Potawatomi Area Council BSA Historic Trails Guide

Home , Black Hawk Tree, Henry Atkinson (soldier), Henry Dodge, Kettle Moraine, Lake Koshkonong, Old World Wisconsin

Potawatomi Area Council BSA

Historic Trails Guide

The Boy Scouts of America has more than 200 approved historic trails throughout the nation. Each of these trails is unique and possesses some sort of historical significance. Scouts who camp and hike along one of these trails for two or more days and become aquatinted with the trail’s historical significance and who help restore and or preserve historic features are eligible for the Historic Trails Award, a distinctive Scout patch that may be sewn on pack or jacket. Application for this award must be made on the official Historic Trails Award Application form available at your Potawatomi Council Boy Scout Office.

Historic Background of the Southern Kettle Moraine Region

1 The archaeological evidence indicates that the first Native Americans arrived in this area about 8,000 years ago. The dominate Native American group that the white settlers encountered when they came to the Kettle Moraine region as early as 1670, were the Prairie Potawatomi. These Native Americans were only one of a number of Indian nations to live in this area since the last glacier left our region. The Potawatomi were good farmers and grew crops like corn, beans, pumpkins and gourds. They hunted game in the forests and fished the many waters of the Kettle Moraine region. These Indians were skilled in the use of bows, arrows, seines, fish lines and traps. Fish were smoked or sun dried for later use. Ripe berries and roots were collected from the woods for food. Dugout canoes were made with primitive tools from basswood or white oak trees. In their villages they constructed round, bark covered wigwams or lodges, as high as ten feet and twelve to twenty feet in diameter. In the center of these lodges was a pit like fireplace lined with stones. Today, many local people in the Kettle Moraine region still retain their Potawatomi names. The high hill in the Southern Kettle Moraine known as Bald Bluff is thought to have been a Potawatomi council grounds and a signal hill as well as a place where ceremonial dances were held. The woods of the Kettle Moraine region once contained many animals that are not found here today. Black bear, bobcats, timber wolves, elk, wood buffalo, passenger pigeons, wild turkey and prairie chickens once inhabited the area. Changes in habitat and the increasing population by settlers drove these animals out or doomed them to extinction. In recent years wild turkeys have been successfully reintroduced to the region. On September 26 and 27, 1833, a treaty was signed in Chicago between the Potawatomi and the Federal government that ceded their lands in the Kettle Moraine to the United States of America. They were given three years to leave and enter a reservation in Iowa along the Missouri River. In 1846 these Indians were again displaced by the government and sent to a reservation in Kansas. A number of the Potawatomi refused to leave Wisconsin and a number returned to the state at a later date. These Native Americans continued to live peacefully among the white settlers of the region well into the early 1900’s. The region west of Waukesha, Wisconsin, now called The Kettle Moraine, has only born this name for a relatively short period of time. Other

names have been applied to the region over the years, for different reasons. Old records indicate that a French map drawn in the 1820’s referred to this region as the Smoky Mountains When viewed from the western side of the region it is easy to understand how the French determined this name. Even today, a haze occasionally blots out the view, creating the impression of smoke. In the 1830’s and ‘40’s, the settlers of the region called the Kettle Moraine the Bluffs, which referred to the steep sided moraine on the western side of the region. A local stream was also called Bluff Creek and Bluff Road and still retains the name to this day. The highest hill in Jefferson County is named Signal Bluff. It is located just off the Ice Age Trail. Because the hummocks and hollows of the region reminded the early settlers of the great kettles they used to boil down ash lye, during the production of homemade soap and ash cakes, they named the region Potash Kettle Range. A state Geologist of the 1870’s, T.C. Chamberlain, finally attempted to provide an accurate scientific description of the region by naming it The Kettle Interlobe Moraine. This mouthful proved to be too much for the average resident and the name soon became shortened to Kettle Moraine. The first European to visit the Kettle Moraine probably arrived here sometime in the late 17th. century. Jesuit missionaries such as Father Jacques Marquette came down the west shore of Lake Michigan and he is known to have erected crosses on the tops of high hills in the state. When the white settlers arrived at what is now known as Holy Hill, they were told by Potawatomi and Menomonee Indians that a white men in a black robe came from what we now know as Lake Michigan and erected a great cross on the top of the hill. We do not know for sure if it was Father Marquette who visited the Hill. and erected the cross, but it may have been the famed Jesuit. During most of the 18thand 19th centuries, The Northwest Fur Company and The American Fur Company conducted operations in the Kettle Moraine region. We know there were trading posts located at Mukwonago, Waukesha, Oconomowoc and at a site near the shores of Lake Koshkonong. A number of well known individuals were involved in the fur trade. Among these were Sieur Morin, Pierre La Port, Thiebeau,

3 Jacques Vieau, Jean Baptist Le Tendre, Solomon Juneau and Amable Vieau. In 1835 the United States Government hired a surveyor by the name of John Brink to carry out a survey of the region we now call the Kettle Moraine. He and his crew of five men explored the area and mapped the prairies, marshes, rivers, lakes, Indian trails and any other important landmarks they ran across. From this information settlers were able to learn the lay of the land and find specific places in which to settle or buy property. At that time, the Federal Government sold the land for $ 1.25 an acre to settlers. The first settlers to reach the Southern Kettle Moraine were largely from the New England states, Ireland, Wales and England. The lands found within the Northern Kettle Moraine were settled by Germans, Scotch and Irish populations. Increase A. Lapham, a native of Oconomowoc, and an early state naturalist, studied the Kettle Moraine in the 1840’s. He described the plants and animals of the region in a book that he published in 1846. Lapham also drew maps of the region identifying the major geological features as well as other phisiographic entities of interest. It was at Lapham Peak that Lapham conducted experiments with the help of the Army Signal Corps that eventually resulted in the founding of the United States Weather Bureau. Lapham Peak is 1,233 feet above sea level and is the highest point in Waukesha County In the 1800’s a man named Charles Hanson built a 20 foot observation tower on top of the peak. He charged the public a fee to climb the tower or to picnic on the crest. He later increased the tower height and built a restaurant. This site became a popular tourist destination in the 1800’s. Some of the peak’s early names were, Stony Hill, Prospect Hill, Government Hill and finally Lapham Peak/. The hill was named after Increase A. Lapham. In 1907, the State of Wisconsin purchased the peak as a site for a health sanitarium. It was transferred to the State Conservation department in 1939 and it is now a unit of the Kettle Moraine State Forest.

North Prairie

Another community in Waukesha County that has a close relationship to the Kettle Moraine is North Prairie. This region was once part of a vast

4 and beautiful natural prairie covered with a heavy growth of tall grass. Early settlers made hay from the grass they cut here and used it to winter their livestock. A similar prairie was located about two miles south of North Prairie so that one became known as South Prairie. Joseph Smart and Thomas Sugden is credited with the name. They settled here in 1836. The village of North Prairie however did not thrive until the railroad came through the region in 1851.

