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Intraspecific Variations and Biological Relationships of Different Populations of Centaurea Virgata Lamark (Asteraceae) in Iran

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Intraspecific Variations and Biological Relationships of Different Populations of Centaurea Virgata Lamark (Asteraceae) in Iran IRANIAN JOURNAL of GENETICS and PLANT BREEDING, Vol. 9, No. 1, Apr 2020 Research Paper / 61-69 Intraspecific variations and biological relationships of different populations of Centaurea virgata Lamark (Asteraceae) in Iran Elaheh Ghasemi1, Zeinab Toluei1* 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, P. O. Box: 87317-51167, Kashan, Iran. *Corresponding author, Email: [email protected]. Tel: +98-31-55912301. Received: 25 Jan 2020; Accepted: 06 Jan 2021. DOI: 10.30479/ijgpb.2021.12491.1262 Abstract ecological and environmental conditions or endogenous factors such as genetics, and the Being a large genus in the Asteraceae family, the presence of adaptation mechanisms to specific genus Centaurea is a complex and problematic situations. taxon. Centaurea virgata Lamark is a widespread and invasive species of the Centaurea genus. Key words: Asteraceae, Centaurea virgata, This species is found in different regions of Iran. Intraspecific variation, Morphology. However, there are limited studies on this plant, especially at the morphologic and genetic level. INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to investigate the intraspecific variations of C.virgata collected from Genetic diversity is the basis of corrective studies different regions of Iran based on morphological in many plant species and is a principal source of data. A morphometric study based on 27 biodiversity (Hughes et al., 2008). Fundamentally, the quantitative and 28 qualitative morphological genetic resource is of immense importance in plant characters was carried out on 65 specimens breeding, and henceforth, provides an opportunity for from 31 populations. Cluster and principal characteristic reproduction and generation (Weising et coordinates analyses (PCO) of morphological al., 2005). characters showed that the 31 populations The study of genetic diversity between and within could be divided into three main groups and two plant populations is performed in three different subgroups. The analyses of variance (ANOVA) methods; namely, 1) morphological characteristics, of morphological characters indicated that most 2) biochemical method, and 3) molecular markers of the evaluated characters were significantly (Semagn et al., 2006). Morphological characteristics are different (P˂0.05) among C. virgata populations. It the oldest and the most frequently used marker for the also demonstrated that there were not significant identification and classification of plants (Wang et al., differences (P˂0.01) among populations of C. 2001). Prior to the use of molecular markers, scientists virgata for six morphological characters, including made use of the morphological characterizations to the width of the inflorescence leaves, inner study the population structure and investigate the phyllaries width, outer phyllaries width, outer genetic diversity (Sattler and Rutishauser, 1997). The phyllaries cilia length, phyllary rows number, and morphological method is studied per available and stamen number. It could be concluded that there visible traits such as grain shape, flower color, growth is a high morphological variation among various behavior, and pigments. These features have many populations of C. virgata collected from different applications in plant descriptions and botanical keys regions of Iran. These morphological variations of and evaluation of genetic variation in the presence of C. virgata populations can be related to different environmental changes (Semagn et al., 2006). 61 IJGPB is an open access journal under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/) Ghasemi and Toluei In different environments, variation in plants is MATERIALS AND METHODS usually considered as an adaptive mechanism, since Plant materials plants respond to environmental changes by changing Sixty five specimens from 31 populations of C. virgata their morphological characteristics. Therefore, this can were collected from different regions of Iran from be concluded that species with greater morphological 2008 to 2018. Herbarium samples were prepared and diversity are more adaptable to different environmental deposited in the University of Kashan Herbarium conditions. Studies on the morphological variations (UKH). Information on understudied populations of of the plants help us to understand the mechanism, C.virgata is listed in Table 1. manner, and effective factors of plant evolution and adaptation (Mal and Lovett‐Doust, 2005). Morphological study We analyzed morphological variation among the The genus Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) includes different populations of C. virgata. In total, 27 about 800 species worldwide that are distributed in quantitative and 28 qualitative morphological Asia, North America, and Europe (Mabberley, 1997; characters were selected and evaluated (Tables 2 and Hellwig, 2004). 