1882). English naturalist and geologist. Travelled on voyage of H.M.S. Beagle 1831- 1836. (1)

DAUBENY, Charles Giles Bridle (1795 - 1867). FRS 1822. Professor of Chemistry, 1822-55, of Botany, 1834, and of Rural Economy, 1840, at Oxford University. (1)

DAVY, Sir Humphrey (1778 - 1829). English chemist, physicist and inventor. Chemistry Professor, Royal Institution, 1802. FRS 1803. Copley Medallist 1805, and President, Royal Society, 1820. Knighted 1812 and created baronet, 1818. (1)

De la BECHE, Henry Thomas (1796 - 1855). English geologist. First Director of the Geological Survey of the U.K., 1835. Knighted 1842. GSL President 1847-49. (1)

DESHAYES, Gerard Paul (1796 -1875). French naturalist, conchologist and palaeontologist. (2)

DINKEL, Josef Wenceslas Anton. German born artist.

EGERTON, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bt. (1806 - 1881). FRS 1831. Parliamentarian and amateur vertebrate palaeontologist. Established a valuable collection of fossil fishes. GSL member of council 1831- 1882. (2 and 3)

EHRENBERG, Christian Gottfried (1795 - 1876). German physician, naturalist and microscopist. (2)

ENGLEFIELD, Sir Henry Charles, Bt. (1752 - 1822). Antiquary and

xi amateur scientist who explored the Isle of Wight. FRS 1778. (1)

FALCONER, Hugh (1808 - 1865). English physician, botanist and vertebrate palaeontologist. Assistant-surgeon on the East India Company’s Bengal establishment, 1832. Discovered fossil mammals and reptiles in Sivalik hills, N.India, in 1832. (2)

FEATHERSTONAUGH, George William (1780 - 1866). British geologist resident in U.S.A. 1806 - 1839. (2)

FERUSSAC, Baron Andre Etienne Justin Francois d’Audebard de (1786 - 1836). French naturalist and soldier. Did some work in invertebrate palaeontology. (2)

FITTON, William Henry (1780 - 1861). Irish physician and geologist who studied geology under Jameson in Edinburgh. Concentrated on Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphy. FRS 1815. GSL President 1827-29. (1 and 2).

FLEMING, John (1785 - 1857). Scottish cleric and naturalist. Professor of Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen, 1834, and of Natural Science, Edinburgh, 1845. (1 and 2).

FORBES, Edward (1815 - 1854). Naturalist. Professor of Botany, King’s College, London, 1842; Palaeontologist Geological Survey, 1844. (1)

GILBERT, (formerly Giddy) Davies (1767 - 1839). English parliamentarian, geologist and antiquarian. Acquired a large property in Sussex by marriage in 1808. President Royal Society, 1827-30. (1)

GOLDFUSS, George August (1782 - 1848). German naturalist, geographer and palaeontologist. Professor of Mineralogy and Zoology, Bonn. (2)

GREENOUGH, George Bellas (1778 - 1855). English geographer and geologist. First President of GSL 1811, and a GSL member of council until 1855. (1)

HAWKINS, Thomas (1810 - 1889). English vertebrate palaeontologist who concentrated on the Icthyosauri and Plesiosauri. (1)

HERSCHEL, Sir John (1792 - 1871). English mathematician, physicist and Astronomer Royal. Son of the noted astronomer Sir William Herschel. (1)

HORNER, Leonard (1785 - 1864). Scottish businessman, educationalist and geologist. Founded Edinburgh School of Arts, 1821. Warden of London University, 1827-31. Father-in-law of Charles Lyell. GSL President 1845-47. (1)

JAMESON, Robert (1774 - 1854). Studied medicine at Edinburgh and then geology at Freiburg under Werner. In 1804 appointed Professor of Natural History, Edinburgh. Joint founder of Edinburgh Philosophical Journal with Sir David Brewster in 1819 and sole editor until 1854.

xii (1)

KONIG, Charles Dietrich Eberhard (1774 - 1851). German botanist and mineralogist who settled in England in 1800. Keeper, Department of Natural History, British Museum, 1813 and subsequently keeper of the mineralogical department. (1)

LINDLEY, John (1799 - 1865). English botanist and horticulturalist. FRS 1828. Professor of Botany, University College, London, 1828-60. (1)

LONSDALE, William (1794 - 1871). Entered the Army in 1812 and retired following sevice at Waterloo in 1815. Studied geology and served as GSL curator and librarian from 1829-42. Investigated fossil corals. (1, 2 and 3)

LYELL, Charles (Senior) (1769 - 1849). Father of Charles Lyell. Educated at St. Andrews and Peterhouse, Cambridge; M.A. 1794. Married Frances, daughter of Thomas Smith of Maker Hall, Swaledale, Yorkshire. Scottish botanist and student of Dante. (1)

LYELL, Sir Charles (1797 - 1875). Geologist. Eldest son of Charles Lyell. M.A., Exeter College, Oxford, 1821; Entered Lincoln's Inn, 1819. FRS 1826. GSL President 1835-37 and 1849-51. Knighted 1848 and created a baronet in 1864. (1)

LYELL FAMILY - Children of Charles and Frances Lyell:

Charles b. 4 November 1797 Tom b. 24 February 1799 Frances b. 14 March 1800 Marianne b. 16 June 1801 Caroline b. 7 November 1802 Henry b. 21 December 1804 Eleanor b. 21 December 1805 Maria b. 22 November 1808 Sophia Georgina b. 10 September 1812 Elizabeth b. 19 October 1814

(Source: L.G. Wilson, Charles Lyell. The years to 1841, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1972.)