Eagle

The town of Eagle in Waukesha County is located in the middle of the Southern Kettle Moraine district. In 1836, a group of prospectors or surveyors were crossing a section of prairie when they saw a large Bald Eagle rise above them. The men were Thomas Sugden, John Coats and a Mr. Garton. They decided to name the area Eagle Prairie. Later a settlement was started here it was called Eagleville. Then the name was changed to Pittman, after a man who recorded the plat. Finally in 1850 the railroad came through and the town became Eagle Center. and now is simply referred to as Eagle. Eagle is also famous for another reason. Near this community in 1867, a light-yellow diamond was found in glacial drift, while some men were digging a well on a local farm. It weighed 15.3 carats and was later sold to a Milwaukee jeweler for one dollar by the farmer’s wife who thought it was a topaz. Tiffany’s later purchased the diamond for $ 850.00. The farmer’s wife sued the jeweler for fraud. The crystal was then purchased by J.P. Morgan who donated it, still uncut, to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. In 1965 the diamond was stolen from the museum and has yet to be recovered. Several other diamonds have been found in other parts of our state in glacial deposits. The source of these diamonds is not presently known but is thought to be somewhere in north central Canada.

Palmyra

Palmyra is a large village in Jefferson County and is located in the Kettle Moraine area. It was named after Palmyra, an oasis in the Syrian Desert, by two bible students who arrived there in 1842 and liked the

5 appearance of the area. The word means. “Place of sandy soil” and Palmyra does have sandy soil. The Bidwell Hotel in Palmyra became famous in the early 1800’s for the prairie chickens and other wild game it served in its dinning room Game was plentiful in those days near Palmyra, and there are stories of flocks of passenger pigeons so dense that the sun was blotted out as they flew across the sky. Today the passenger pigeons are gone. The last one died in an Ohio zoo in the 1900’s. Near Palmyra is a body of water known as Blue Springs Lake. At one time, a series of springs were located here and the waters were widely known for their water quality and unusual sky-blue color. These springs formed a pool that was 25 ft. deep and 50 feet across. The Blue Springs were revered by the Potawatomi Indians. There is a charming but sad story told of two Indian girls that may have drowned in this pool. In 1927, the owner of the land where the springs were located decided to dam the waters of the pool and by doing so he created the present Blue Springs Lake.

Waukesha

Morris D. Cutler was the first settler to come to Waukesha in 1834. W. A. Barstow built a grist mill here five years later on the shores of the Fox River. An Indian village called “Tchee-ga-scou-tak” had been located here long before the white men came. The name meant, “burned land” or”fire land” which referred to the frequent fires that swept across the dry grass prairies in the area. The settlement was then called Praireville. Praireville. was the site of the first agricultural fair in the State of Wisconsin in 1842,. when the county was formed the name was changed to Waukesha. Waukesha County was created from Milwaukee County in 1846. The county seat is in the city of Waukesha, Wisconsin. A large portion of the Southern Kettle Moraine lies within the boundaries of this county. The county and the city were named after the Potawatomi word, “Waugooshance” which is translated as “little foxes”. The Fox River, named after the Fox Indians, flows through Waukesha and drains into the Illinois River from this area. For the first half of the 20th. Century, Waukesha County was known as Cow Country USA. More money and capital were invested in pure bred dairy cattle per square mile than any other county in the United States.

6 The City of Waukesha at one time was home to a number of well known health spas or hotels, Clients would arrive from Chicago and from all over the nation to take the “waters” or the “cures” as the case might be. There were several natural and mineral springs located here and much of the water was bottled and sold all over the country.

Jefferson County

This County was created in 1836 with the county seat located at Jefferson, Wisconsin. The county was probably organized by the Territorial Legislator upon the petition of Patrick, Peter and James Rogan and a Judge Hyer who had originally come from Jefferson County in New York State. The nation’s first Kindergarten was started in Watertown in 1856 by a lady who had studied this form of schooling in Europe. A portion of the Southern Kettle Moraine lies within this County.

Walworth County

Walworth County which also contains a portion of the Southern Kettle Moraine was created in 1836, with the county seat located at Elkhorn. The county was named after Ruben Hyde Walworth. Walworth County is the site of the first 4-H club in Wisconsin. The only proclaimed Kingdom in the state, “ The Kingdom of Voree” was founded near Burlington as quasi Mormon settlement by James Jesse Strang, a diminutive, fiery and eloquent advocate of his version of Mormonism. Later he moved his followers to Beaver Island off the north west coast of Michigan and declared himself on July 8, 1850 to be King James I of Beaver Island. In effect, Strang succeeded from the United States and the state of Michigan. Angered fishermen living on the island tried to displace Strang from the island with little success. The Federal Government finally sent troops to the island and charged him with treason and had him arrested and brought to trial. He was later acquitted and was twice elected to the Michigan State Legislature. Strang was shot in 1856 by one of his followers. Critically wounded, Strang was brought back to Wisconsin where he died. Jesse Strang is buried in a small cemetery near Burlington.

Trail # 1

Scuppernong Springs Nature Trail:

Distance: 1.5 mi. loop trail.

Location: Entrance and parking area on south east side of Highway ZZ, south west of Highway 67 about 0.5 mi, across from Ottawa Lake State Forest Recreation Area and Camp Ground.

Trail Description: A scenic, level hike suitable for, Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts and Venture Scouts. Much nature material is evident and nature viewing is possible, including, flowers, trees, birds, and mammals.

Historic Features :

The name Scuppernong is derived from a Native American word meaning, “wet, swampy land“. The Scuppernong Marsh once extended some twenty miles west to Palmyra and although smaller today, it continues to be a haven for the wild animals of the region. Here the Native Americans found plentifully supplies of game and fresh water so it is not surprising that these people chose this location as a tribal campground. Evidence of this occupation is found today by the presence of arrowheads, spear points and stone flakes which are found in

