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The Impact of Wind on Ambient Temperature and Thermal Comfort Through Wind Catcher by Employing PMV-A Case of Salehi's House in Shiraz, Iran

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The Impact of Wind on Ambient Temperature and Thermal Comfort Through Wind Catcher by Employing PMV-A Case of Salehi's House in Shiraz, Iran Int. J. Architect. Eng. Urban Plan, 29(2): 213-222, December 2019 DOI: 10.22068/ijaup.29.2.213 RESEARCH PAPER General Architecture The Impact of Wind on Ambient Temperature and Thermal Comfort through Wind Catcher by Employing PMV-A Case of Salehi's House in Shiraz, Iran Z. Barzegar1* & M. Mohammadi2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of art & Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch 2PhD Candidate, Department of art & Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch Received: November 2017, Revised: August 2019, Accepted: August 2019 Abstract Wind catchers in arid climates are one of the most prominent masterpieces of Iranian traditional architecture which can improve thermal comfort through natural ventilation. With the aim of recognizing the impact of this masterpiece on thermal comfort, this research examined the effect of wind on summer ambient temperature and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). To this end, wind catchers of Salehi's House in Shiraz case in arid climate and the ambient temperature, humidity and wind speed were measured by data logger TA120 between 9:00 to 16:00 in summer for calculating PMV and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) through Fanger Formula. The results through open or close wind catcher and openings showed that the thermal comfort was directly related to the amount of wind coming from the wind catcher. It was also concluded that the average ambient temperature in ground was declined by 0.8 °C and in the first floor it was declined by 0.9°C. Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Wind Catcher, Wind, Natural Ventilation, PMV. 1. INTRODUCTION1 thermal energy balance between that person and the his/her surrounding space [6]. In fact, thermal and Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that environmental comfort factors affect the shape and orientation of buildings, streets, alleys and also the Downloaded from ijaup.iust.ac.ir at 3:55 IRST on Friday October 1st 2021 expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment [1]. According to ASHRAE, thermal comfort of each person is selection of materials [7]. the mental condition showing his/her satisfaction of One of the architects' solutions for reaching thermal thermal environment [2]. The psychological definition comfort in the arid climate is to create a natural ventilation relates to the brain's satisfaction of the ambient by air and wind flow which can modify indoor humidity temperature. The thermal-physiological definition relates and temperature [8]. Natural conditioning solutions can be to the biological response of the body and the nervous divided into three types: Physical ones on the ceiling, in system to externalities imposed upon the thermoreceptors, the facade and the body of the building, and a combination the other definition relates to the balance between the heat of both [9]. The element used by Iranian architects to flow inside and outside the body [3]. In general, the ventilate in arid climate is called wind catchers which thermal comfort depends upon air temperature, humidity, more than the beauty, it have played a vital role in the water vapor pressure, air movement, radiation from ventilation of the interior space naturally [10]. It can be internal walls (average radiant temperature), human (age, said that wind catchers play a significant role in one’s gender), type of human physical activity and his/her bringing the temperature to the needed for human's clothing [2,4-5]. Many factors are taken into account when comfort [11]. designing a building. One of the important factors The Iranian wind catchers due to body are divided into architects should take into account in building design is the three categories: Ardakani (uni-directional), Kermani (bi- physical comfort of a person, which is the result of a directional) and Yazdi (four-directional) [12-16] and based on its function divided to direct airflow downward or/and direct airflow upwards. Vertical ventilation is effective * Corresponding author: [email protected] when the wind speed is over 2.5 m/s [17] The use of wind 213 The Impact of Wind on Ambient Temperature and Thermal Comfort through Wind Catcher by Employing PMV-A Case of Salehi's House in Shiraz, Iran in the past architecture most importantly, improves the wind as well as calculating and estimating wind power. quality of men's comfort and health [18], favorite inner air Studies have shown that attention has grown considerably temperature and ultimately thermal comfort [19] in the case of "indoor air flow" in recent decades [23]. The present study investigated the impact of wind Natural ventilation is an important factor in improving the speed on ambient temperature and thermal comfort (PMV) tolerability and health