Abstract Book Organized by

Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth

Supported by

This conference is supported by a WiN-UBT Conference Grant awarded by the University of Bayreuth

Organisation Committee Max Rabus Miriam Knie Christian Laforsch Martina Karsch Mechthild Kredler

Special thanks for the logo design: Nele Rabus

1 WELCOME WELCOME

Dear colleagues, we would like to welcome you to the 11th Symposium on Cladocera at the Plassenburg Castle in the margravial city Kulmbach, which is located in one of the most diverse natural landscapes of Germany. For one week, Kulmbach will host scientists from all around the world. We are particularly pleased that as many as 28 students will present their research at this sympo- sium. To carry on the tradition of previous meetings, there will only be plenary sessions, to give every- body the chance to attend all talks. During the breaks and poster sessions, we will have plenty of time for discussions and social networking. We would like to thank the keynote speakers who will focus on "Understanding phenotypic and genetic diversity of Daphnia magna" (Dieter Ebert, University of Basel), and "The ecology and evolution of inducible defences in Daphnia: review and new results" (Ralph Tollrian, University of Bochum). We are looking foward to seeing you in Kulmbach. Enjoy the symposium!

The organizing team

2 GENERAL INFORMATION GENERAL INFORMATION

Internet access At the Plassenburg, two WiFi networks will be available: eduroam: If your institution uses eduroam this is provided as usual. @BayernWLAN: BayernWLAN is a Bavarian initiative to provide free WiFi for tourists. No data is re- quired for login.

Important Phone Numbers In case of an emergency - the european emergency call is 112 (also available from mobile phones).

Conference Venue The oral presentations and the poster presentations will be given in the "Festsaal" which is located on the upper floor of the arsenal building of the Plassenburg Castle. Please note that the "Festsaal" will be locked after the last oral/ poster presentations, so make shure you have all your belongings with you. The posters will be presented in the Foyer.

3 GENERAL INFORMATION

Food Coffee breaks and Coffee after lunch will be served in the Foyer. Lunch will be served at the restaurant Burgschänke, which is located at the premises of the Plassenburg Cas- tle. The meals will be served as buffet and will offer a wide selection of food for every taste and preference. One soft drink is included per lunch, beer and wine will be available at a modest price. In your conference folder you will find vouchers for the drinks accompanying the lunches and dinners. The dinner-buffets on Monday and Tuesday will be served in the foyer of the Plassenburg and include two free drinks per person. The Conference Dinner will be held at the Mönchshof Bräuhaus (Hofer Str. 20, 95326 Kulmbach), adjacent to the Brewery Museum. Drinks are included up to 10 e per person. Live music will be provided by Pluto Rising (http://plutorising.de/).

Excursion to Bamberg on Wednesday For the excursion, you will receive lunch packages . The shuttle buses for the excursion will leave at 1 pm, at the Plassenburg. At arrival at Bamberg, there will be a guided tour first, followed by free time to explore the UNESCO World Heritage Site at your leisure. Dinner will take place at the Schlenkerla brewery (Dominikanerstraße 6, 96049 Bamberg), at 6:30 pm. Food, as well as one drink (softdrink or beer) per person, is included. The bus back to Kulmbach will leave at 9 pm.

Bus Shuttle "Plassenburg Express" The conference venue can either be reached by foot (15 minute walk from the city center) or by bus shuttle called "Plassenburg Express". This bus runs between the bus stop "Klostergasse" (amrked with a green H on the map) and Plassenburg Castle. A one-way single ticket for the "Plassenburg Express" costs 1,60 e and can be obtained from the bus driver. The regular bus schedule is available via: http://www.stadtbus-kulmbach.de/plassenburg-express.html We have arranged additional trips for the Cladocera participants, which can be found on the following page.

4 GENERAL INFORMATION

Monday , September 25 Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 am

Tuesday , September 26 Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 am Departure towards "Klostergasse" at 9 pm

Wednesday , September 27 Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 am

Thursday, September 28 Departure towards the Plassenburg at 8:25 am and 8:40 am Departure towards "Klostergasse" at 6 pm Departure towards "Schwedensteg" at 6:10 pm (We recommend to take this bus for those of who have booked the guided museum tour at the brewery museum, as it is located close to the permises of the Mönchshof)

Friday, September 29 Departure towards the Plassenburg at 9:25 am and 9:40 am Departure towards "Klostergasse" at 3:40 pm

5 GENERAL INFORMATION

6 PROGRAMME PROGRAMME

7 PROGRAMME PROGRAMME

8 PROGRAMME

Monday, September 25

Opening 09:00 Christian Laforsch

Daphnia Populations 09:20 Markus Möst Temporal succession of and gene flow between all three members of the Daphnia longispina- galeata-cucullata complex in a formerly hypereutrophic lake 09:40 Tomasz Brzezinski´ Gene flow within the population of the Daphnia longispina complex inhabiting Lake Ros´ (NE Poland) 10:00 Piet Spaak Are changes in cyanobacterial diversity driving Daphnia populations? Insights from long-term sedimentary records

Anthropogenic Stress 11:00 Piotr Maszczyk Daphnia depth selection in gradients of different artificial light sources: an evolutionary trap? 11:20 Manja Saebelfeld (S) Daphnia in the dark – Simulating loading of humic dissolved organic carbon 11:40 Jens Diller (S) The invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera affects Daphnia magna populations: A mesocosm study 12:00 Semona Issa (S) Impact of biofilm growth on mercury accumulation in Daphnia magna

(S) = student speakers

9 PROGRAMME

Predation I 14:00 Sandra Klintworth (S) The effect of food quality on inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia 14:20 Sven Ritschar (S) Inducible morphological defenses of Daphnia similis against Triops cancriformis and No- tonecta maculata 14:40 Martin Horstmann (S) More than meets the eye - unravelling the morphology of Daphnia’s inducible defences in 3D 15:00 Linda Weiss

Freshwater acidification - Another CO2 problem? Rising pCO2 and sinking pH in freshwater ecosystems affect predator-induced plasticity in Daphnia

Nutrition 16:00 Anna Bednarska Food limitation: the role of food quality and quantity in shaping reproductive strategies in Daphnia magna 16:20 Maja Ilic (S) Intrapopulation variability in susceptibility of Daphnia longispina to limitations by dietary fatty acid availability 16:40 Patrick Fink Algal polyunsaturated fatty acids as a functional trait that links phytoplankton diversity to population dynamics of cladoceran zooplankton 17:00 Meike Hahn (S) The impact of diel vertical migration on the fatty acid composition of Daphnia magna

(S) = student speakers

10 PROGRAMME

Tuesday, September 26

09:00 Dieter Ebert Understanding phenotypic and genetic diversity of Daphnia magna

Daphnia Eco-Evo 10:00 Luc De Meester Ecosystem feedbacks of rapid evolution in Daphnia 10:20 Ellen Decaestecker Life history and eco-evo dynamics in light of gut microbiota, Daphnia as case study

Physiology I 11:10 Jeff Dudycha Daggers of the Mind: Evolution and Visual Function in Daphnia 11:30 Magdalena Rusiłowicz (S) The influence of neurotransmitters on Daphnia life history? 11:50 Matthias Schott Pheromones in Daphnia magna? 12:10 Miroslaw Slusarczyk´ Light quantity, not photoperiod controls diapause termination in Daphnia

Cladocera-omics

14:00 Suda Parimala Ravindran (S) Taking advantage of a decade of Daphnia ‘–omics’ data for gene annotation 14:20 Jacqueline Lange (S) Functional protein engineering in Daphnia 14:40 Stuart Dennis Population genomics of Daphnia galeata 15:00 Kay Van Damme The Bosmina genome (Cladocera: Bosminidae)

(S) = student speakers

11 PROGRAMME

Wednesday, September 27

Predation II 09:00 Magdalena Markowska In the search of chemical nature of fish kairomone 09:20 Benjamin Trotter (S) Plastic waste influences predator-prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: interference of inter- specific communication between Daphnia longicephala and Notonecta glauca 09:40 Andrzej Mikulski Do Daphnia release alarm signals when they are not injured? 10:00 Ewa Narozniak˙ (S) Measurements of metabolism rate - new biotest for alarm signals in Daphnia?

