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CONTENTS

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Fifty

CONTENTS

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Fifty

Through text and images, this volume presents a comprehensive history of the Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site, one of the major research and production facilities in in the United States’ nuclear complex.

This history explores the events leading up to the decision to create the plant, the developments in nuclear science and world politics, the Manhattan Project, the Cold War, and the formation of the Atomic Energy Commission. Considered one of the major engineering and construction feats of its day, the creation of the Savannah River Site is an epic story set in the Central Savannah River Area. The transformations that occurred are shown through 1950s photography, historic maps, and documents, all which present a clear before and after picture of the era. The roles of Du Pont and local politicians are chronicled, along with the sacrifices made by those who were asked to leave their homes for reasons of national interest.

The heart of the book is a historical treatment of Savannah River Site’s operations during its peak period of production, 1953 to 1979. Developments in reactor technology and chemical separations, heavy-water production, waste management, and the research goals of the Savannah River Laboratory are described in layman’s terms and are amply illustrated. This history profiles the individuals who brought the plant to maturity and explores the two themes that define the nuclear weapons workplace, safety and security.

The environmental section opens with descriptions of landmark studies completed during the 1950s that document the site’s natural history and the enduring partnerships with the US Forest Service, University of Georgia, and the Academy of Natural Sciences. The discussion includes the national rise of environmentalism in the 1970s and its impact on the site’s operation as well as the public perception regarding the site.

The end of the Cold War and the evolution of the plant into the Savannah River Site are the focus of the final section. Operated by the Westinghouse Savannah River Company and its partners, the mission of SRS broadened from research and production to include environmental restoration and cleanup.

CONTENTS

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Fifty

Reed Swanson Gaither Joseph Henry

CONTENTS

About the Book

Savannah River Site at 50 was written and produced as a component of the Savannah River Site History Project, a cooperative agreement between the Department of Energy and New South Associates, a professional cultural resources consulting firm based in Stone Mountain, Georgia. This project documented the site’s architectural legacy, recovered important equipment and objects associated with the Savannah River Site’s operations, and along with researching and developing this history, produced other brochures and studies.

CONTENTS

About the Authors

MARY BETH REED served as the Project Director and lead author. A public historian with New South Associates, Ms. Reed has researched Cold War related Department of Defense sites throughout the US as well as in the Republic of Panama. She developed the local historical themes, the construction era, heavy-water production, and environmental issues.

Historian MARK SWANSON, also with New South Associates, has written extensively on Cold War topics and the history of technology. The book sections on reactor technology, the development of the AEC, the environment, and the Westinghouse decade reflect his emphasis.

Historian STEVE GAITHER of Kestrel Vector has a strong background in Cold War studies. The research on Du Pont, separations processes, and waste management were developed by Mr. Gaither.

Project Manager, DR. J. W. JOSEPH is a native of Aiken and the son of Savannah River Site staff member, Walt Joseph. He has been involved with numerous federal historic preservation projects, and contributed to various sections of the book.

WILLIAM HENRY, with FEMA and New South Associates, has considerable experience in the documentation of historic structures and lent his expertise to the building discussions.

TRACEY FEDOR, graphic artist at New South Associates, designed Savannah River Site at 50. She also designed the DOE anniversary brochure, Patriots of the Atomic Age.

BARBARA SMITH STRACK, of Aiken, edited this volume

and compiled the indices.

CONTENTS

Recommended publications
  • Savannah River Site Overview

    Savannah River Site Overview

    from the Savannah River Site ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP • NATIONAL SECURITY • SCIENCE AND ENERGY SRS Occupants Savannah River Site Federal • Department of Energy: Dedicated to maintaining the highest possible safety and security standards, the Savannah Savannah River Operations Office River Site (SRS) is a key Department of Energy (DOE) industrial complex responsible • National Nuclear for disposition of nuclear materials, waste management, environmental cleanup and Security Administration environmental stewardship. • U.S. Forest Service–Savannah River • U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Safety • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers SRS is committed to its people, missions and the future. SRS has a long track record of being one of the safest sites in the DOE complex and one of the safest major industrial Contractors sites in the world. Protecting workers, the public, the environment and national security • Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC interests are our highest goals. – Management and operations of SRS and Savannah River Missions National Laboratory SRS processes and stores nuclear materials in support of national defense and U.S. • Savannah River Remediation LLC nuclear nonproliferation efforts. The site also develops and deploys technologies to – Liquid waste operations improve the environment and treat solid and liquid nuclear and hazardous wastes left from • Parsons the Cold War. While current missions remain the highest priority, SRS leadership places – Salt Waste Processing Facility great importance on developing broader missions for SRS that use its unique capabilities • Centerra Group, LLC in order to address critical national missions. – SRS Security • University of Georgia History – Savannah River Ecology Laboratory During the 1950s, SRS began to produce materials used in nuclear weapons, primarily tritium and plutonium-239.
  • Department of Energy National Laboratories and Plants: Leadership in Cloud Computing (Brochure), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