8 certain parts of the area. A local spring located just off the main trail appears to have been located near the campsite. The campsite is located on a dry sandy knoll near a spring and sources of food. (Note: any artifacts found by hikers should not be removed but should be reported to the Forest headquarters as they may have significant historic value.) In subsequent years. French Fur Trappers trapped beaver, otter, muskrat and mink along the course of the Scuppernong River which still runs through the marsh. To this day the Scuppernong River river is still clean and clear, its flow of water provided by many upstream springs. The Scuppernong was at one time a rich source of a substance called marl used to make a fertilizer for application to acid soils. It was also used in the manufacture of bricks and mortar. Marl is a lime-rich, grayish-white clay, composed of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Marl was derived from tiny aquatic plants called Chara which lived in ancient glacial lakes. When these plants died and fell to the bottom of the lake they decomposed and formed a thick layer of lime rich ooze that eventually became marl. A marl works operated here for five or six years producing about 20 tons of marl per month and employing some 60 employees in the operation. On your right you can still see a few chalky piles of marl. The concrete foundations of the marl plant can still be seen just to the right of the trail and next to the side trail leading to the marl pits. A short distance down a path next to the old marl works are the original marl pits where tons of marl were dug from the swampy soil leaving long water filled trenches. Part of the trail you are hiking follows the path of an abandoned railroad track. This railroad operated from 1909 to 1915 transporting processed marl from the marl plant in the marsh to the Eagle Lime Products Company warehouse in Dousman five miles distant. The Scuppernong Spring is actually a group of springs whose waters come from ground water accumulated from ran and snow melt. Where the existing water table in the surrounding higher ground is located higher than the lower elevations of the swamp, natural springs form. These spring waters are clear and very cold, flowing at a constant temperature of 47 degrees Fahrenheit.

9 The many springs form a number of pools in the bowl shaped depressions throughout the area. These pools are noted for their marl bottoms and bluish color. In these pools you can actually see spring water bubbling up from the bottom. (Note: Under no circumstance should you ever throw rocks or debris into the pools as you may clog the spring and prevent water from reaching the surface.) In 1846, a man named Chester Smith, a carpenter from New York, came to this area and built a sawmill on the river. Water power was used to operate his saw,which moved with an up and down motion. Since there was no electricity at that time, a sawmill or a flower mill had to use water power to operate the mill. Streams like the Scuppernong with a strong flow of water or with rapids or falls were ideal locations for mills. A man named Talbor Dousman constructed a large pond here in the 1870’s by creating an earthen dike or dam across the river. The pond was about seven acres in size and once held about one million trout. He sold the trout to Chicago restaurants for between 40 and 50 cents a pound. Within the pond, over a mile of wooden flumes were used to separate trout of different ages. The dike was located where the boardwalk now stands. It has been removed since to improve downstream trout habitat. In the 1880’s, a trout hatching house was added where trout eggs were hatched in wooden troughs. Each trough could hold about 30,000 trout hatchlings. A new hatching house was constructed in the early 1900’s. Another building was added to this operation in the 1880’s to prepare trout feed. The feed composed of beef and pork livers was cooked in two large iron kettles then chopped into pieces appropriate to the size of trout being fed. Also in the 1870’s Dousman constructed a cheese factory on this property. A Civil war veteran by the name of Adelbert Jared Pardee came from from New York State in 1880 and acquired the cheese factory. He then remodeled it into a hotel which came to be known as the Scuppernong Hotel. Later, this hotel was owned and operated for many years by the Weber Brewing Company. The hotel became a private retreat in 1934 and remained so until fire destroyed it in the 1970’s. The stone foundations of the building are still evident just to the right of the trail above the low bank. A commercial cranberry operation was also operated here in the 1880’s. The bogs were owned by the Scuppernong Cranberry Company. When the berries were ripe, entire families would come to the bogs to pick the cranberries. They would camp in tents on the grounds for the duration

10 of the picking season which lasted between two and six weeks. A good picker could pick about one bushel a day and earn one dollar for the bushel of berries he or she picked. The company would sell the cranberries for about twelve dollars a bushel.

Trail # 2 The Ice Age Trail

Historic Background of the Recent Glacial Period in Wisconsin

About 15,000 years ago most of North America lay under a series of great ice sheets many hundreds of feet thick. This period of geologic history is referred to as the Last Ice Age. Of all the places the glacier covered, none have more impressive glacial features than those found in Wisconsin. A number of times during the last two million years in what is now known as the Pleistocene Epoch, the climate of the area has fluctuated between periods of warm weather and periods of extreme cold. During these periods of cold weather, glaciers were formed in the Arctic and slowly spread southward across the land. During the warmer interglacial periods such as we are experiencing now, the glaciers retreated back, only to advance again when the climate changed and became colder. The Wisconsin Glaciation lasted from about 100,000 to 10,000 years ago. Two thirds of our state was covered by ice, 25,000 years ago, which reached its greatest extent from 14,000 to 16,000 years before the present. As the ice advanced it was channeled into lowlands occupied by pre glacial lakes, Superior, Michigan and Green Bay and the valley of the Fox River. Its advance was impeded by the uplands of present day Door County, Bayfield and Keweenew. The Wisconsin portion of this great ice sheet was split into six major lobes across the State.

12 The Green Bay Lobe, because of fewer obstructions in its path, was able to extend as far south as present day Janesville in Rock County. It was this portion of the glacier that was responsible for forming the many characteristic features of the Kettle Moraine region. Within these lobes, the ice was always sliding and creeping outward toward the front edges of each lobe. This was caused by the great weight of the ice which induced alternate melting and freezing and slump to occur. As the ice water froze around sand grains, pebbles and boulders they were picked up and moved along with the flow of the ice. Such boulders that were carried great distances from there source are called erratics. An example would be Elephant Rock near Palmyra. These embedded materials acted like giant sandpaper, gouging and scraping the land and leaving behind ong scratches called striations on the bedrock In some areas of the region, elongated hills, shaped like upturned spoon bowls,or some say canoes, were left behind by the glacier. These formations are called drumlins, and they always have their long axis oriented in the direction of glacial movement. Clusters of drumlins can be found near Campbellsport, Janesville and Madison. When the ice of the glacier melted back at the edges it tended to leave behind great mounds and ridges of sand, silt and gravel called moraines. The rugged moraine landscape of the Kettle region was caused by a series of moraines formed between the Green Bay Lobe and the Lake Michigan Lobe. In some places in the Kettle Moraine area these hills rise well above the surrounding landscape to form heights of 250 feet to 300 feet.(please refer to the map of Wisconsin Glaciers ) Streams that flowed over the glaciers surface sometimes fell down ward through cracks in the ice and left deposits of sand and cobble, forming inverted cone shaped hills called kames.. Dundee Mountain in the Northern Kettle Moraine is an example of a kame. Streams that flowed through or under the ice left winding snake-like ridges of sand and grave that resemble an old railroad embankment with flat tops and sloping sides. These are known as eskers. The alignment of an esker generally follows the direction of movement of the glacier. In many places great blocks of ice were left behind as the glacier retreated, They became buried in stream sediments and when the ice melted, a depression was left behind as the sediments collapsed. These

13 sometimes filled with water to form a small lake, pond, bog or marsh. In other instances the depressions remained dry or were only water filled on a seasonal basis. These depressions are called kettles. The melt waters from the glacier released great quantities of sand and silt to form large, flat, out-wash planes . In some places the melt waters pooled or became trapped by natural dams and formed large glacial lakes where silts and clays collected and settled to the bottom. In some instants, the glacier cut or gouged deep gorges that became river beds of spectacular beauty. Even today we sometimes find the remains of animals that roamed along the southern edges of the glacier during this time. Fossils have been uncovered that reveal the presence of Woolly Mammoths, 13 feet tall weighing 12 tons. Remains of American mastodons, camels, horses, and a giant seven foot long beaver that weighed over 500 lbs. and could not walk on land have been found There were also saber-toothed tigers with long canine teeth, musk-oxen and wolves to name a few. These animals were all inhabitants of the Pleistocene. The archaeologic evidence indicates that the first Native Americans arrived in this area about 8,000 years ago.