Physiology II 11:00 Sigurd Einum The temperature-size rule: experimental insights from Daphnia 11:20 Erlend I. F. Fossen Quantitative genetics and temperature effects on metabolic rate - body size scaling 11:40 Tim Burton Machine-vision methodology for measuring upper thermal limits in zooplankton: development and test with Daphnia magna

(S) = student speakers

12 PROGRAMME

Thursday September 28

09:00 Ralph Tollrian The ecology and evolution of inducible defences in Daphnia: review and new results

Thursday Varia 10:00 Carmen Gabaldón The influence of littoral vegetation on the spatial distribution of cladocera and rotifer’s resting egg bank 10:20 Miriam Knie Zooplankton for the production of biomass in bioregenerative life support systems in space

Predation III 11:10 Sina M. Becker (S) Daphnia’s swimming behaviour: Behavioural adaptations in a dangerous world 11:30 Piotr Dawidowicz Trade-off in defensive life-history responses of Daphnia magna induced by fish 11:50 Barbara Pietrzak Cladoceran response to perceived predation threat – when late fitness components come into play 12:10 Jaromir Seda Zooplankton-fish interactions driven by cladocerans, namely Daphnia: The difficulties in sep- aration of fish predation from Daphnia growth effects

(S) = student speakers

13 PROGRAMME

Friday September 29

Friday Varia 10:00

10:20 Martin Soesbergen Cladocera of temporary waters in the Netherlands

Stress Varia 11:10 Justynia Wolinska Parasites promote host diversity at the population and ecosystem level 11:30 Øystein Nordeide Kielland Thermal Transgenerational Plasticity in Daphnia pulex 11:50 Ramanibai Ravichandran Studies on the physiological activities of fresh water cladocerans (Moina brachiata and Simo- cephalus sp.) exposed to thermal stress

(S) = student speakers

14 PROGRAMME

POSTER PRESENTATIONS (S) = student posters No. Day Presenting Author Poster Title 1 Tue Anna Neretina (S) A revision of Disparalona hamata species complex (Clado- cera: Chydoridae) in the New and Old World 2 Tue Mathilde Cordellier Characterizing species composition from pooled samples: a combination of old and new 3 Tue La-orsri Sanoamuang Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Floodplain habi- tats in the Songkram River Basin, Northeast Thailand 4 Tue Larisa Frolova Cladocera assemblages from the surface sediments of North-Central Siberia (Russia) lakes 5 Tue Aisylu Ibragimova (S) Cladocera community of Kotovo and Kilometrovoe Lakes (Kharbey Lakes system, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Russia) according to analysis of short sediment cores 6 Tue Jannik Beninde (S) Patterns of hybridization and introgression in the Daphnia longispina-complex revealed by whole genome sequencing 7 Tue Lourdes Elmoor-Loureiro Cladoceran Biodiversity in Brazil: An overview 8 Tue Martha Angélica Gutiérrez- Cladocerans inhabitants in a contaminated aquifer with Ar- Aguirre senic in Mexico 9 Tue Anna Neretina (S) Chydorids (Crustacea: Cladocera) of Ethiopia: diversity and distribution 10 Tue Wojciech Wilczynski´ (S) Combined effects of hypoxia and fish kairomones on heat shock protein Hsp70 and hemoglobin concentrations in Daphnia 11 Tue Bernard Wolfschoon Ribeiro (S) Inducible Defenses with a "Twist": Daphnia barbata Aban- dons Bilateral Symmetry in Response to an Ancient Preda- tor 12 Tue Lei Gu Coupling life history and behavior responses of Moina macrocopa to fish kairomones 13 Tue Eline Beert Daphnia magna as a novel model to study hypoxia-induced cancer-related processes 14 Tue Linda Haltiner (S) Does Daphnia density determine demographic destiny? 15 Tue Kay Van Damme Extreme exoskeleton modifications in a new Chydorus Leach, 1816 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda) from Brazil. 16 Thu Supatra Tiang-nga (S) High diversity of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in a Ramsar site Lake Kud-Thing, Northeast Thailand 17 Thu Vladimir Razloutski Horizontal zooplankton movements in a littoral zone of mesotrophic lake

15 PROGRAMME

18 Thu Lee-Gavin Williams (S) Impacts of eutrophication on zooplankton community structure 19 Thu Anke Schwarzenberger Is there a connection of Daphnia’s clock with genes of the immune system and low-quality food? 20 Thu Charo López-Blanco Making the puzzle pieces fit: challenges associated to cladoceran subfossils in the tropical Lake La Tembladera (Ecuador) 21 Thu Martin Soesbergen Meanwhile in the Netherlands 22 Thu Tomasz Brzezinski´ Ontogenetic changes in isotopic signatures of Daphnia 23 Thu Isabel Vanoverberghe Optimization of experimental methods for investigating host-microbiota interactions in Daphnia magna 24 Thu Anna Neretina (S) Remains of the branchiopod crustaceans associated with corps, sculls and hair of large mammals of Pleistocene "Mammoth Fauna" in the Beringian zone: further progress 25 Thu Dominik Martin-Creuzburg Sex-specific differences in essential lipid requirements of Daphnia magna 26 Thu Patricia Diel (S) Microdefences in Daphnia - Predator induced changes in spinule morphology and distribution 27 Thu Shira Houwenhuyse The Daphnia microbiome: what is core, what is flexible? 28 Thu Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa The genus Disparalona (Cladocera, Chydorinae): two lin- eages and a high diversity in the Neotropics 29 Thu Lore Bulteel The potential of Daphnia-parasite coevolution to affect fun- damental ecosystem functions 30 Thu Ewa Babkiewicz (S) The reaction distance of planktivorous fish (Scardinius ery- throphthalmus) and the evasiveness of its prey (Daphnia pulex x pulicaria) under different artificial light spectra 31 Thu Yameng Lu Transcriptomic response (RNAseq) of Daphnia galeata un- der infection of the parasite Caullerya mesnili

16 Abstracts of Oral and Poster presentations

Abstracts are arranged according to the surname of the presenting author, which is underlined.

Presentation type is specified for each abstract.

17 KEYNOTE

Understanding phenotypic and genetic diversity of Daphnia magna keynote lecture

DIETER EBERT1, PETER FIELDS1

1Zoologisches Institut - Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Basel Contact: [email protected]

Phenotypic and genetic diversity results from the interplay of natural selection, genetic drift (including bot- tlenecks), gene flow and mutations. Widespread species offers the opportunity to disentangle these processes and to answer questions about the processes that shape diversity, addressing the spread and extend of ge- netic diversity, the phylogeography of the species, and genetic and phenotypic divergence. Some species of Cladocera have very widespread geographic ranges. The combination of genomics and classical evolution- ary ecological tools allowed us to address these questions in the Holarctic species Daphnia magna, using clones collected from >170 population from Eurasia, Africa and North-America. For this “D. magna Diver- sity panel” we have data on the geographic origin, habitat, genomes and many phenotypic traits (including life-history, morphology, heat tolerance, parasite resistance, male and ephippia production). Our analysis reveals strong genetic and phenotypic divergence on all spatial scales. On a large scale the species falls into clades, with a clear pattern of isolation by distance within each clade. I will present examples demonstrating genetic and phenotypic divergence of diverse traits, including local adaptation.