    Department of Energy National Laboratories and Plants: Leadership in Cloud Computing (Brochure), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

    Department of Energy National Laboratories and Plants Leadership in Cloud Computing Prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; NREL is operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. JJJTABLE OF CONTENTS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NEVADA NATIONAL SECURITY SITE ........................................34 LABORATORIES AND PLANTS ......................................................4 Current State ...............................................................................34 Cloud Vision .................................................................................34 ABOUT THIS REPORT .....................................................................8 Key Initiatives ..............................................................................34 History of Computing ...............................................................9 Evolution of Computing Models ...........................................9 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ....................................36 What is Cloud Computing? ....................................................9 Current State and Future Work ............................................36 Cloud Security .............................................................................10 RightPath – DOE/NNSA Cloud Strategy ...........................11 PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY ..............38 Vision ..............................................................................................38
  • Environmental Report 2019

    Environmental Report 2019

    SAVANNAH RIVER SITE Environmental Report 2019 SRNS-RP-2020-00064 Savannah River Site employees took the photographs featured on the cover of the 2019 SRS Environmental Report as part of the Site’s pilot run of Snap SRS. The employee-driven competition cost-effectively promotes Site pride of ownership, improves facility appearances, and boosts workplace morale through art. The 2019 contest drew 246 photographs. Three Snap photographs taken onsite and in the community have been incorporated into the cover design. Front Cover—Pollinator Fire Burst, taken by Karyn Bland, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC Back Cover—Sunset Over the River, Local Scenery winning selection, taken by Mark Amidon, Savannah River National Laboratory Front and Back Cover Background—Rushing Water, taken by Laura Russo, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC For more information about this report contact: Teresa Eddy Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC Building 730-4B, Savannah River Site Aiken, SC 29808 Telephone: 803-952-8253 E-mail address: [email protected] or go to the SRS Environmental Report webpage at http://www.srs.gov/general/pubs/ERsum/index.html and under the SRS Environmental Report 2019, complete the electronic Customer Satisfaction Survey. This document was prepared in conjunction with work accomplished under Contract No. DE-AC09-08SR22470 with the U.S. Department of Energy. This work was conducted under an agreement with, and funded by, the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor its employees, nor any of its contractors or subcontractors or their employees, makes any expressed or implied 1) warranty or assumes any legal liability for the accuracy or completeness—or for the use or results of such use—of any information, product, or process disclosed; or 2) representation that such use or results of such use would not infringe on privately owned rights; or 3) endorsement or recommendation of any specifically identified commercial product, process, or service.
  • Department of Energy (DOE)

    Department of Energy (DOE)

    Draft 2019 Report_13 February 2020 Environmental Collaboration and Conflict Resolution Fourteenth Annual Report May 2020 DRAFT U.S. Department of Energy i Draft 2019 Report_13 February 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The September 7, 2012 Memorandum on Environmental Collaboration and Conflict Resolution (ECCR Memorandum) issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) supersedes an OMB/CEQ joint memorandum issued in November 28, 2005, on Environmental Conflict Resolution and broadens the efforts called for under the 2005 memorandum by explicitly encouraging appropriate and effective upfront environmental collaboration to minimize or prevent conflict. The ECCR Memorandum defines ECCR as “third-party assisted collaborative problem solving and conflict resolution in the context of environmental, public lands, or natural resources issues or conflicts.” Recognizing the role of collaboration in conflict resolution and its history of collaborative approaches, both with and without third-party neutrals, to prevent or resolve environmental conflicts, the Department of Energy (Department or DOE) defines ECCR more expansively than the ECCR Memorandum. The Department defines ECCR as the use of any collaborative process to prevent or resolve environmental conflicts, whether or not the process involves the use of third-party neutrals. This definition is consistent with the spirit of the ECCR Memorandum which stated the following. The challenge of implementing Federal policies and programs can often be met with collaborative, constructive, and timely approaches to identify and address affected interests, consider alternatives, and reach solutions before different positions or opinions result in conflict. Collaborative efforts involving the public and policy and program coordination within and across multiple levels of government are important for addressing these challenges.
  • K Area Complex