Purpose of the trail The purpose of this trail would be to provide a hiking experience of about 20 miles length, with exposure to a variety of activities, including but not limited to the historical aspects of state glaciation, the ethnic history of Wisconsin and related topics. Hiking the trail could help to qualify Scouts for the Historic Trail Patch if the qualifications are met.

Description of The Trail Route The Ice Age National Scenic Trail follows roughly the end moraines of the last period of glaciation in Wisconsin about 10,000 years ago. It is a thousand mile trail that runs from Door County south through the Kettle Moraine region then northwestward past Devil’s Lake and on to Interstate Park in Poke County on the Wisconsin / Minnesota border. Our portion of the the trail could start or end at the Ottawa Lake Recreation Area of the South Kettle Moraine State Forest located just north of Highway ZZ and north west of State Highway 67 in Waukesha County. There is a youth group camp ground here for those groups wishing to camp

14 overnight. Advanced reservations are required for those who want to camp in the group area. State Park vehicle stickers are required. From north to south, the hike will require that Highway ZZ be crossed and Scuppernong Springs Nature Trail be hiked. This trail is a 1.5 mile loop trail that provides an introduction to many varieties of plants and animals as well as a visit to the trout pounds and historic marl beds where much of the clay was removed to provide material for the manufacture of historic Cream City Brick used throughout Milwaukee in the early days of the cities growth. The second segment will require hiking or transport by vehicle from the Nature Trail entrance north east on Highway ZZ to State Highway 67 then south on Highway 67 to Piper Road. At Piper Road you will proceed east to the intersection of the Ice Age Trail. (IAT) with Piper Road past shelter # 1. Then you will turn right and proceed south on the IAT. The trail will cross Highway 67 three times as you move south and west. Shortly after you cross Highway 67 for the third time you will pass a trail to a rock formation on your left known as Brady’s Rocks. The trail will then make a loop north and then back south where you will pass by a historic Post Glacial Lake Bed on your right. Continue south and west then south until you cross Wilton Road. Continue south until you reach reach Highway N. Follow Highway N south about 0.25 mi. to the Paradise Springs Nature Trail entrance. This may require transportation by vehicle to avoid walking beside a county road. The Paradise Springs Trail is a paved loop 0.5 mi. trail that takes you along a clear trout stream, past trout ponds and the foundations of a former hotel resort complex and a fieldstone spring house. This cold water spring flows at a rate of 30,000 gallons per hour. Summer resorts like this were very popular with Chicago and Milwaukee residents around the turn of the century. Hikers will be able to see some very large brook trout in these ponds and there is a catch and release program in operation here. Restrictions apply to the use of live bait Return to the entrance and cross Highway N. to the west side of the road where you will find the historic Gotten log cabin built in 1855 by Henry Gotten a Prussian immigrant to the area. Proceed north on N until you again intersect the Ice Age Trail, then turn south on the Ice Age Trail until you reach Highway 59. Proceed west on Highway 59 until you reach Highway S Continue south on Highway S

15 about 1.0 mile to the Old World Wisconsin entrance and parking lot. Vehicles may be desirable to reach Old World Wisconsin from Highway 59. At Old World Wisconsin you can spend several hours exploring an open air, ethnic museum situated on 576 acres of wooded land You will see how people lived and worked in the 19th. and early 20th. Centuries. Interperters in period clothing will demonstrate farming, cooking and different types of craftsmanship used in those days. An admission fee and vehicle stickers are required. Special rates are available for youth groups. Contact the Old Word Wisconsin Office in advance for information. Hike north on Highway S and cross the railroad tracks to the intersection of theIce Age trail, then turn left onto the trail and proceed west to the Southern Kettle Moraine State Forest Visitor Center and Southern Kettle Moraine Forest Headquarters. Here there is an opportunity to visit a fine little museum that deals with the historic glacial period, plant and animal life in early Wisconsin and the life of the early Native Americans that lived in this area. There is a optional loop nature trail behind the headquarters called the Wood Duck Kettle Nature Trail.(distance 0.5 mi.) From the Headquarters you will hike west and south until you reach Little Prairie Road, continue south and cross Tamarack Road to a point just south of Blue Spring Lake and east of the end of Dahlin Road where you will see, a magnificent granite, erratic boulder called the Stone Elephant, located at this spot. This formation was thought to be sacred by the early Potawatomi Indians. A short distance south and west on the IAT, you will intersect the Bald Bluff Trail leading to the Bald Bluff Scenic Overlook and Natural Area. Follow the Bald Bluff trail the bottom of the hill and emerge at Highway H south of Palmyra. This trail is very steep and covered with gravel. Great caution must be taken to avoid a nasty fall or turned ankle during the descent. (Note that there is very limited parking for pickup vehicles on Highway H) The Bluff Trail is a 0.5 mi trail that leads from Highway H to an overlook and a natural dry prairie. The bluff was thought to have been used by American Indians as a signal hill and was visited by General Zachary Taylor and his troops during the pursuit of Chief Black Hawk during the Black Hawk War in 1832. Chief Black Hawk and his band of 1,000 Sauk and Kickapoo followers eluded pursuers in the Kettle Moraine during this period. This would constitute the extent of the ICE AGE KETTLE MORAINE HISTORIC TRAIL required to qualify for the BSA Historic Trail Patch.