18 KEYNOTE

The ecology and evolution of inducible defences in Daphnia: review and new results keynote lecture

RALPH TOLLRIAN1

1Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany Contact: [email protected]

The fascinating ability of organisms to estimate their predation risk, based on chemical cues released by predators, and to form adequate defences against these predators only when the defences are needed, has been reported from unicellular organisms to vertebrates. While protecting the individual, inducible defences bear the potential of influencing population dynamics and food webs. E.g., defences have been found to dampen predator-prey oscillations and to facilitate successful invasions. Especially Daphnia has been found to respond with inducible defences to a range of their predators, even including plants. These defences may be specific to single predators or act as a multi-tool against different predators. Despite their relevance not much is known about the internal pathways of the defence formation. First results show that in responses to different predators different neurophysiological pathways are involved. Genetic analyses identify a range of genes which are involved in defence formation and even the well- studied carapace of Daphnia still holds some surprises. But inducible defences are no safe harbour for prey organisms. New results indicate that they will be affected by man-made environmental changes with the potential for large-scale effects. I will review inducible defences in Daphnia and present new results.

19 B

The reaction distance of planktivorous fish (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and the evasiveness of its prey (Daphnia pulex x pulicaria) under different artifi- cial light spectra poster

EWA BABKIEWICZ1, JOANNA TAŁANDA 1, PIOTR MASZCZYK1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Artificial light at night may increase mortality risk from visually oriented predators not only due to its inten- sity, but also its spectrum. This may be due to the artificial light spectrum differentially affecting predator visual prey detection, and prey evasiveness. To test this, we conducted two types of experiment: first, we assessed the reaction distance (as a behavioral proxy for visual prey detection) and swimming speed (as an indirect measurement of foraging activity) of juvenile rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) allowed to forage on juvenile Daphnia pulex x pulicaria in three artificial light sources: halogen, high pressure sodium (HPS), and metal-halide bulbs, which produced the same low light intensities (0,1 µmol x m-2 x s-1) but with different light spectra; and second, we assessed the evasiveness (escape response) of D. pulex x pulicaria under the same artificial light sources and in dark- ness (as a control), and in the presence or absence of kairomones – chemical information on predation risk (juvenile rudd). We found that variations in the evasiveness of Daphnia did not match the changes in the reaction distance and swimming speed of rudd under the various light sources. While the reaction distance of fish was greater in halogen light than HPS, and the fish’s swimming speed was faster under halogen than other light sources, the evasiveness of Daphnia was greater in halogen and HPS-generated light than in metal-halide light. Therefore, the results suggest that the evasiveness of Daphnia to the threat of fish predation is most effective under halogen light and least effective under metal-halide light.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project No 2014/13/N/NZ8/02462 and Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw intramural grant DSM 501/86-1126038. The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013.

20 B

Daphnia’s swimming behaviour: Behavioural adaptations in a dangerous world oral presentation

SINA M. BECKER1, LINDA C. WEISS 1, MIKAEL T. EKVALL 2, GIUSEPPE BIANCO 2, LARS-ANDERS HANSSON2, RALPH TOLLRIAN 1

1Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum 2Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Sweden Contact: [email protected]

Ecological communities are networks of interacting species. Such interactions ultimately affect and thereby shape ecosystems. Especially, the behaviour of organisms affects community structures. This has been well demonstrated in larger aquatic animals such as crustaceans, fish and sharks. In the case of plankton however studies on behavioural adaptations are scarce. Here, only the study on diel vertical migration represents one well-studied example. Nevertheless, a lot of these organisms play a pivotal role in aquatic ecosystems. For example, small crustaceans of the genus Daphnia belong to the most important species in lakes, transferring energy from the primary producers to the higher trophic levels and have been one focus of ecological research. Foremost, Daphnia is known for its remarkable ability to respond highly plastic to changing environmental conditions including temperature changes or the occurrence of predators. Unfortunately, up to now it was very difficult to observe the exact individual swimming behaviour of these animals because of missing techniques for adequate movement analysis. Here, three-dimensional tracking most often failed because of the small body size and the low contrast between the transparent animals and their environment. Some studies only used two-dimensional monitoring approaches, but these animals move variably within all three dimensions. Therefore, we used a three-dimensional observation method and tagged the animals with fluorescent nanoparticles. We compared the general swimming behaviour of different Daphnia species as well as their behavioural defence strategies in the presence of predator cues: We defined the swimming type and motion patterns of the daphniids and analysed the swimming speed, the preferred swimming depth as well as the swarm formation behaviour. In this study, we observed species-dependent differences and showed that daphniids change their swimming behaviour in the presence of predator cues.

21 B

Food limitation: the role of food quality and quantity in shaping reproductive strategies in Daphnia magna oral presentation

ANNA BEDNARSKA1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

In natural environments, one of the challenges grazers face are periods of inadequate food quantity and quality. In a life table experiment, the effect of food quantity (gradient of algae concentrations) and qual- ity (a diet of cyanobacteria) on the life history and resource allocation strategy in Daphnia magna was tested. Low food quantity resulted in similar changes in Daphnia phenotype as the low quality diet of cyanobacteria. While growth-related traits (growth rate, age and size at maturation) were similarly affected, reproductive strategies differed. The per-clutch allocation (clutch volume) did not differ but resources were differently allocated; starved mothers increased their per-offspring investment by producing fewer but larger eggs whereas cyanobacteria-fed mothers invested in a greater number of eggs of smaller size. I argue that both strategies of resource allocation (number vs. size of eggs) are adaptive under the given food regime.

This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Centre, Poland, project no 2015/17/D/NZ8/00782. The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013

22 B

Daphnia magna as a novel model to study hypoxia-induced cancer-related processes poster

ELINE BEERT1, EMILE CLAPPAERT 1, ISABEL VANOVERBERGHE 1, JEROEN DEKERVEL2, JOS VAN PELT 2, CHRIS VERSLYPE 2, ELLEN DECASTECKER 1

1Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Biology, KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium 2Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Bel- gium Contact: [email protected]

Crustacean Daphnia magna is an established eco-toxicological model organism as it takes an essential place in the feeding web of aquatic ecosystems. Water flea Daphnia is very sensitive for external stressors and therefore often used to study stress responses. In natural populations Daphnia is frequently challenged by alterations in the environmental oxygen level, e.g. through algal blooms. Reduced oxygen levels, even up to only 2% of dissolved oxygen in the medium, are well-tolerated. To compensate for the oxygen shortage Daphnia upregulate their hemoglobin levels via HIF dependent transcriptional activation. In vertebrates, one of the mechanisms induced by hypoxia is epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This is a conserved reversible process in which non-motile epithelial cells become mobile mesenchymal cells under the influence of stress, e.g. growth factors, hypoxia and toxins. EMT plays a substantial role in embryonic development and tumor progression. As no reliable in vivo EMT model is available yet, we introduce Daphnia magna as a novel model to study EMT upon exposure to hypoxia.

23 B

Patterns of hybridization and introgression in the Daphnia longispina-complex revealed by whole genome sequencing poster

JANNIK BENINDE1, ADAM PETRUSEK 2, PIET SPAAK3, KLAUS SCHWENK4, MARKUS MÖST5, AXEL MEYER1

1Department of Biology, University of Konstanz 2Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicnᡠ7, Prague 2, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic 3Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland 4Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany 5Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Contact: [email protected]

The systematics and species delineations of Daphnia continues to be in flux the last 20 years. This is due to challenging and labile phenotypes, hybridization, as well as lack of molecular marker sets. For example, the “Crown of thorns” phenotype, a morphological trait used for the delineation of some species, has been identified as a plastic response that is caused by the presence of Triops dentifera. Species were first iden- tified using allozymes, while the latest phylogenies are based on mitochondrial genes, especially 12S, 16S and COI. This is problematic since mitochondrial DNA can strongly differ between individuals within one population, while the nuclear genome seems to be undifferentiated, at least between some species. Additionally, often particularly variable nuclear markers such as microsatellites are used to distinguish be- tween species. If different molecular markers are used for species recognition on one hand and others for phylogenetic studies progress on these issues will continue to be slow. This is especially true when one needs to be dealing with hybrids, as these, of course, would be expected to show mismatches between nu- clear and mitochondrial DNA. The Daphnia longispina –complex currently includes at least six species, after its taxonomic revision based on mitochondrial sequences. Several species, such as D. hyalina and D. zschokkei, were identified as eco- types of other species, and should no longer be recognized as “good” species. Furthermore, although the species exhibit differences in their preferred ecological habitat, they hybridise easily once in contact. Species recognition and precise molecular and phenotypic delineation is therefore of fundamental importance for any future ecological and evolutionary research that is performed on this species group. We are planning to construct a new phylogeny of this species complex using whole-genome data (nu- clear and mitochondrial) combined with morphological data from all nominal species in the D. longispina- complex. We are planning to sample several populations for each species, to gain a more complete under- standing of the distribution of the individual species and to describe variation within this species group.