LYELL, Mary Elizabeth (1808 - 1873). Eldest daughter of Leonard Horner. Married Charles Lyell at Bonn on 12 July 1832. (1)

MANTELL, Gideon Algernon (1790 - 1852). English surgeon and palaeontologist. Born on 3 February 1790 in the Parish of Lewes, Sussex. Son of a Whig shoe-maker. Apprenticed to James Moore, surgeon of Lewes in 1805 and passed his diploma for MRCS in 1811. Married Mary Ann Woodhouse in 1816. GSL Fellow 1820; FRS 1825. Died 10 November 1852. (1)

MANTELL - Children of Algernon Gideon and Mary Ann Mantell:

xiii Ellen Maria b. 30 May 1818. Walter Baldock Durrant b. 11 March 1820 Hanna Matilda b. 24 November 1822 Reginald Neville b. 11 August 1827

MARTIN, Peter John (1786 - 1860). Pulborough surgeon and geologist. Friend and correspondent of Mantell. (1 & 2)

MEYER, Christian Friedrich Hermann von (1801 - 1869). German palaeontologist of Frankfurt-am-Main. A founder of vertebrate palaeontology in Germany. (2)

MILLER, Hugh (1802 - 1856). Popular Scottish author and self-educated geologist who began life as a stone mason. Collected and described Scottish Devonian fishes. (2)

MORTON, Samuel George (1799 - 1851). U.S.physician, anatomist and palaeontologist. (2)

MURCHISON, Sir Roderick Impey (1792 - 1871). Scottish soldier who retired from the army in 1814 and then became a distinguished geologist. FRS 1826. Published the Silurian System, in 1838. President of the Royal Geographical Society, 1843. President, GSL 1831-33 and 1841-43. Knighted 1846 and created baronet, 1866. (1 and 3)

MURRAY, John (1778 - 1843). Noted London publisher who published Lyell’s works. (1)

NORTHAMPTON, Spencer Joshua Alwyne, second Marquis of (1790 - 1851). Whig MP 1812-20. A ‘gentleman of science’, interested in geology. President of the Royal Society 1838-49. (1)

OWEN, Sir Richard (1804 - 1892). English comparative anatomist, zoologist and vertebrate palaeontologist. First Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1836-56. Became the leading authority on comparative anatomy in England. FRS 1834. Wollaston medallist, 1838; KCB 1884. (1 and 2)

PENTLAND, Joseph Barclay (1797 - 1873). Irish zoologist and vertebrate palaeontologist. Worked with Cuvier 1818-1832. Travelled extensively in France and Italy. (2)

PHILLIPS, John (1800 - 1874). English geologist, nephew of William Smith. Keeper of the Yorkshire Museum 1824-34 and 1840-53. Successively Professor of Geology, King’s College, London, Trinity College, Dublin and Oxford. (1)

PHILLIPS, William (1775 - 1828). London based printer and book-seller devoting his leisure to geology. (1 and 2)

PREVOST, Louis Constant (1787 - 1856). French stratigrapher who studied with Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart. (2)

xiv QUEKETT, John Thomas (1815 - 1861). English histologist and microscopist. First President of the Microscopical Society 1840-60. (2)

RELFE, Lupton. Mantell's brother-in-law and publisher who became bankrupt in 1827. (G.A. Mantell-Private Journal, Alexander Turnbull Library, N.Z.)

SCROPE, George Julius Poulett (1797 - 1876). English political economist and geologist. MP Stroud, 1833-1868. Studied vulcanic districts. (1)

SEDGWICK, Adam (1785 - 1873). English cleric and geologist. Woodwardian Professor, University of Cambridge, 1818-1873. Prebendary of Norwich 1834. FRS 1830. GSL President 1829-31. (1 and 3)

SERRES, Pierre Marcel Toussaint de (1789 - 1862). French palaeontologist. Professor of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Montpelier. (2)

SILLIMAN, Benjamin Snr. (1779 - 1864). Professor of Chemistry and Natural Science, Yale College, U.S.A. Close friend and correspondent of Mantell. (2)

SMITH, William (1769 - 1839). English canal surveyor and a founder of stratigraphical geology. (1)

SOWERBY, George Brettingham I (1788 - 1854). Conchologist and artist. Second son of James Sowerby (1757 - 1822) and brother of James de Carle Sowerby (1787 - 1871), both English naturalists. (1)

SOWERBY, George Brettingham II (1812 - 1884). Conchologist and artist. Eldest son of George B. Sowerby I. (1)

STOKES, Charles (1783 - 1853). London businessman, naturalist and amateur geologist. (2)

SUSSEX, Duke of, (1773 - 1843). Sixth son of George III and Queen Charlotte. President Royal Society 1830-39. (1)

TOMES, John (1815 - 1895). London dental surgeon who studied histology of bone and teeth. Knighted 1886. (1)

URE, Andrew (1778 - 1857). Scottish writer, lexicographer and geologist. (2)

WARBURTON, Henry (1784? - 1858). FRS 1809. M.A. Cambridge, 1812. Philosophical radical; timber merchant; MP for Bridport, 1826-41and for Kendal 1843-47. Advocated the foundation of London University, 1826. (1)

WEBSTER, Thomas (1773 - 1844). Artist and geologist. Did early work on the Isle of Wight. Keeper of the Museum and draughtsman at the GSL

xv 1812-26 and secretary 1819-1827. (2 and 3)

WOLLASTON, William Hyde (1766 - 1828). English chemist, physiologist, and mineralogist. FRS 1794. Retired from medicine in 1800 to concentrate on chemical research. (1)

WOODS, Searles Valentine (1798 - 1880). Palaeontologist. Worked on the fossil shells of the Crag formation. (2)

xvi xvii