3). For statistical analyses, we encoded the qualitative Traditionally, many species of the genus Centaurea characters as two or multistate data, and for the have been used to cure various ailments including quantitative characters, standardized means were used diabetes, diarrhea, rheumatism, malaria, hypertension, in each individual. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and etc. Moreover, chemical investigation on Centaurea Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality clearly demonstrated that this genus mostly includes of the quantitative data (P˂0.05) (Appendix 1). Before triterpenes, flavonoids, sesquiterpene, lignans, and analyzing the data, abnormal data were detected using lactones as the main characteristic of secondary MVSP software. metabolites (Aslan and Oksuz, 1999). Statistical analysis Centaurea virgata is a perennial plant, with a Cluster analysis and Principal Coordinates Analysis woody base and rose to purple flowers, which grows (PcoA) were performed using MVSP software Ver. 3.1 in different regions of Iran (Davis, 1970). In 1875, C. (Kovach, 1985). The hierarchical clustering algorithms virgata var. squarrosa (Willd.) Boiss. was introduced were depicted with the UPGMA method and percent in the Flora of Orientalis (Boissier, 1875), and then, in similarity coefficient for quantitative and qualitative 1908, its rank elevated to C. virgata subsp squarrosa characters (Gower, 1971; Podani, 1999). SPSS (Willd.) Gugler (Guler and Halacsy, 1908). In software Ver. 25 was used for comparison of means Flora of Iran, C. virgata subsp. squarrosa has been between groups. One-way ANOVA was performed reported and described (Mozaffarian et al., 2019). for investigation of morphological variations among Despite the wide distribution of this plant, there are and within populations. The box plots were produced only a few studies on the morphological variations in order to illustrate the diagnostic characters. The of C. virgata species. Among the limited number Box plots provide a simple graphical distribution of studies that have been carried out regarding this representation of the morphological data. The means subject, one is “A taxonomic review of Centaurea L. of groups were compared using Tukey’s test method. sect. Centaurea (Asteraceae) in Iran” that includes Finally, the Cophenetic coefficient was calculated with C. virgata (Ranjbar and Negaresh, 2014). Also, C. NTSYS 2.10e software (Rohlf, 2000). virgata has been chemically studied (Tuzun et al., 2017) with one study investigated C. virgata extract RESULTS used in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Morphological variations between populations (AgNPs) and the isolated compound eupatorin Most of the populations showed significant differences (Tuzun et al., 2018). (P˂0.05) for the most morphological characters Morphological variations have been reported within based on one-way ANOVA analysis. According to the and among some other species in the genus Centaurea obtained results, there was no significant difference (Vanderhoeven et al., 2002; Guarino and Rampone, (P˂0.05) in characteristics such as inflorescence leaf 2006). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the width, phyllary rows number, outer phyllaries width, variations in morphological characters of C. virgata inner phyllaries width, median phyllaries cilia length, populations from different regions of Iran for the first and stamen number (Appendix 2). Mean differences time. between the populations were significant in the case 62 IRANIAN JOURNAL of GENETICS and PLANT BREEDING, Vol. 9, No. 1, Apr 2020 Table 1. Voucher specimens of understudied populations of C. virgata from Iran. Individuals Altitude Herbarium No. Locality Abbreviation No. (m) No. 1 Luristan, Dorood, before Saravand village 2 (a, b) dor121 2125 UKH*1021 2 Luristan, Nurabad 2 (a, b) nur1031 1855 UKH 1031 3 Kashan, Ghohrud village 3 (a, b, c) gho1050 2235 UKH 1050 4 Kashan, Alavi village 2 (a, b) alv1052 1730 UKH 1052 5 Kashan, University of Kashan 2 (a, b) uni1053 975 UKH 1053 6 Kashan, Eznaveh 3 (a, b,c) ezn1054 2690 UKH 1054 7 Kashan, Barzok, Vishang 3 (a, b,c) brz1058 2896 UKH 1058 8 Qazvin, Kouhin neck 2 (a, b) qku1023 1563 UKH 1023 9 Qazvin, Avaj to Mahnian (Hamedan) 2 (a, b) qav1048 2205 UKH 1048 Golestan, Maravehtapeh to Bojnourd , 35 10 2 (a, b) gol1025 1184 UKH 1025 km after Maravehtapeh 11 Khorasan Razavi, Kalat to Mashhad 2 (a, b) kal1028 1734 UKH 1028 Khorasan Razavi, Neyshabur to Kashmar, 12 2 (a, b) ney1029 2032 UKH 1029 10 km to Rivash, 15 km to Kashmar 13 North Khorasan, Shirvan, Kouseh bifurcate 2 (a, b) shi1027 1697 UKH 1027 North Khorasan, Esfarayen to Bojnurd, 14 2 (a, b) esf1030 1718 UKH 1030 Asadli neck Kurdistan, Marivan to Saqqez, 65 km after
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