24 B

This study will aim to devise fast and certain species recognition. Additionally, we hope to gain insights into the underlying selection pressures causing hybridisation, introgression and adaptation in Daphnia, and thereby ecosystem functioning of temperate lakes in general.

25 B

Gene flow within the population of the Daphnia longispina complex inhabit- ing Lake Ros´ (NE Poland) oral presentation

TOMASZ BRZEZINSKI´ 1, JAN FRONK2, PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ1

11 Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Uniwersity of Warsaw, Zwirki˙ i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw 2Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Uniwersity of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Interspecific hybridisation between sympatric species of Daphnia is common in European lowland lakes. However the description of genetic structure of hybridising populations of Daphnia is usually limited to the cases where only two sympatric species hybridize. Genetic structure of populations of three sympatric species from the Daphnia longispina complex inhabiting Lake Ros´ (NE Poland) was studied throughout one year using quasi-neutral allozymatic markers. We found that all three pure species coexisted in pelagial of the lake and produced different classes of interspecific hybrids: F1, F2, BP. Individuals bearing diagnostic markers of all three pure species were also identified. Exephippial populations of the pure species were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but the population of the D. longispina complex as a whole was not fully panmictic. Severe deficiencies of heterozygotes were found, which points on inferiority of hybrids in am- phigonic (sexual) reproduction. Nevertheless genetic distances between particular taxa were small, which may reflect asymmetries in gene flow within the complex. Populations of daphnids inhabiting Lake Ros´ offer an interesting example for studying reticulate evolution.

26 B

Ontogenetic changes in isotopic signatures of Daphnia poster

TOMASZ BRZEZINSKI´ 1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki˙ i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Stable isotope analysis is frequently used in limnological studies, and isotopic signatures of Daphnia have been frequently advertised as a good baseline for investigations of food web processes. However, inter- specific and ontogenetic variability of isotopic signatures in Daphnia is poorly understood. This may lead to biased determination of food web structure on the basis of trophic fractionation, particularly when rep- resentatives of higher trophic levels feed on particular size classes of Daphnia. In growth experiments I investigated effects of body size and development on δ 15N and δ 13C values in 3 species of Daphnia.I have found body size-related effects on the consumer-diet discrimination factor for both C and N. The dif- ferences in isotopic composition between differently sized daphnids should be taken into account when choosing Daphnia as a baseline value for food chain investigations.

27 B

The potential of Daphnia-parasite coevolution to affect fundamental ecosys- tem functions poster

LORE BULTEEL1

1Biology, Campus Kulak Kortrijk Contact: [email protected]

Parasites have an important role in regulating and shaping host populations by altering their density, genetic structure and diversity. Such population level effects can mediate changes up to the community level, which may be propagated throughout the whole ecosystem by changing food web interactions and dynamics, thereby influencing energy flow and nutrient cycles. Despite the increasing consensus that parasites can have pronounced ecosystem level effects, their role in ecosystem functioning is still largely understudied. Additionally, evolutionary and ecological processes occur at the same time and pace and interact with each other (eco-evolutionary dynamics). This research project aims at obtaining insights in the potential of host- parasite coevolution as an important evolutionary process underlying eco-evolutionary dynamics. We aim to study how this eco-evolutionary dynamics affect fundamental ecosystem functions, more in particular primary productivity and nutrient recycling in freshwater ecosystems. We focus on Daphnia magna, a keystone species in pelagic water systems, and its parasite White fat cell disease (WFCD). We will first perform a selection experiment in mesocosms (180l containers) in which Daphnia magna populations and its parasite WFCD are exposed to different selection pressures determined by the level of P-limitation (P- saturation versus P-depletion). We expect that parasites in the P-limitation treatment will adapt to P-limited hosts and acquire a better ability to perform well on P-limited hosts than parasite populations in the P- saturation treatment, an adaptation that may thus lead to differentiation among parasite phenotypes of both treatments. In a second step, we will perform a ‘common gardening’ experiment by inoculating mesocosms with identical D. magna populations but with parasites from different P-selection histories, i.e. parasites isolated from the different nutrient treatments from the selection experiment. This will allow us to quantify how much ecosystem variation is attributable to ecological effects (degree of P-limitation) and to effects resulting from past parasite coevolution via the Geber method.

28 B

Machine-vision methodology for measuring upper thermal limits in zooplank- ton: development and test with Daphnia magna oral presentation

TIM BURTON1, BETTINA ZEIS 2, SIGURD EINUM 1

1Norwegian University of Science and Technology 2University of Muenster Contact: [email protected]

Recent developments in machine-vision methods: automated, quantitative analysis of video data have dra- matically improved the ability of biologists to investigate the behavior of individuals and groups of animals. The advantages of machine vision methods are clear: they are more efficient, meaning that greater volumes of data can be collected and analysed, protocols can be better standardized among (and within) research groups and observer bias and error should be eliminated. However, such automated analyses of video data are not restricted to investigations of animal behaviour. Here, we present a machine-vision method that can be employed by physiologists interested in measuring the upper thermal limits of small aquatic organisms. To demonstrate our method, we present data from Daphnia magna, showing the time-course of the response in upper thermal limits (measured as the time to immobility at a lethally high temperature) of individuals to both an increase and decrease in ambient temperature.This method is broad in its applicability and could be employed in investigations on the upper thermal limits of a wide range of small aquatic organisms.

29 C

Characterizing species composition from pooled samples: a combination of old and new poster

MATHILDE CORDELLIER1, PETER BRADTKE, EMRE CETIN, YANINA DENNINGER, LISA GOTTSCHLICH

1Zoologisches Institut, Universität Hamburg Contact: [email protected]

Community composition in freshwater habitats is often used to assess the environmental health status of these habitats. Using species producing resting eggs, one can even reconstruct the species composition and its fluctuations in time. However, such assessments are often hampered by the complexity of species determination, or in the case of resting stages, the impossibility to determine species by means of mor- phology. DNA is then the method of choice, and we describe here how species specific markers can be used to describe species composition from pooled samples (either adults or ephippial eggs). Individuals of the Daphnia longispina species complex (DLSC) inhabit very varied freshwater habitats in Europe and more than one species and hybrids might be found at one location. Using genetic markers developed by Rusek et al (2015), we tested several hypotheses to establish a universal protocol. First, the sensitivity of the PCR-RFLP approach was tested on known mixtures of individuals from different species. Second, DNA extraction methods were tested to obtain good quality DNA from ephippia pools, without decapsulation. Last, primers sets were obtained and optimized to amplify shorter fragments of three of the sequences used in Rusek et al. We could thus use an amplicon sequencing approach with high throughput sequencing and analyse the species composition of pooled samples collected in northern german lakes. In the future, this method can be used for a quick screening on pooled ephippia samples.