List of Trail segments (approximate miles)

01. (1.5 mi.) Scuppernong Springs Nature Loop Trail. 02 (2.5 Mi.) Connecting Segment Highway ZZ south to 67 east on 59 to Piper Rd and intersection of IAT. 03. (6.3 mi.) Piper Rd. south to Highway 59. 04. (1.0 mi.) Paradise Springs Loop. 05. (2.0 mi.) Connection South on S to Old World Wisconsin 06. (3.1 mi.) Highway 59 to highway z. 07. (7.0 mi.) Highway Z to Young Road 08. (0.5 mi .) Bald Bluff loop trail

The total trail distance about 24 mi. This hike could easily be divided into a two day event. If segments 02, 04 and 05 were covered by vehicle transport this would reduce the hike distance by 4.5 miles, making the trail length about 18.5 miles. For safety reasons and to avoid hiking along highways it would be best to use vehicles to transport hikers to these points. Depending on how much walking was done at Old World Wisconsin this could extend the distance by one to two miles for a total hike of about 20 -21 miles. Completion of the trail hike would probably best be done over a two day period. There are two overnight shelters located within the limits of this hike, if hikers wishe to use them, Shelter # 1 and #2. must be reserved in advance and require payment of a nightly use fee. Shelters are limited to no more than 10 persons. Personal Tents can be erected within 100 ft of shelters. Location of Shelters Shelter #1 is located near the intersection of Highway 67 and Highway 59. Shelter #2 is located just west of The Stoney Ridge Nature Trail. The Ice Age Trail and its associated terrain contains some of the finest examples of glaciated features to be found anywhere in the world. Here Scouts can learn about the history of glaciation in Wisconsin. The marl beds at Scuppernong will give insights into early sources of building materials in Wisconsin and to see an example of a pioneer log cabin and learn about Wisconsin resort history at Paradise Springs. The outdoor

17 museum at Old World Wisconsin is also an opportunity to learn about early Wisconsin residents and their activities. At the State Forest Headquarters building Scouts will learn much about the early history of our state as well as native animal and plant life past and present. With reasonable care and attention there are no serious safety hazards to be found on the trail. Trail rules are well defined by the DNR and Forest Service. In addition the Council office could establish what ever special rules they may see fit to dictate. Trail conditions are for the most part well maintained by the DNR.. All camping sites are controlled and maintained by the DNR and include toilet facilities, safe drinking water, (except for some of the shelter areas.) and safe camping sites. The Ice Age Trail is well marked with yellow blazes and Ice Age trail signs. Food supplies and meals can be obtained in North Prairie, Eagle, and Palmyra. Religious services are also available in these communities. Medical services and Hospital services are available in Waukesha, Whitewater and Milwaukee. Emergency assistance can be obtained via the Waukesha and Jefferson Co. Sheriff’s Departments (911)and the Southern Kettle Moraine Forest Headquarters office . (262-594-6200)

ICE AGE / KETTLE MORAINE HISTORIC TRAIL

Trail # 3 Paradise Springs Trail

Distance: A 0,5 mile loop trail.

Location: The trail is located about a mile northeast of the village of Eagle on County highway N on the right side of the road.

Trail Description

This trail has asphalt paving and is accessible to the handicapped. The trail features catch and release fishing, trout ponds, a spring that still flows at a rate of 30,000 gallons of water per hour. Along the well marked trail are signs referring to various historic aspects of this interesting sit. The ice age trail crosses N about 0.5 mile north of Paradise Spring. Enter the trail from the parking lot entrance. A State Park Vehicle Sticker is required to park here. Printed trail guides are available for a donation of 25 cents at the parking lot.

Historic Features:

Paradise Springs was once the location of a well known estate and resort complex. Guests arrived here from Chicago, Milwaukee and other large cities to enjoy the rural atmosphere for days or weeks at a time. The

20 foundations of many of the old resort and estate buildings can still can be found along the trail now overgrown by rank vegetation. The stone spring house remains, roofless and windowless, but still producing a water flow of over 500 gallons of water a minute from an underground spring. In the 1900’s a Mr. and Mrs. L.D. Nichols operated a menagerie complete with peacocks and monkeys here then they started a trout rearing operation. Later a wealthy man by the name of Lewis Petite, known as, “The Salt King”, a man who had extensive interests in salt mines, purchased the property and developed an estate and grounds near the springs during the 1920’s and ‘30’s. In the 1920’s he built and operated a horse track on the premises. Mr. Petite died in 1932 and the property was taken over by his grandson August J. Pabst who inherited the property from him. The property was later sold to Frank Fulton who then sold the property to Gordon Merten who built a resort hotel here in 1940. It featured a two story Lannon Stone structure catering to resorters and honeymooners. The hotel closed in 1948 and the state eventually acquired the property for a small park. At different times, water was bottled at the springs and sold under the names of “Lullaby Drinking Water”, “Eagle Rock Springs Water” and “Minnehaha Water”. There are now a number of state trout ponds on the premises containing Brook Trout of large size. Fishing is permitted on a catch and release basis under special regulations with regard to live bait. Across the road from Paradise Springs is located the restored log cabin of the Henry L. Gotten family. Mr. Gotten was a Prussian immigrant who came to the area and built the cabin in the 1850’s. This cabin is a fine example of Germanic log construction as opposed to the log construction used by early Scandinavian immigrants. Note the manner in which the logs are joined at the corners and the squared-off shape of the logs. Self guiding signs explain the structure and history of the farm.

Trail # 4 Old World Wisconsin

Distance: Several miles depending on the route selected.

Location: Entrance to the museum is south of Highway 59 on Highway S.

Trail Description. Several miles of gravel roads and forest trails connect the various exhibit areas. For those that do not wish to walk, motorized trams run through the grounds on a regular basis.

Historic Features:

Old World Wisconsin is a unique outdoor museum that opened in June of 1976 and is located about 1.5 miles south of Eagle, Wisconsin on Wisconsin Highway 67. It is managed by the State Historical society and is designed to represent the ethnic cultures and lifestyles of pioneer Wisconsin families. Nearly 30 ethnic groups were present in the state by the 1900’s and Old World Wisconsin hopes to represent at least sixteen to twenty of these groups and the varied activities and practices that they engaged in. The museum covers about 576 acres and requires at least four hours to adequately explore the various living exhibits presented here. You will see period actors demonstrate and explain the early cultures of the Finish, Norwegian, German, Danish, Irish, English, and New England Yankees

22 who moved to Wisconsin. The homesteads are placed in natural surroundings with the paths, buildings and fields kept as they were in the early days of settlement in the state. At Old World Wisconsin you can experience the past as well as see it demonstrated as it once was. Old World Wisconsin has guides (interperters) who explain and demonstrate how things were done in the early days of the State.

Trail # 5

Visitor Center, Forest Headquarters & Stony Ridge Nature Trail

Pasque Flower

Description:

This important site is the hub of the Southern Kettle Moraine State Forest segment. It is well worth a visit. The headquarters desk is equipped to answer almost any questions that might be fielded by visitors. Various books on Natural History and other topics are for sale at the desk. State Park passes and permits can be obtained here. There is a good supply of maps and informational sheets available from the friendly staff, most of which are free.