of indoor environments that are through wind catcher in the traditional Salehi's house in carried out by wind power or buoyancy force or often by Shiraz as hypothesis. The analysis has been done in two combining these two forces [24]. One of the most popular different positions of all openings closed and open. This wind catcher species is the four-directional wind catcher investigation is done in semi-arid climate of Shiraz in that is famous as Yazdi. summer and the values of ambient temperature, humidity, The wind catcher examined in this research is a four- wind speed, etc. are taken by data logger AT120 between directional one. There is a little research done on thermal 9:00 to 16:00 with an interval of one hour. Finally, by comfort provided by wind catchers especially the four- calculating PMV and PPD through Fanger Formula, the directional ones. In addition, there was little research about PMV and ambient temperature was compared with wind thermal comfort and ambient temperature of the space speed. The results was shown as some solutions for beneath wind control. Although the Shiraz wind controls reaching thermal comfort in residential buildings. was destroyed and only few (less than 10) once exist and there isn’t any research about them. This investigation, 2. LITERATURE REVIEW therefore, aimed at examining the impact of wind on summer ambient temperature to improve thermal comfort through wind catchers by employing PMV in Salehi's The importance of the thermal comfort is to a great House located in Shiraz, Iran. extent addressed by many scholars and scientists from various fields, including architecture, urbanism, geography, mechanics, energy, etc. There has been a lot of 3. METHODOLOGY research on the importance of the climate on architecture. Some studies worked on thermal comfort have examined There are two main approaches to assessing thermal factors such as energy loss temperature and the amount of comfort. First, the heat balance approach based on the humidity. Researchers have divided the thermal comfort results of Fanger's research in laboratory conditions; and investigations into two important subsets of thermal second, an adaptive approach. The theoretical basis of the comfort in open spaces and closed spaces. For example, in heat balance approach is the close connection between the terms of thermal comfort in closed spaces, the first heat thermal sensations with the body temperature control balance model was proposed by Fanger on PMV and PPD system [25]. In this research PMV and PPD are used [26]. for ventilation engineers in indoor climate condition. Nicol The Fanger model is based on the ISO 7730 standard in and Humphreys also have considered the adaptive thermal thermal comfort [27]. The PMV index is expressed as the comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings following formula: and compared it with rational indicators; they found out using rational indicators to be difficult in real situations. = (0.303. + 0.028)[( − ) − − Qiabakloo devoted his paper to examine the methods for − − ] (1) estimating thermal comfort zone, and the main factors = 3.05 × 10 (256 − 3373 − ) + (2) affecting the man’s physical comfort regarding his/her = 3.05 × 10 [ 5733 − 6.99 × ( − ) − ] + Downloaded from ijaup.iust.ac.ir at 3:55 IRST on Friday October 1st 2021 environment. Results stated that factors such as age, 0.42( − − 58.15) (3) gender, color of space and climatic conditions do not have = 0.0014(34 − ) (4) much effect on the thermal comfort [20]. = 1.72 × 10 (5867 − ) (5) There have been many studies on the issue of thermal comfort as well as natural ventilation. For example, H is directly measurable and can be calculated by the Mahmoudi investigated the cooling behavior of wind following equation: catchers in the city of Yazd through modeling of wind = = − / (6) catchers and presented a typology of wind catchers based on this analysis [21]. Bouchahm et al, Employing The PMV is expressed in a seven point scale varying numerical modeling of the wind catchers in different from -3.5 (cold) to +3.5 (hot) which Zero is neutral (Table conditions, and concluded that increasing the tower height 1). In order to calculate this criterion easily some software and reducing the width of the winders can increase the air has been design, one of them is Ray Man [28-29]. flow and ventilation [22]. Others have addressed the function of natural ventilation in wind catchers and using Table 1. PMV sensation scale [30] Degree of Extreme Moderate Slight No thermal Slight heat Moderate Very strong Extreme heat physiological stress cold stress cold stress cold stress stress stress heat stress heat stress stress Sensation Cold Cool Slightly Neutral Slightly Warm Hot Very hot cool warm PMV -3.5 -2.5 -1.5 -0.5 +0.5 +1.5 +2.5 +3.5 214 The Impact of Wind on Ambient Temperature and Thermal Comfort through Wind Catcher by Employing PMV-A Case of Salehi's House in Shiraz, Iran The PPD index is also used to predict the percentage of through the following formula (7): dissatisfied people in a given thermal environment. It is = 100 − 95(..) (7) designated based on the PMV index.
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