30 D

Trade-off in defensive life-history responses of Daphnia magna induced by fish oral presentation

PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ1, MIROSŁAW SLUSARCZYK´ 1, JOANNA TAŁANDA1

1Department of Hydrobiology, University of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Fish induced life-history shifts in Daphnia commonly include an increase in early reproduction effort at cost of reduced somatic growth, both shifts being clearly adaptive when mortality risk increases with body size. Yet, as egg number carried by Daphnia may be constrained by the volume of brood chamber, which in turn depends directly on body size, we expect a trade-off between the two responses. We sought the evidence of such trade-off by experimentally comparing the inducible life-history responses of Daphnia magna clones isolated from two populations, one from a fish-inhabited lake and the other from a fishless pond. The lake Daphnia were generally smaller at maturity than those from the pond, most likely a result of long lasting size-selective predation exerted by fish on the former population. When exposed to fish kairomone both groups of Daphnia similarly - in absolute terms - reduced size at maturity, but only the pond Daphnia significantly increased their first clutch size. We suggest that lack of fecundity response to the kairomone in small-sized lake Daphnia results from “brood space constraint”, while the larger kairomone-treated pond Daphnia had sill enough room to fit more eggs into their brood chambers.

This study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co- financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Econ- omy, 2007 – 2013. The research has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no. UMO-2014/13/B/NZ8/04670.

31 D

Life history and eco-evo dynamics in light of gut microbiota, Daphnia as case study oral presentation

ELLEN DECAESTECKER1, EMILIE MACKE1, MARTIJN CALLENS1, AURELIE TASIEMSKI2, FRANCOIS MASSOL

1Aquatic Biology, Kulak, KU Leuven 2Evo-Eco-Paleo group, University Lille, CNRS Contact: [email protected]

In addition to provide their host with metabolic functions that are not encoded in its own genome, evidence is accumulating that gut symbionts affect host traits previously thought to be solely under host genetic control, such as development and behavior. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics studies further revealed that gut microbial communities can rapidly respond to changes in host diet or environmental conditions through changes in their structural and functional profiles, thus representing an important source of metabolic flexi- bility and phenotypic plasticity for the host. Hence, gut microbes appear to be an important factor affecting host ecology and evolution which is, however, not accounted for in life-history theory, or in classic pop- ulation genetics, ecological and eco-evolutionary models. Here, we shed new light on life history and eco-evolutionary dynamics by viewing these processes through the lens of host-microbiota interactions. We follow a three-level approach. First, current knowledge on the role of gut microbiota in host physiology and behavior points out that gut symbionts can be a crucial medium of life history strategies. Second, the partic- ularity of the microbiota is based on its multilayered structure, composed of both a core microbiota, under host genetic and immune control, and a flexible pool of microbes modulated by the environment, which differ in constraints on their maintenance and in their contribution to host adaptation. Finally, gut symbionts can drive the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of their host through effects on individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. In conclusion, we highlight some future perspectives for integrative stud- ies to test hypotheses on life history and eco-evolutionary dynamics in light of the gut microbiota, more in particular in Daphnia.

32 D

Ecosystem feedbacks of rapid evolution in Daphnia oral presentation

LUC DE MEESTER 1, EYERUSALEM GOITOM 1, KRISTIEN BRANS 1, MATTHIAS VANHAMEL1, LYNN GOVAERT1, JELENA PANTEL 2

1Lab Aquatic Ecology, Environment & Conservation, KU Leuven 2Departement of Biology, College of William and Mary Contact: [email protected]

Rapid evolutionary change is receiving increasing attention because it may feedback on ecological dynam- ics. There is the expectation that the effect size of this eco-evolutionary feedback will decline with increas- ing ecological complexity. Yet, given the strong top-down impact that Daphnia can have on phytoplankton, rapid evolution in Daphnia may have strong implications for ecosystem characteristics, potentially code- termining whether the lake or pond is in a clear-water or turbid state. Here we will present results of two experiments testing this idea using two different approaches. In a first experiment, we carry out a mesocosm experiment following a resurrection ecology analysis reporting fast evolution of life history and behavioural traits in responses to changes in fish predation pressure. In a second experiment, we carried out a micro- cosm experiment following an experimental evolution trial in mesocosms, in which we exposed genetically variable populations of Daphnia to increasing nutrients and warming. The results of both experiments sug- gest that rapid evolution in Daphnia can strongly impact ecosystem features. Our results also illustrate that adaptive evolutionary change in a herbivore does not necessarily result in a stronger suppression of primary producers.

33 D

Population genomics of Daphnia galeata oral presentation

STUART DENNIS 1, CORINNE HÄNGGI 1, MARKUS MÖST 2, PIET SPAAK1

1Aquatic Ecology, Eawag 2Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Contact: [email protected]

In the 20th century many European water bodies became eutrophic as a result of industrialisation and ur- banisation. This rapid change in the aquatic environment resulted in changes in the species composition of zooplankton in many lakes. Previous research from our group demonstrated that during the peak of pollu- tion in Lake Greifensee the Daphnia community composition changed as D. galeata successfully invaded and hybridised / displaced, the previously resident D. longispina. Moreover, we also showed that D.galeata resurrected from ephippia collected during the peak of eutrophication, perform better under pollution stress than those hatched from more recent sediments when water quality had been restored. Taken together, these findings suggest that D. galeata not only successfully invaded lake Greifensee, but also adapted phenotyp- ically to the environment. Might then, we see evidence of such adaptation in the genome as well? We performed whole genome resequencing on 43 D. galeata genotypes hatched from dated sediments from Lake Greifensee and conducted population genomic analyses. We show gradual introgression over time in the D. galeata genome resulting in clear population structure consistent with introgression of alleles from D. longispina through hybridisation, and with general changes in the environment within the lake. In this talk, I will discuss aspects of the population genomics of Daphnia galeata.

34 D

Microdefences in Daphnia - Predator induced changes in spinule morphology and distribution poster

PATRICIA DIEL1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH 1, MAX RABUS 1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth Contact: [email protected]

Phenotypic plasticity in defensive traits is a common response of prey organisms in ecosystems with vari- able predation regimes. Cladocerans of the genus Daphnia are known for their ability to express a large variety of inducible morphological defences in response to invertebrate predators, thereafter rendering the daphnids less susceptible to predation. So far, primarily large-scale morphological defences, like helmets, crests and tail-spines have been documented. However, less visually prominent traits may contribute to the effectiveness of the defence. Here, we studied the expression of predator-induced micro defences, namely changes in the morphology of the spinules, tiny spines located on the ventral margins of the carapace and the dorsal ridge, and the size of the spinule bearing areas (SBAs), in Daphnia magna and D. longicephala. The results show that both D. magna and D. longicephala expressed micro defences, against the invertebrate predators Triops cancriformis and Notonecta glauca, respectively. Thereby, the induced individuals showed significantly longer spinules along the ventral carapace margins and the dorsal carapace ridge, in compar- ison to non-induced individuals. In addition to the size of the spinules, also predator-induced changes in their spatial distribution could be observed: In D. magna, Triops induced the expression of a significantly larger dorsal SBA, while Notonecta-induced D. longicephala showed a significantly larger ventral and a smaller dorsal SBA. Since these micro defences likely interfere with the fine cuticular appendages of the feeding apparatus of predatory invertebrates, we anticipate that these minute defensive structures may act synergistically with the macro defences and thus enhance the effectiveness of the defence.

35 D

The invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera affects Daphnia magna populations: A mesocosm study oral presentation

JENS DILLER1 , SOPHIA DRESCHER1,MARIO HOFMANN1, MAX RABUS1, HEIKE FELDHAAR1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth Contact: [email protected]

In their habitats, Daphnia are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stressors. While the effects of many of these stressors are well-studied, there is little knowledge on the effects of a yet neglected potential biotic stressor: allelopathic substances released by terrestrial plants inhabiting the shores of lakes and ponds. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the highly invasive Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera on Daphnia magna . This annual weed plant has invaded large parts of the northern hemisphere and often outcompetes native plants in the invaded regions, building large monocultures. Its competitiveness is pre- sumably based on the production of the allelopathic substance 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ), which is washed out by rainwater from leaves and roots and likely enters neighboring waters in higher quantities through surface runoff. To investigate the effects of I. glandulifera on D. magna , we conducted a mesocosm study, where D. magna populations were exposed to the natural rainwater-runoff from living plants. This study revealed, that the exposure to rainwater-runoff from I. glandulifera leads to a delayed population growth of D. magna , presumably due to both direct and indirect effects of the allelopathic sub- stances. Furthermore, laboratory studies verified the toxicity of 2-MNQ. Therefore, our results indicate that I. glandulifera does not only inhibit land-based competitors, but can also have a negative effect on aquatic organisms. Given these effects and the high spreading capacity of I. glandulifera, it may pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems in the invaded regions.