24 The center also features clean rest rooms and a small museum where the visitor can learn about the glacial and post glacial history of the region through displays and exhibits. The museum at the headquarters is self guided. Other exhibits feature the animals and plants found in the forest today. There are also exhibits of pioneer implements and early survey maps. Behind the headquarters building there is a well marked optional nature trail which is called the Stony Ridge Trail. The trail is about 0.5 miles to 1.0 mile in length depending on which loop is selected. It is famous for the spring pasque flowers that dominate the ridge above the center. Blood roots, liver worts and violets are also commonly found here. On the return trail loop, one passes a small pond on the right that is in a glacial kettle hole. The trail is steep in some spots and walking is sometimes a bit hazardous, especially under icy or wet conditions. Caution should be used when descending trail slopes under these conditions.

Historic Features:

While visiting the headquarters building, a stop in the museum is a must. (Please consult the questions for this trail so that you can obtain the answers as you move through the exhibits.) As you enter the museum you are introduced to the geologic history of the Southern Kettle Moraine area through maps and various exhibits of the last ice age. Here you will see an actual tusk, molar and leg bone of an American Mastodon. In the second room, local Indian history is explained through a series of paintings and artifacts such as arrow heads and points. A number of interesting stories are told about Bald Bluff, the Great Spirit Wash Bowl and the pursuit of Chief Black Hawk. The third room contains farm tools used by the early settlers of the Kettle Moraine region and provides information on the first Government surveys of the region, 1835-1836. There are early photographs of important people living in the area at that time. In the forth room some of the animals and plants of the region are displayed. These include a mounted specimens of the river otter, turkey, great horned owl, white tailed deer, coyote and the fossil remains of an eastern elk which was gone from the state by the 1830’s. An attractive display of prairie forbs and grasses is found in a glass case in this room.

25 Adjacent to the museum is an auditorium in which are displayed numerous mounted mammals and birds found in southern Wisconsin. On the walls are a number of paintings depicting historic scenes of long ago. The forest naturalist will conduct informational sessions for groups if advanced arrangements are made with him before bringing the group to the headquarters.

Trail # 6 Stone Elephant and Bald Bluff Scenic Overlook and Natural Area.

Chief Black Hawk

Distance: Trail length is about 0.5 mi.

Historic Features:

On July 7, 1832 during what has come to be known as the Black Hawk War, a large army of 3,500 cavalry and infantry under the command of General Henry Atkinson camped at Burnt Village, an old Winnebago Indian site near the junction of the Whitewater and Bark Rivers. His army was in pursuit of the Sauk Chief, Black Hawk and his followers. On the morning of the 7th.,. General Atkinson moved some of his troops twelve miles east to the edge of the Kettle Moraine and set up camp. The rest of his army then joined him there. It is thought that this second camp was located about a mile south of Palmyra near the site of the present Blue Springs Lake. It is interesting to note that included among the troops on that day were a number of persons who later had great impact on shaping American history and destiny. Including, Abraham Lincoln, General Zachary Taylor, Robert Anderson, Albert Sidney Johnson, Henry Dodge, William S. Hamelton, Meriweather Lewis, George Rodgers Clark, Winnebago Chief White Crow and Potawatomi Chief Big Foot. It is highly improbable that such a gathering of heroes and patriots will ever take place again in one location The stone Elephant is a magnificent granite boulder locatedjust off the Ice Age trail on the horse / snowmobile trail, 1.7 miles from Dahlin

27 Road. It is thought to be a spot held very sacred by the Potawatomi Indians. Numerous arrowheads and other artifacts have been found near here. A short distance south west of Blue Springs Lake and Palmyra at the Bald Bluff Scenic Overlook and Natural Area Tail is a 0.5 mi. trail, that overlooks a dry prairie. Bald Bluff is one of the highest points found in Jefferson County (1,050 feet above sea level) and it offers a great view of the surrounding countryside. It was named for it’s lack of trees on it’s summit. It is thought to have been visited by General Henry Atkinson and General Zachary Taylor and their federal and local troops during the pursuit of Chief Black Hawk and his band of 1,000 Sauk and Kickapoo worriers. Black Hawk successfully eluded his pursuers through the Kettle Moraine region during this period but was finally overcome during the Battle of Bad Ax in Western Wisconsin on August 2, 1832. Records indicate that a steady south wind was the signal for the local indians to climb Bald Bluff and ignite large smoky signal fires that could be seen for miles in all directions. Upon seeing the signals, Prairie Potawatomi tribes from northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin would gather for pow wows and war councils that lasted for days or until the wind no longer blew from the south. At the base of Bald Bluff there is a deep dry kettle hole called “The Great Spirit Washbowl”. Indian traditions claim that when the wind blew from the south for several days this kettle would fill with water in 12 hours or less. Anyone who tried to swim in the pool would always be carried by the rising currents back to the edge of the pool. Those that managed to swim in these waters at that time were granted safety from all harm in battle. If the wind stopped blowing from the south the pool would start to empty again as the water vanished into the earth. If a person were in the water at this time he or she would be swiftly carried underground by the currents and never seen again. Some say that the Indians sometimes threw their captured enemies into the pool when the wind stopped blowing. No one since the coming of the white man can say they have ever seen this event take place. Did it really happen as the indians said?

Leave only soft footprints and bring back great memories

HAPPY HIKING SCOUTS

Trail Questions

The following questions will test your observations and knowledge of the trail you hiked. Use the questions to review what you saw and read. This will help you remember the important aspects of your hike.

(Note group leaders should use these questions as a basis of review and discussion with their Scouts)

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Scuppernong Springs

01. What does the word Scuppernong mean?

02. What is marl? How is it formed and what is it used for?

03. In the early years, what did French trappers harvest at Scuppernong springs?

04. How do we know that native Americans once lived here at the springs?

05. Why did a number of natural springs form here?

06. What commercial enterprise was attempted here by Mr. Dousman in the late 1800’s?

07. What business did Mr. Pardee conduct here in 1880? Were you able to find the foundation of this building?

08. Why did Chester Smith locate his saw mill at this site?

09. Cranberries were once raised here in the 1880’s. What did a bushel of cranberries sell for in those days? How many cranberries could a picker pick in a day and what would he earn for his work?

30 10. Can you name some of the animals that lived here in the early days?

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The Ice Age Trail

01. When did the last Ice Age occur in Wisconsin?

02. How much of our state was covered by ice during the last Ice Age?

03. What are hills shaped like overturned canoes created by the glacier called?

04. What name is given to ridges of sand silt and gravel that were created by the glacier.

05. In some areas there are glacial hills that look like upside down cones. What are these features called?

06. In some parts of the Kettle Moraine there are winding ridges that look like old railroad embankments. What are they called?