    K Area Complex

    from the Savannah River Site ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP • NATIONAL SECURITY • SCIENCE AND ENERGY K Area Complex The K Area Complex (KAC) provides for the handling and interim storage of our nation’s excess plutonium and other special nuclear materials (SNM). In addition, K Area is a component of the U.S. commitment to international nonproliferation efforts to store plutonium in a safe and environmentally sound manner. The Savannah River Site (SRS) is the recognized leader for managing the plutonium surveillance program throughout the Department of Energy (DOE) Complex. The KAC is DOE’s only Category 1 SNM storage facility designated for interim safe storage of plutonium at SRS. The principal K Area Complex operations building formerly housed K Reactor, which produced nuclear materials to support the United States during the Cold War for nearly four decades. It was the DOE’s last operating production reactor, shutting down in 1992. The facility was chosen as the premier DOE Complex plutonium storage facility for several reasons: • It underwent stringent, well-documented seismic and structural upgrades during the early 1990s. • It is a robust building, constructed of concrete walls many feet thick. • Much of the security infrastructure was already in place. • Necessary modifications were relatively minor, compared to the alternative of constructing a new building. SRS has assisted the DOE Complex in saving millions of taxpayer dollars through the consolidation of surplus plutonium from SRS’s FB Line, as the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site in Colorado, the Hanford Site in Washington, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in California.
  • Savannah River Site, 700/A Area, Site Administration, Safety, Security, And

    Savannah River Site, 700/A Area, Site Administration, Safety, Security, And

    SAVANNAH RIVER SITE COLD WAR HISTORIC PROPERTY DOCUMENTATION 700/A AREA SITE ADMINISTRATION, SAFETY, SECURITY, AND SUPPORT Aiken County, South Carolina NEW SOUTH ASSOCIATES 6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 SAVANNAH RIVER SITE COLD WAR HISTORIC PROPERTY DOCUMENTATION NARRATIVE AND PHOTOGRAPHY 700/A AREA – SITE ADMINISTRATION, SAFETY, SECURITY, AND SUPPORT Aiken County, South Carolina Report submitted to: Washington Savannah River Company • Aiken, SC Report prepared by: New South Associates • 6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue • Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 Terri Gillett Mary Beth Reed Mark T. Swanson Steven Gaither May 25, 2007 • Final Report New South Associates Technical Report 1433 ii ABSTRACT ABSTRACT This documentation was prepared in accordance with a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed by the Department of Energy–Savannah River (DOE-SR) and the South Carolina Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) dated February 17, 2004, as well as the Consolidated MOA of August 2004. The MOA stipulated that a thematic study and photographic documentation be undertaken on A Area historic properties 703-A and 708-A. In addition, a Cultural Resource Management Plan was accepted and signed by DOE-SR and the SHPO on December 9, 2004 calling for documentation of the remainder of the A Area buildings that were deemed eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as contributing resources to a Savannah River Site (SRS) Cold War Historic District. The impetus for the study was the imminent decommissioning and/or dismantling of the majority of NRHP eligible buildings in A Area. The resulting narrative is based on field analysis, oral history, primary documentation and research.
  • 2Q CY2007, Facility Representative Program Performance Indicators