36 D

Daggers of the Mind: Evolution and Visual Function in Daphnia oral presentation

JEFF DUDYCHA1

1University of South Carolina Contact: [email protected]

Vision allows animals to extract information from light, but it is known to be an energetically costly physi- ological function. Presumably, this function is beneficial to individuals’ fitness. Macroevolutionary studies have shown evolutionary progression of visual sophistication over long time spans. Our understanding of the evolution of vision needs studies at smaller scales to explain the mechanisms by which evolutionary change in vision occurs. We are developing Daphnia as a model system for the evolution of visual function. Daphnia are known to have the capacity for color vision, and exhibit a number of light-dependent behav- iors. Using selection gradient analysis, we have shown that under some circumstances there is selection for increasing eye size in Daphnia and that this selection can be stronger than the selection on body size. We have documented genetic variation of eye size among clones, sexual dimorphism of eye size, and interspe- cific variation in investment in vision. To investigate visual function, we demonstrated that Daphnia have an optomotor response, and used that to measure visual acuity. Together, these results provide a basis for determining how vision influences foraging, predator avoidance, and sexual reproduction.

37 E

The temperature-size rule: experimental insights from Daphnia oral presentation

SIGURD EINUM 1, ØYSTEIN KIELLAND 1, CLAUS BECH 2

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 2Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Contact: [email protected]

Ectotherms commonly decline in adult body size with increasing temperature experienced during develop- ment. This pattern has been termed the temperature-size rule (TSR). One hypothesis explaining this obser- vation is that the challenge of obtaining sufficient oxygen to support metabolism increases with increasing body size, and more so at higher temperatures. Empirical evidence for this includes the observation that the TSR is weaker in terrestrial organisms, which live in an environment of high oxygen availability, than in aquatic organisms. Yet, the oxygen-limitation hypothesis seems to be inconsistent with the observation that variation in critical oxygen concentrations can be independent of, or even negatively related to body size. These observations suggest that the challenge of obtaining sufficient oxygen to support metabolic rates need not increase with body size. Thus, further efforts are clearly needed to evaluate the role of oxygen limitation as an underlying factor for the TSR. Here we present a model that provides quantitative predic- tions for the TSR slope in aquatic environments. When using classic assumptions about how temperature influences oxygen availability through thermodynamics of solubility and diffusion rates we find that ob- served relationships between body size and temperature are much weaker (i.e. order of magnitude) than expected across a wide range of plausible parameter space. However, it is well known that temperature can have additional effects on oxygen availability for organisms due to biological responses (e.g. cell membrane characteristics, hemoglobin quantity and quality). We developed a novel combination of modelling and ex- perimental data to estimate this effect on a whole-organism level in Daphnia magna, and hence to obtain an integrated measure of the temperature-dependent oxygen challenge that include effects of acclimation and phenotypic plasticity. When incorporating this effect into our quantitative model the predicted strength of the temperature-size relationship becomes more consistent with empirical data. Thus, our results lend support to the oxygen availability hypothesis as an explanation for the TSR. However, they also empha- size the importance of acclimation and phenotypic plasticity as mechanisms through which organisms can counteract the oxygen constraints that increased temperature imposes on body size in aquatic ectotherms. Interspecific variation in such abilities, being shaped by differences in selective pressures, may explain the pronounced interspecific variation in the strength of the TSR that is observed among aquatic organisms.

38 E

Cladoceran Biodiversity in Brazil: An overview poster

LOURDES ELMOOR-LOUREIRO 1

1Catholic University of Brasília Contact: [email protected]

Research on Cladocera has increased in the last 20 years in Brazil, resulting in a great number of data on their occurrence and taxonomy. This study synthesizes these data and presents an overview on cladoceran biodiversity in Brazilian freshwaters, based on literature data. There are records from all 12 hydrogeographic regions (HR), and 142 taxa are considered to occur in Brazil. Using presence/absence data for the HRs, a sample-based rarefaction curve, which did not reach stabilization, was obtained. Richness estimators resulted in values between 153.4 and 179.9. Despite the recent advances in taxonomy, about 20% of the species recorded in Brazil still need revision. About 22% of the species occur in nine or moreHRs, and about 38% are restricted to one or two HRs. Some of these endemic species are found in special habitats, such as wet leaf litter, ultraoligotrophic ponds, and rock pools. The highest number of species were reported in the Paraná HR (101 spp), which is also one of the best HRs surveyed. In contrast, the effect of a poor sampling effort was observed for the Uruguay HR, with only 15 species. Surprisingly, the Amazon HR, which is proportionally the least surveyed, is the second in number of species (98); moreover, it presents the highest endemism, with 10 species occurring only in this HR. So, these data suggest that Amazon cladoceran biodiversity is underestimated and that the rainforest could act as a barrier for species dispersion. In the other HRs, there are only up to three exclusive species, suggesting that dispersion among them is more frequent. A large set of species is truly tropical, not occurring in latitudes above 23.5◦S; some of them are endemic to a particular HR, but others are widespread taxa. A smaller number of species is subtropical. In addition, few species are distributed in the intermediate zone (13◦-25◦ S). Bearing in mind the impossibility of checking all species identification obtained from literature, the data presented here could not be considered conclusive. Nevertheless, they could be useful in directing future research efforts.

39 F

Algal polyunsaturated fatty acids as a functional trait that links phytoplank- ton diversity to population dynamics of cladoceran zooplankton oral presentation

PATRICK FINK1, MARIA STOCKENREITER 2, MAJA ILIC1, SARA HAMMERSTEIN 2, HER- WIG STIBOR 2

1Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne 2Dept. of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich Contact: patrick.fi[email protected]

Across ecosystems, biodiversity is related to ecosystem functioning and the current global loss of biodiver- sity is seen as a major threat to the stability of ecosystems, their functions and services to mankind. However, we know surprisingly little about the underlying mechanisms that link species diversity to ecosystem func- tioning. A relatively novel perspective on this link comes via trait-based ecology, where the focus is shifted away from mere species richness to functional trait diversity as the basis of biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. We here present data from experiments that specifically aimed to address the consequences of the loss of important functional traits for the food web in a natural freshwater plankton community. In field mesocosms, we manipulated phytoplankton diversity. Rather than on species loss, we focussed on the loss of an important functional phytoplankton trait that potentially affects the aquatic plant-animal inter- face: phytoplankton polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Many of these PUFA are synthesized by various groups of phytoplankton in a predictable manner dependent on the taxonomic composition of the phyto- plankton community. Zooplankton are unable to synthesize most of these PUFA de novo, but require them for the maintenance of various physiological functions. Hence, the dietary availability of PUFA in the phy- toplankton is a crucial parameter determining the fitness of zooplankton and ultimately the trophic transfer efficiency from phyto- to zooplankton in lakes. We investigated this presumed link between the functional trait phytoplankton PUFA and the plankton food web dynamics with a special focus on cladoceran zoo- plankton. Our results show that functional phytoplankton traits affect zooplankton population dynamics even under variable natural conditions in the field.