07. How were kettle holes formed?

08. What kinds of animals lived during the Ice Age?

09. When did the first Native Americans first arrive here?

10. What is the Stone Elephant an example of?

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Paradise Springs

01. A horse track was built here by a multimillionaire in the 1920’s. What was his name how did he make his money?

02. Who was August J. Pabst and why was he famous?

03. In the present picnic area there is a large concrete slab. What was this once used for?

04. What were two other names that were used for this spring?

05. Can you name products that were produced and sold here since the 1800’s? What were these products called?

06. Mr. Petite built a unique building here in the 1930’s. What was this structure?

07. How many gallons of water flow from Paradise Springs during each minute? How many gallons does this equal in one day? If an average toilet uses 5 gallons of water per flush, how many flushes would be equal to the number of gallons produced by this spring in one hour?

08. In 1948 a man named Gordon Martins constructed a large two story building here from quarried limestone. What was the building used for?

09. In the early 1900’s Mr. and Mrs. L.D.. Nichols built and stocked the present pond with trout. They also had another enterprise located here. What was it called and what did it contain?

10. What species of trout are found in the waters of Paradise Springs? What happens to the color of the trout during spawning season?

11. Why was a water powered turbine built on the east side of the dam? What was it used for?

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Forest Headquarters and Visitors Center

01. Name at least two large prehistoric animals whose remains are displayed in the Headquarters museum.

02. Make a list of at least 10 species of birds found in the Southern Kettle Moraine area as displayed in the museum exhibits. List ten species of mammals found in the museum exhibit area.

03. Name at least five species of wildflowers displayed in the museum exhibit.

04. Name four tools used by early settlers of this area. What were they used for?

05. List at least 6 species of wild flowers you might expect to find along the Stony Ridge Nature Trail.

06. What was the small pound and wetland behind the headquarters building caused by? What name is given to this feature?

07. What was the “Spirit Wash Bowl” ?

08. What produced the large ridge located behind the headquarters building?

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Old World Wisconsin

01. What is the major theme of the Old World Wisconsin Historical site?

02. What was the major difference in the lives of people in the 19th. century and the 20th. century?

03. When did Wisconsin become a state?

04. List the types of immigrant people who made up the ethnic diversity of our region as settlers in the 19 th. Century?

05. What was the name of the man who constructed the octagonal barns once found in our area?

06. Where did the “Yankees” come from and what were the characteristics of these people?

07. What meat was an important part of the german diet?

08. In Wisconsin, 30 percent of all Polish immigrants were poor and settled where?

09. Because of overpopulation, many Norwegian and Danish people became immigrants to Wisconsin. Where did they settle and what did they do?

10. Why did the Finnish immigrants settle in northern Wisconsin?

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Bald Bluff

01. What is the elevation of Bald Bluff above sea level ?

02. Why was this spot named Bald Bluff?

03. What happened near Bald Bluff on July 7, 1832?

04. Name some important Americans who were present here on July 7, 1832.

05. Who was General Henry Atkinson pursuing?

06. What was the battle of Bad Axe?

07. How did the Native Americans use Bald Bluff?

08. What kind of plants are found on a Dry Prairie?

09. What natural event kept trees and brush from growing on prairie lands before the white man came to Wisconsin?

10. What was the “Great Spirit Washbowl” ?

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USEFUL PHONE NUMBERS

Emergency Numbers

Waukesha, Jefferson and Walworth Counties Sheriff’s Departments call 911.

Eagle Rescue Service 911

North Prairie Rescue Service 911

La Grange Rescue Service 911

Waukesha Memorial Hospital ER 262-544-2267

Oconomowoc Memorial hospital ER 262-569-9119

Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital ER 1- 800-228-3705

Elkhorn Lakeland Hospital ER 262-741-2120

Location of Public Phones

Eagle, Palmyra, Forest Hdq., Nordic Parking Lot, Ottawa Lake Rec. Area, Pine Woods Camp Ground, Horse Riders Camp Ground,Scuppernong Hiking Trail Head.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Hdq. South Kettle Moraine Forest. 262-594-6200

In case of FIRE notify the nearest ranger at once or contact the Forest Service Hdq. 8 a.m-4:30 p.m., otherwise contact the nearest Sheriff’s office at 911.

37 Potawatomi Area Council Boy Scouts of America 804 Bluemound Road Waukesha WI. 53188 262-544-4881

Milwaukee Map Service (Best source of maps) 959 N. Mayfair Road Milwaukee, WI 53226 800-525-3822 or 414-774-1300

Kettle Moraine State Forest Southern Unit Forest Headquarters S91W39091 Highway 59 Eagle, WI 53119 Open 7:45 am to 4:30 pm 262-594-6200

Hiking Safety and First Aid Suggestions

It is important for all individuals hiking trails in the South Kettle Moraine Forest to observe practical and sound practices with regard to personal and group safety. Please keep the following suggestions in mind when planning your hike.

Scouting groups must observe the two deep leadership rule at all times while camping or hiling.

01. Dress for the weather and trail conditions. All hikers should wear sturdy boots or walking shoes as trails can be stony, rough and slippery at times. Provide personal protection from rain and wind and in cold weather wear warm clothing in layers.

02. Watch for signs of hypothermia and fatigue. Don’t overtax yourself beyond your abilities. If you are tired, REST.

03. Be sure you carry sufficient drinking water with you. At least a quart of water per person should be the minimum for a day hike. Avoid dehydration in hot weather. You can also dehydrate yourself during cold weather hiking so be cautious

04. When walking along roads be constantly aware of traffic. Walk single file along the shoulder of the roadway, facing oncoming traffic.

05. When hiking at night near or along a roadway, wear reflective clothing so you can be seen.

06. Before your hike always let a responsible person know your route and hike plans. Make sure they have all necessary emergency numbers and names of the group.

07. Take the following items along as group safety gear.

a. A fully charged cell phone for emergency calls. b. Waterproof matches a a waterproof case

39 c. A sturdy pocket knife or Leatherman Tool. d. A compass. e. A reliable map of the area and the trail. f. A flashlight and fresh batteries. g. A space blanket or lightweight sleeping bag. h. At least one extra quart bottle of drinking water i.. A phone card and or spare change for phone calls. J. A valid credit card and spare cash for emergencies.. K. Medical information on group members and parental permission slips for emergency medical treatment, including insurance information. l. A few high energy bars. m. 25 to 50 ft. of nylon or poly rope that can support at least 200 lbs. n. A group first aid kit that can be used for treating the common emergencies that might be encountered on a trail hike such as; hypothermia, heat stroke and heat exhaustion,bug bites and stings, animal bites, bruises, sprains, sunburn, wind burn, blisters, heat rashes,galling, broken bones or dislocations, headache,nosebleed, object in the eye, dermatitis from exposure to plants such as poison ivy, bleeding and shock. o. A roll of toilet tissue.

