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The Case of Maskan Mehr in Urmia a Thesis Submitted To THE IMPACTS OF STATE POLICIES ON SOCIAL HOUSING AND URBAN IDENTITY: THE CASE OF MASKAN MEHR IN URMIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MOHAMMADJAVAD SHAHRI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ARCHITECTURE SEPTEMBER 2015 ii Approval of the thesis: THE IMPACTS OF STATE POLICIES ON SOCIAL HOUSING AND URBAN IDENTITY: THE CASE OF URMIA submitted by MOHAMMADJAVAD SHAHRI in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver ______________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut ______________ Head of Department, Architecture Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın ______________ Supervisor, Architecture Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Aydan Balamir ______________ Co-Supervisor, Architecture Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın ______________ Architecture Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Aydan Balamir ______________ Architecture Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Ali Cengizkan ______________ Architecture Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neşe Gurallar ______________ Architecture Dept., GAZI Üniversitesi Assist. Prof. Dr. Olgu Çalişkan ______________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Date: 10/09/2015 iii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Mohammadjavad Shahri Signature: iv ABSTRACT THE IMPACTS OF STATE POLICIES ON SOCIAL HOUSING AND URBAN IDENTITY: THE CASE OF URMIA Mohammadjavad Shahri M. Arch, Department of Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Aydan Balamir September 2015, 160 Pages Maskan Mehr is a mass housing project for low-income people, initiated in the 9th administration of Iran and was started in 2007. As one of the biggest centralized housing project in the history of Iran, the “Maskan Mehr” project in Urmia (Oroumieh) still needs further analysis for urban and architectural points of views, as it experiences social and political turmoil. It was believed that this housing project was of necessity in Urmia as Maskan Mehr was regarded as a logical answer to the said problems. In this regard this thesis is an inquiry in Maskan Mehr to understand how and to what extend the project offers a complexity within the Iranian context. Keywords: Maskan Mehr, Urban Identity, Social Housing, Social Policies, Urmia. v ÖZ LİNEER OLMAYAN KAYMA ÇERÇEVELERİ İÇİN YAKLAŞIK KAT ARASI YER DEĞİŞTİRME SPEKTRUMU Mohammadjavad Shahri Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Aydan Balamir Eylul 2015,160 Sayfa Maskan Mehr, 9. İran yönetimi tarafından kabul edilmiş ve 2007 yılında başlamış olan düşük gelirli insanlar için bir toplu konut projesidir. İran tarihindeki en büyük merkezi toplu konut projesi olan Urmiye’deki ‘Maskan Mehr’ projesi sosyal ve politik çalkantıları deneyimlemiş olarak kentsel ve mimari olarak birçok analize ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Söylenen problemlere karşı en mantıklı çözüm olarak addedilen Maskan Mehr’in Urmiye’nin ihtiyacı olan toplu konut projesi olduğuna inanılıyordu. Bu bakımdan bu tez Maskan Mehr’i İran bağlamında nasıl ve ne tür zorluklar ortaya çıkardığını anlamak için yapılan bir sorgulamadır. ANAHTAR SÖZCÜKLER: Maskan Mehr, Kentsel Kimlik, Sosyal Konut, Sosyal Politikalar, Urmiye. vi To My Family…… vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın for his support, patience, critisim and encouragement troughout the study. In these years he has always been a source of inspiration for me. I shall thanks the examining committe members Prof. Dr. Aydan Balamir, Prof. Dr. Ali Cengizkan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neşe Gurallar and Assist. Prof. Dr. Olgu Çalişkan for their helpful comments and suggestions. I would like to thank my parents and my sister for their full support and patience, these years away from home. And last but not least I would like to thank my friends Meysam Farhoudi and Sina Kia Sadr for their suppot and help. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...v ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………vi ACKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………………viii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………..ixx LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..xiv LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………..xv Chapters 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...…….....1 1.1. Problem Definition…………………………………………………...………1 1.2. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………3 1.3. Method of the Study.……………………………………………………..…10 1.4. Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………..11 1.5. The Expected Outcomes…………………………………………………….12 2. CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF URMIA……………………………...……15 2.1. Modernization in Iran……………………………………………………….17 2.1.1 The Political Situation in Iran during the First Pahlavi Era……………..18 2.1.2. The Role of Science and Technology………………………………...…21 2.1.3. The Role of Foreign Advisors in This Period…………………….…….22 2.1.4. The Military Tendency in Architecture………………..………………..25 2.1.5. Condition of Urmia at the Beginning of Pahlavi Era………………...…26 ix 2.2. Theoretical Principles and Basic Concepts in Architecture of Pahlavi Era...26 2.2.1. Change in West and the Change in the Structure of Iran………….……27 2.2.2. Urban Open Spaces………………………….………………………….31 2.2.3. Architecture of the First Pahlavi Era…………………………...……….32 2.2.4. Construction Technology………………………..……………...……....33 2.3. Changed Architectural – Urban Elements…………………………..………34 2.3.1 Extraversion………………………..…………………...…….………….34 2.3.2 Plan……………………………….……………………………………...35 2.3.3. Construction and Materials………..……………………...……………..37 2.3.4. Façade……………………………..………………...….……………….37 2.4 Housing in the Second Pahlavi in Urmia…………………..……...………...39 2.5. The Physical Changes In the Structure of Urmia…….....….………….…....46 2.5.1 The Physical Structure of Urmia Until 1921………..………………..…46 2.5.2 Urmia in 1920s………………………………….…..….……………..…47 2.5.3 Changes in the Physical Structure of the Old City …….……..…....……49 2.5.4 The Formation of a New Urban Network in Urmia…..….…………..……50 2.5.5. The Formation of Ayalat Square (Enqelab Square) ………...……..…..…51 2.6. Conclusion…………………………………………………...…….………..53 3. An INQUIRY INTO SOCIAL HOUSING…………………...……………...57 3.1. Definitions…………………………………………………...…...…………58 3.1.1. House…………………..………………………………...……………...58 3.1.2. Social House…………………………………...…………………….….61 x 3.2. Theoretical and Global Achievements to Provide Housing for Low-income Groups: effects of social policies on housing polices, the government’s approaches towards housing and housing market and an overview on global experience on housing for low-income groups…………………………...……...………………..62 3.2.1. Housing Policy in the Reflection of Social Policy..………………….....63 3.2.2. The Government's Approach to the Housing Market and Regulatory Policies…………………………………………………………………………….64 3.2.3. Housing Policy and its Features………..…………………………….…67 3.2.4. The Government's Role in the Housing Market and the Provision of Low- income Groups Housing…………………………………………………………..70 3.2.5. Right to Housing in Government Objectives and National and International Laws………………………………………………………………....73 3.2.6. Overview on the Achievements of Global Experience in Providing Housing for Low-income Groups………………………….……………………...75 3.2.7. Policies Dealing with the Problem of Housing for Low-income Around the World………………………………………………………………………….…...79 3.3. Historical Course of Programs and Policies of Providing Housing for Low- income Groups in Iran……………………………………………………….…….83 3.4. Assessment of Maskan Mehr……………………...…….…..……….……..92 3.4.1. Aspects of Maskan Mehr…………………………….………….………92 3.4.2. Assessment of the Objectives of Maskan Mehr…….………….……….93 3.4.3. The Dominant Features of Maskan Mehr Project….……….….……….96 3.5. Maskan Mehr in Urmia………………………………….………….……..103 3.5.1. Outlooks for Maskan Mehr Project and Suggested Solutions….……...108 3.5.2. Suggested Solutions…………………………………………………....118 xi 3.6. Conclusion………………….……………………………………………...119 4. URBAN IDENTITY IN MASKAN MEHR………………………………...121 4.1. Definitions and Conceptions…………………………………………..…..121 4.1.1. Word Meanings and Origins of Identity…………………...………….121 4.1.2. The Conception of Existence in Latin…………………………...…….122 4.1.3. Recognition, the Major Condition of Having an Identity…….………..124 4.1.4. Consequences of Identity Authentication………………………..…….125 4.2. Identity and City…………………………………………………………...126 4.2.1. Urban Identity ……………..…………………………………………..126 4.2.2. Spatial Perception and Urban Identity…………………………………127 4.2.3. The Role of Public Participation in Establishing the Urban Identity….128 4.3. The Crisis of Urban Identity ……….………………………………….….128 4.3.1. Identity Crisis…………………..…………………………………..…128 4.3.2. Modernity and Identity of Urmia…………..………………………….129 4.3.3. Recommended Approaches to Prevent Identity Crisis………………..130 4.4. The Components of Identity………………………………....…………….131 4.4.1. The Identity Components of the City………………..………………...131 4.4.2. Recognizing the Identity Components of the City………………….…132 4.5. Maskan Mehr and Its Urban Identity……………………………….……..135 4.5.1. Culture…………………………………………………………………136 4.5.2. Cohesion of Public Spaces……………………………………...……..138 4.5.3. Readability and Landmarks in the Fabric……………………………...140
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