40 F

Quantitative genetics and temperature effects on metabolic rate - body size scaling oral presentation

ERLEND I. F. FOSSEN 1 ,CHRISTOPHE PÉLABON 1, SIGURD EINUM 1

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Contact: [email protected]

Metabolic rate is linked to many ecologically important rates, and understanding which factors affect metabolism and how it can evolve can help us understand ecology and evolution of organisms. Two of the most important factors affecting metabolism are body size and temperature. Metabolic rate scales lin- early with body size on a log-log scale. Many studies have shown variation in the slope among species, but very few have tested for genetic variation in the slope within populations, and hence the potential for them to evolve remains unclear. Here we test for genetic variance in these slopes and test whether temper- ature has an effect on them. By using a recently developed protocol of fluorescence-based respirometry we obtain highly precise measures of metabolism for 10 clones of a population of Daphnia magna. Juveniles of different sizes were reared and measured at three temperatures (17◦C, 22◦C and 28◦C). Metabolic rate increased with both temperature and body mass, and the allometric relationship between body mass and metabolic rate decreased with increasing temperature. The decreasing slope with temperature means that the effect of temperature on metabolism becomes weaker as juvenile Daphnia become larger in size. We found no statistically significant genetic variance in this allometric slope at either temperature. However, for a given size, there were significant differences in metabolic rate among clones within temperatures (i.e. different allometric intercepts). The change in the allometric intercept with temperature was clone-specific, generating a genotype-by-environment (GxE) interaction. We discuss the implication of these results for the evolutionary dynamics of metabolic rate reaction norms.

41 F

Cladocera assemblages from the surface sediments of North-Central Siberia (Russia) lakes poster

LARISSA FROLOVA 1, LARISA NAZAROVA 2, ELVIRA ZINNATOVA 1, ANASTASIA FROL- OVA 1, ULRIKE HERZSCHUH 3

1Kazan Federal University, Russia 2University of Potsdam, Germany 3Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine research, Germany Contact: [email protected]

Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) constitute a major component of the planktonic and benthic fauna of the high-latitude lakes. They are tolerant to extreme environmental conditions and are one of very few groups of aquatic animal that are not only able to persist in cold thermokarst lakes but to build up viable populations. Subfossil Cladocera were sampled from surface sediments of 20 thermokarst lakes along a transect crossing the tree line in the Khatanga-river basin, south of Taymyr Peninsula, north-central Siberia (Russia). Surface samples (0–2 cm) were analysed to study the distribution of Cladocera in relation to en- vironmental gradients. We counted 220-351 individuals per sample that gave us a very accurate picture of the contemporary cladocera assemlages. In all investigated lakes, we identified 20 Cladocera taxa in total, with 9 taxa per lake on average. Most abundant taxa were Eubosmina longispina, Chydorus cf. sphaeri- cus, Daphnia longispina agg. Variations in cladoceran assemblages were related to measured physical and chemical variables. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that pH, Na+, Si4+ had a significant influence in determining the composition of cladoceran assemblages. Overall, the relative importance of physical and chemical factors in structuring cladocerans is similar to other previously studied regions, and suggests the Cladocera may be useful as ecological and paleoenvironmental indicators in this region.

42 G

The influence of littoral vegetation on the spatial distribution of cladocera and rotifer’s resting egg bank oral presentation

CARMEN GABALDÓN 1, JAROMIR SEDA 1

1Institute of Hydrobiology, Biological Center of Czech Academy of Science Contact: [email protected]

Aquatic vegetation is an important component of aquatic ecosystems that influences the community struc- ture. For zooplankton, it constitutes a suitable habitat for some species where feed and refuge against fish predation. Recently, several studies have suggested the role of littoral vegetation as a protective structure, not only individuals, but also to resting stages. Wind may passively transport resting eggs when they are floating in the surface water and when the pond/lake is dry and resting eggs are exposed in the first sediment layers. It has been suggested that vegetation in the littoral likely operates as a barrier against this wind dispersal. However, little is known about this topic. Here, we investigated the rotifer and cladocera’s resting egg bank in winter in two farm ponds that remain dry during this season and the main winds are from the west. Resting stages were collected in two ponds at the beginning and the end of the dry period in points with and without vegetation. Our results indicated that (1) rotifers’ egg density was one order of magnitude higher than the density of Daphnia ephippia. (2) The spatial pattern of resting eggs differed between tax- onomic groups: there were more ephippia in points with vegetation located in the eastern part of the pond than in the central part lacking of vegetation or in the western part with vegetation, while the density of rotifer’s eggs tended to be lower in vegetated points. When the western sampling site was surrounded by trees, which may operate as a protective structure against dispersal from west winds, there was as ephippial density as in the vegetative, eastern part; however, when there were no trees surrounded the pond, western point with vegetation had the same low ephippial density as in the central part. (3) There was a slightly higher proportion of viable eggs of both taxa and higher proportion of non-empty ephippia in vegetative points. Finally, (4) in contrast that we expected, no relevant loss of resting stages occurred during the dry season in points lacking of vegetation and/or situated in eastern parts, likely because the strong, frequent snowfalls covered the ponds with ice, which avoided resting eggs being exposed to wind action.

Key words: Arsenic, Chydoridae, Daphniidae, Sididae, pollution, freshwater.

43 G

Coupling life history and behavior responses of Moina macrocopa to fish kairomones poster

LEI GU 1, ZHOU YANG 1

1Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nan- jing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China Contact: [email protected]

Cladocera, an important model organism for studying aquatic ecology and evolution, is a textbook example of inducible defense against predators. To test the defense traits of Moina macrocopa in response to different fish species and kairomone concentrations, we selected three fish species, namely, Rhodeus ocellatus, golden fish Carassius auratus, and Danio rerio to explore this question. We measured the size at maturity, time to reproduction, size of brood, and the moving rate of M. macrocopa. Results revealed that this crustacean species exhibited earlier reproduction time and increase in offspring number when exposed to R. ocellatus kairomone. In addition, the moving rate of Moina exposed to R. ocellatus kairomone was significantly lower than to other tested fish species after the third instar stage. We found coupling life history and behavior- related responses evoked by R. ocellatus kairomone. These results provide evidence supporting energy re-allocation between life history and behavior in inducible defenses of M. macrocopa.

44 G

Cladocerans inhabitants in a contaminated aquifer with Arsenic in Mexico poster

MARTHA ANGÉLICA GUTIÉRREZ-AGUIRRE 1, YADIRA J. MENDOZA-CHÁVEZ 2, NA- DIA V. MARTÍNEZ-VILLEGAS 2, ADRIÁN CERVANTES-MARTÍNEZ 1, JOSÉ LUIS UC- CASTILLO 1

1Departamento de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad de Quintana Roo 2Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica Contact: [email protected]

Arsenic is a water pollutant that causes health damage on the aquatic organisms. According with Mexican and international regulations no more than 0.2 mg L-1 of Arsenic are allowed for protecting aquatic life; in addition, experimental laboratory tests have reported lethal concentration of 3.0 mg L-1 in Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera: Daphniidae). However, we found species of Cladocera living in systems with Arsenic concentration up to 5.9 mg L-1 in one aquifer from the North region of Mexico. These systems are in Matehuala, San Luis Potosí, Mexico where Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888 and Pleuroxus (Picripleuroxus) quasidenticulatus (Smirnov, 1996) were recorded in aquatic systems with Arsenic concentration of 1.0 and 5.9 mg L-1, respectively. Alona cf. setulosa Megard, 1967; Simocephalus punctatus Orlova-Bienkowskaja, 1998; and Chydorus sp., were found in water with arsenic levels lower than 0.2 mg L-1. All species showed very low abundances (0.9 to 2.5 organisms L-1) probably because the analyzed aquifer in Matehuala exceeds the Arsenic levels required for the protection of aquatic live, as well as the experimental lethal concentrations tested in cladocerans. This study contribute to the identification of cladocerans species inhabiting water polluted with Arsenic as well as species that could be used as regional bio indicators of water quality, instead of cladocerans like Daphnia magna which is an exotic species from México. Experimental studies are necessary to test this information.