    2Q CY2007, Facility Representative Program Performance Indicators

    Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 August 30,2007 MEM0RAND;ps'XZ FROM: M RK B. WHI DEPARTMENTAL REPRESENTATIVE TO THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD OFFICE OF HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECURITY SUBJECT: Facility Representative Program Performance Indicators Quarterly Report, April - June (2nd Quarter CY2007) Attached is the Facility Representative (FR) Program Performance Indicators Quarterly Report covering the period from April to June 2007. Data for these indicators are gathered by Field elements quarterly per DOE-STD-1063-2006, Facility Representatives, and reported to Headquarters program offices for evaluation and feedback to improve the FR Program. A summary of this quarter's data concluded: 74% Fully Qualified (last Quarter was 72%) 94% Staffing Level (last Quarter was 9 1%) 45% Time Spent in the Field (DOE goal is >40%) 72% Time Spent in Oversight Activities (DOE Goal is> 65%) Percentages are based on FR staffing analyses at 202 Full Time Equivalents (FTEs) and 190 FTEs actual staffing. Current FR information and past quarterly performance indicator reports are accessible at the Facility Representative web site at http://www.hss.doe.gov/deprep/facrep/. Should you have any questions or comments on this report, please contact me or the DOE Facility Representative Program Manager, James Heffner at 202-586-3690. Attachment @ Printed wlth soy Ink on recycled papel Facility Representative Program Performance Indicators Quarterly Report August 30,2007 Distribution: Glenn Podonsky, HS-1 Manager, Ames Site Office Michael Kilpatrick,
  • Doe-Fy2021-Laboratory-Table 1.Pdf

    Doe-Fy2021-Laboratory-Table 1.Pdf

    DOE/CF-0168 Department of Energy FY 2021 Congressional Budget Request Laboratory Tables Preliminary February 2020 Office of Chief Financial Officer DOE/CF-0168 Department of Energy FY 2021 Congressional Budget Request Laboratory Tables Preliminary The numbers depicted in this document represent the gross level of DOE budget authority for the years displayed. The figures include discretionary and supplemental funding. They do not consider revenues/receipts, use of prior year balances, deferrals, rescissions, or other adjustments appropriated as offsets to the DOE appropriations by the Congress. February 2020 Office of Chief Financial Officer Printed with soy ink on recycled paper Table of Contents Laboratory Table by Congressional Control Laboratory Table Summary......................................................................................................................................1 Laboratory Table by Congressional Control4 Ames Laboratory..................................................................................................................................................4 Ames Site Office...................................................................................................................................................5 Argonne National Laboratory...............................................................................................................................6 Argonne Site Office..............................................................................................................................................9
  • Environmental Report 2018

    Environmental Report 2018

    Environmental Report 2018 Savannah River Site Environmental Report 2018 SRNS-RP-2019-00022 The cover photos are courtesy of Mike Baggett, a North Augusta, South Carolina photographer who graciously gave SRS permission to display his work. Front Cover—A swallowtail at Audubon’s Silver Bluff Center and Sanctuary, Silver Bluff, Jackson, South Carolina Back Cover—A bee gathering pollen from a coneflower at Hopelands Gardens, Aiken, South Carolina For more information about this report contact: Teresa Eddy Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC Building 730-4B, Savannah River Site Aiken, SC 29808 Telephone: 803-952-8253 E-mail address: [email protected] or go to the SRS Environmental Report webpage at http://www.srs.gov/general/pubs/ERsum/index.html and under the SRS Environmental Report 2018, complete the electronic Customer Satisfaction Survey. This document was prepared in conjunction with work accomplished under Contract No. DE-AC09-08SR22470 with the U.S. Department of Energy. This work was conducted under an agreement with, and funded by, the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor its employees, nor any of its contractors or subcontractors or their employees, makes any expressed or implied 1) warranty or assumes any legal liability for the accuracy or completeness—or for the use or results of such use—of any information, product, or process disclosed; or 2) representation that such use or results of such use would not infringe on privately owned rights; or 3) endorsement or recommendation of any specifically identified commercial product, process, or service. Any views and opinions of authors expressed in this document do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S.
  • Occupational Radiation Exposure Report for Calendar Year 2019