08. Use the buddy system when hiking. Never leave the group and and wander off alone. Keep you leaders informed of your whereabouts at all times.

09. If a hiker is injured, notify 911 for assistance. If it is necessary to send for help, send at least two persons together.

10. Have good maps a compass and a watch with you and know where you are at all times.

11. Stay away from the edges of cliffs, and steep banks.

12. Don’t run down hills. Be especially careful on descents of trails with loose gravel and rocks or wet, slippery or clay covered trails.

13. Avoid contact with any wild animal that acts sick or is unafraid of you or is acting in an unusual manner. Don’t try to touch, pet or catch a wild

40 animal Avoid baby animals or getting between the mother animal and her offsprings. This especially applies to bears and their cubs.

14. Avoid boggy or wet spots that may contain quicksand or unstable muck. Muck is usually dark colored, while sand that seems to be bubbling or is very soft and wet may be quicksand. If uncertain, test the area with a stick or pole before proceeding across it.

15. Be aware of poison ivy, avoid contact with the plant or other poisonous plants

16. Avoid livestock in open fields such as cows, bulls, or rams. Close any gates you have opened. Do not trespass on private land unless you have permission of the owner.

17. If you must use bug dope, use one containing Deet. The higher the Deet rating the more effective the dope. Be aware that some people may be allergic to Deet. Wear a hat to avoid deer flies getting in your hair or on your head and use a a head net if the bugs are bad.

18. Avoid open fields, hilltops or tall trees during lightning storms.

19. Store liquid fuels safely away from open flames and no open flames should ever be present in your tent!

20. At night remove all food or smellables from your tent or sleeping area. Hang them from a tree limb at least 8 to ten feet off the ground. If you don’t you are likely to have visitors during the night.

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Answers to The Questions

Scuppernong Springs

01. Swampy land 02. Marl is a limy clay formed by a plant called Chara. It is rich in calcium and magnesium carbonate. It is used as a fertilizer and for making brick. 03. They trapped beaver, otter, muskrat, and mink here. 04. They left behind arrowheads, spear points and stone flakes. 05. A trout hatchery. 06. This natural valley was below the level of the water table so ground water produced natural springs that filled in the lowest depressions forming small ponds of clear water. 07. He constructed a hotel from an old cheese factory. 08. Sawmills and flour mills were operated by water power in those days as there was no electricity to run the mill. The Scuppernong creek provide water power for mr. Smith’s mill. 09. Cranberries sold for $ 12.00 a bushel. A person could pick a bushel a day and earn $ 1.00 a day in the 1880’s.

The Ice Age Trail

01. Wisconsin glaciation lasted from about 100,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, a period of about 90,000 years. 02. About 2/3 of the state. 03. drumlins. 04. moraines 05. kames 06. eskers 07. They were formed when huge chunks of buried ice melted and the impression left behind created a kettle hole. If the hole filled with water a Kettle Lake or pond or bog was created. 08. Some of the animals were the Wooly Mammoths, American Mastodons, camels, horses, giant beavers, musk oxen, wolves and Saber- toothed Tigers. 09. about 8,000 years ago. 10. The Stone Elephant is a glacial erratic, a bolder brought by the glacier from a location far north of here.

Paradise Springs

01. Louis J. Petite the “Salt King”. Selling salt. 02. August J. Pabst became a famous beer executive. “ Pabst Brewery “. 03. This was a tennis and shuffle board court built in the 1930’s by Mr. Petite. 04. Minnehaha and

42 Eagle Rock Springs. 05. Bottled spring water. Natural Spring Water and Lullaby Baby Drinking water. 06. A large fieldstone spring house with a copper dome roof. 07. 500 gallons each minute. 720,000 gallons each day. about 6,000 flushes would equal 30,000 gallons per hour. 08. The Paradise Springs Resort Hotel. 09. A menagerie consisting of peacocks, monkeys, and pheasants. 10. Native Brook Trout. They turn bright pink during the breeding season in October. 11. To electrify the Nichols home in 1900. One of the first homes in the area to have electricity.

Forest Headquarters and Visitors Center

01. Elk and American Mastodon. 02. Consult museum displays. 03. Consult museum displays. 04. Consult museum displays. 05. Consult museum displays and or the naturalist 06. The pound is a glacial kettle hole produced by the glacier. 07. See the story of the wash bowl in the museum before giving your answer. 08. The ridge is a glacial moraine composed of sad, gravels and clay.

Old World Wisconsin

01. To operate as an open air museum that captures the lifestyles, ideas and challenges of the early rural Wisconsin immigrants. through the use of interpreters, buildings, implements, folkways, and rural activities a person can reach an understanding of what our early settlers were like and how they lived. 02. During the 19 th. Century rural people grew what they needed for food and made the items they required for use on their farms. In the 20 th. Century farmers came to depend on factory produced mechanized equipment and purchased food and clothing items. 03. Wisconsin became a state in 1848. 04. Ireland, Wales, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark and even free Black people from the South. 05. Ernst Clausing. 06. They came from New England states and they were known for their sense of democratic government, progressive agriculture, and a shrewd business sense. 07. Pork 08. On farms or in rural areas. 09. On farms and in rural communities. 10. In the northern parts of the State because it was much like their homeland and because there was work and economic opportunity there.

43 Bald Bluff 01. 1,050 ft. 02. because of the dry prairie on its top. 03. There was a great encampment of soldiers who were in pursuit of Chief Black Hawk and his band. 04. Abraham Lincoln, Henry Dodge, Gen. Zachary Taylor, Meriweather Lewis, George Rogers Clark and others. 05. He was the General in command of the forces chasing Black Hawk. 06. This was the last major Indian engagement in Wisconsin. It was a battle that should not have happened and was a disgrace to our state history. It took place near Prairie du Chien. August 2, 1832. 07. They used it a a signal site and a dance ground. 08. Plants of the Dry Prairie such as little bluestem grass, puccoon, blazing star and harebells. 09. Fire, natural or otherwise. 10. It was a kettle hole located at the base of Bald Bluff. The Native Americans claimed that when the wind blew from the south for several days the depression would fill with water. If the wind ceased blowing the pool would empty rapidly carrying anything in the waters swiftly underground.

South Kettle Moraine Region Glacial Deposits

This map is a portion of a larger map titled WISCONSIN GLACIAL DEPOSITS published by the University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Geological and natural History Survey after Thwaites 1956.

LEGEND Black areas are End Moraines Heavy speckled areas are Ground Moraines Light speckled areas are Outwash unpitted Very light speckled are Outwash pitted Stripes indicate Lake Basins Arrow shapes are Drumlin Trends 9d