    Occupational Radiation Exposure Report for Calendar Year 2019

    U.S. Department of Energy OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE REPORT FOR CY 2019 This document is available on the U.S. Department of Energy Radiation Exposure Monitoring System Program Web Site at: https://energy.gov/ehss/occupational-radiation-exposure U.S. Department of Energy Occupational Radiation Exposure Report for Calendar Year 2019 Manuscript Completed: Date Published: Prepared by: Nimi Rao U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting and Analysis (AU-23) D.A. Hagemeyer D.B. Holcomb Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) ForewordForeword The U.S. Department of Energy Occupational Radiation Exposure Report for Calendar Year 2019 presents Foreword the results of analyses of occupational radiation exposures at the Department of Energy (DOE), including the National Nuclear Security Administration operations, during calendar year 2019. This report includes occupational radiation exposure data for over 75,000 DOE Federal employees, contractors, and subcontractors, as well as members of the public who have worked or entered controlled areas monitored for exposure to radiation. DOE publishes this annual report to provide DOE Management, Program Offices, workers, health physicists and other stakeholders an evaluation of DOE-wide performance regarding compliance with Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection (10 CFR 835) radiation exposure limits and adherence to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principles. This report provides a discussion regarding radiation protection and exposure reporting requirements as well as information and analyses regarding aggregate, individual, site, DOE Program, transient workers, and a 45-year historical review of DOE exposure data. DOE continues to be diligent in protecting its workers and the public from exposure to radiation as proven by the results contained in this report.
  • Environmental Report SUMMARY 2018

    Environmental Report SUMMARY 2018

    Environmental Report SUMMARY 2018 Savannah River Site Environmental Report Summary 2018 SRNS-RP-2019-00023 2018 ASER SUMMARY Cover FINAL summary added CURRENT.indd 1 10/10/2019 3:53:03 PM Savannah River Site Environmental Report Summary 2018 The cover photographs are courtesy of Mike Baggett, a North Augusta, South Carolina photographer who graciously gave SRS permission to display his work. Front Cover—A swallowtail at Audubon’s Silver Bluff Center and Sanctuary, Silver Bluff, Jackson, South Carolina Back Cover and this page—A bee gathering pollen from a coneflower at Hopelands Gardens, Aiken, South Carolina SAVANNAH RIVER SITE Department of Energy-Environmental Management To Learn More About the Focus on Environmental Safety: For More Information About This Report Contact: Visit the SRS website: http://www.srs.gov/general/srs-home.html Teresa Eddy View or download the Savannah River Site Environmental Report 2018: Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC Building 730-4B http://www.srs.gov/general/pubs/ERsum/er18/index.html Aiken SC 29808 803-952-8253 [email protected] For More Information about Or, go to the SRS Environmental Report webpage at the Department of Energy-Savannah River Operations Office: http://www.srs.gov/general/pubs/ERsum/index.html Contact the Office of External Affairs and under the Environmental Report 2018, complete the electronic customer satisfaction survey. Savannah River Operations Office U.S. Department of Energy P.O. Box A Aiken, SC 29802 http://sro.srs.gov 803-952-7697 This document was prepared in conjunction with work accomplished under Contract No. DE-AC09-08SR22470 with the U.S.
  • The United States Plutonium Balance, 1944

    The United States Plutonium Balance, 1944

    Rocky Flats Site 1995 The United StatesRocky Flats Site 1995 Plutonium Balance, 1944 - 2009 An update of Plutonium: The First 50 Years, DOE/DP -0137, February 1996 Rocky Flats Site 2005 June 2012 Preface This report updates Plutonium: The first 50 years which was released by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in 1996. The topic of both reports is plutonium, sometimes referred to as Pu-239, which is capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction and is used in nuclear weapons and for nuclear power production. The measures of plutonium are total element weight1 in metric tons (MT)2 and kilograms (kg). Neither Pu-2383 nor Pu- 2424 are topics of this report. The plutonium discussed is owned by the DOE including that in the possession of the Department of Defense. Accordingly, plutonium in the civilian nuclear fuel cycle is not addressed unless it is owned by the DOE. Inventory refers to the plutonium maintained under nuclear material control and accountability, whereas waste estimates refer to plutonium tracked solely for environmental, safety, and health reasons. 1 Element weight typically includes the isotopes 238, 239, 240, 241, and 242, with the predominate contributors being 239 and 240. 2 One metric ton is 2,205 pounds, and one kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds. 3 Plutonium-238 has a Pu-238 content of greater than 10% by weight of total plutonium. 4 Plutonium-242 has a Pu-242 content of greater than 20% by weight of total plutonium. ii Table of Contents Preface................................................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................