45 H

The impact of diel vertical migration on the fatty acid composition of Daphnia magna oral presentation

MEIKE HAHN 1, ERIC VON ELERT 1

1Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne Contact: [email protected]

The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is known to limit growth and reproduc- tion of Daphnia. Furthermore, Daphnia exhibit plasticity concerning the assimilation of certain PUFAs to adapt to different temperature regimes. An increased PUFA content in the body tissue is thought to increase membrane fluidity which might be necessary for the residence in cold environments. Recently, it has been shown that EPA-limitation of Daphnia suppresses the induction of diel vertical mi- gration (DVM) in response to a fish-borne kairomone. This has been explained by the putatively increased PUFA demand of animals migrating into the cold hypolimnion due to the required increase in membrane fluidity. Here we investigated if DVM causes changes in the fatty acid composition of Daphnia magna. To do so we simulated DVM (temperature and light conditions) in a small-scale system. We used a two-factorial design with the factors absence/presence of DVM and absence/presence of fish kairomone and tested for effects on life-history parameters and on the fatty acid composition of the daphnids. Fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography. Preliminary results indicate that the accumulation of different fatty acids in D. magna is regulated by dif- ferent DVM-specific factors. Whereas the content of a subset of fatty acids in D. magna is affected by the presence of a predator only, other fatty acids are affected by the DVM-specific temperature and light regime. These results will reveal in how far fish-borne kairomones and DVM affect the well-known EPA-limitation in daphnids.

46 H

Does Daphnia density determine demographic destiny? poster

LINDA HALTINER 1, CORINNE HÄNGGI 1, PIET SPAAK 1, STUART DENNIS 1

1Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag Contact: [email protected]

Understanding demographic transitions in populations can provide valuable information on how life history might be affected by both ecological and evolutionary processes. Typically, and particularly in Daphnia ecology, such life-tables are calculated from individual-based life-history assays; growth, maturation and reproductive rates are measured in isolated individuals. However, such experiments are both time and re- source intensive, and may not accurately reflect population level demographics, i.e. density-dependence. I established experimental populations of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Daphnia galeata neonates and monitored population growth and demographic transitions over 21 days. I will present life table data for ten genotypes and show how density-dependence may affect population demographics.

47 H

More than meets the eye - unravelling the morphology of Daphnia’s inducible defences in 3D oral presentation

MARTIN HORSTMANN 1, RALPH TOLLRIAN 1, LINDA C. WEISS 1

1Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum Contact: [email protected]

Waterfleas of the genus Daphnia are abundant primary consumers and key species in freshwater ecosystems. Many studies have shown their high degree of phenotypic plasticity against a range of predators. Daphnia forms so called ‘inducible defences’ that are temporally coherent to the occurrence of carnivores, e.g. larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus. The most conspicuous inducible defences are morphological alterations found in many species of this genus e.g. spines, thorns, neckteeth or crests. These render Daphnia less susceptible to predators. As only full knowledge of shape alterations allows to identify the mechanisms of the defense, we performed a three-dimensional shape analysis with a new developed workflow, comparing defended and undefended morphotypes in a high resolution. Therefore, casts of the typical and induced morph are analysed statistically and averaged to 3D models for comparison. This revealed novel defensive features in a range of Daphnia species. We compared the morphology of the typical and predator induced morph of five Daphnia species against fish, Triops, Notonecta and Chaoborus predation. From the broad range of defensive strategies, we chose the morphological alterations of Daphnia lumholtzi, D. magna, D. longicephala, D. barbata and D. pulex. Animals raised in the presence of these predators showed the commonly known shifts in morphology, but additional remarkable changes that have not been described so far. Furthermore, we found dispositions in the overall surface shape. These data are indispensable in future analyses, studying the function of morphological alterations with respect to anti-predatory mechanisms.

48 H

The Daphnia microbiome: what is core, what is flexible? poster

SHIRA HOUWENHUYSE 1, EMILIE MACKE 1, MARTIJN CALLENS 1, ELLEN DECAESTECKER 1

1Biology, KULAK Contact: [email protected]

The gut microbiome represents an important source of metabolic flexibility that may allow the host to rapidly acquire phenotypes that are adapted to changing environmental conditions. Recently, it is suggested that the gut microbiome can be divided in two parts that are the extremes of a continuum to which most bacterial strains belong. The first part is the “core” microbiome, which consists of host-adapted microbes. It is hypothesized that the “core” microbiome is assembled from diverse environments and largely determined by genetic factors. Given the importance of the services that the “core” microbiome provides for the host, one possibility is that the “core” microbiome is vertically transmitted. The second part of the gut microbiome is the “flexible” pool of microbes, which composition varies depending on environmental conditions. These bacteria are mainly acquired through horizontal transmission and exchange with the environment. It is not known in how far genetic factors play a role in this “flexible” microbiome. Knowledge on the microbiome of Daphnia is rapidly accumulating. Several bacterial taxa are consistently found in affiliation with Daphnia, even in geographically separated populations, indicating a highly specific association between Daphnia and its microbiome. Nevertheless, the presence of a “core” microbiome in Daphnia is debated, given the inconsistencies found over different experiments. In my PhD, I will first determine which bacteria belong to the “core” microbiome of Daphnia magna. Therefore eight Daphnia magna populations will be collected from eight different ponds. From each pond, the guts of 20 individuals will be dissected. The bacterial composition (OTU = operational taxonomic units) of the gut will be determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Then, I will compare the results of this first sampling with the bacterial composition of the gut of Daphnia magna who were fed with cyanobacteria (as determined by Macke et al., in revision). I expect that due to the cyanobacteria, different bacteria will be present in the gut of Daphnia magna to be able to cope with the cyanobacteria, representing the “flexible” microbiome.

49 I

Cladocera community of Kotovo and Kilometrovoe Lakes (Kharbey Lakes system, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Russia) according to analysis of short sediment cores poster

AISYLU IBRAGIMOVA 1, LARISA FROLOVA 1

1Kazan Federal University Contact: [email protected]

Nowadays, scientists have a particular interest in studying lakes that are remote from the direct influence of the industrial facilities, due to their enhanced sensitivity for the environment changes. The method of the climate reconstructions based on subfossil Cladocera studies has never been used for the territories of Bolshezemelskaya tundra, which is a part of the virgin territories of the Russian North. The aim of the study was the qualitative rating of the changes in the region based on the analysis of two shallow lakes of Kharbey system -Kotovo (67◦32’742”N, 062◦51’630”E) and Kilometrovoe (67◦36’463”N, 062◦52’148”E)-which are connected by ducts with bigger lakes (Golovka, Bolshoy Kharbey, Maliy Kharbey). According to the 210Pb- dating of the Lake Bolshoy Kharbey bottom sediments, the average value of sedimentation rate, calculated for the first 20 cm of the column, is 1,34±0,12 mm/year respectively, the age of 19-20 cm layer is 149±13 years. The sampling of the bottom sediments was carried out with a UWITEC firm sampler in the framework of summer expedition 2011. Short columns of bottom deposits of Kotovo and Kilometrovoe Lakes with a length of 27 and 16 cm, respectively, were analyzed for the qualitative content of Cladocera. Analysis of samples was performed with the one centimeter step of cutting. In the subfossil composition of lakes 20 taxa of Cladocera were registered: 17 taxa in Lake Kotovo and 15 taxa in Lake Kilometrovoe. During the history of studied lakes radical changes in Cladocera community was not registered. Subdominants of Kotovo Lake are represented by Chydorus cf. sphaericus, Alona affinis and Bosmina (Eubosmina) sp. Chydorus cf. sphaericus (53,1%) has been the dominant in the Lake Kilometrovoe throughout the entire period of the study, while in Kotovo Lake this taxon becomes the dominant only at the depth of 9 cm by replacing Alona affinis. The increase of the planktonic species proportion in the upper 0-3 cm of the sediments with decreasing of the relative abundance of the littoral zone inhabitants is noted. The identified transformation can be the consequence of the climate changes, which appears in the depth raising of the seasonal soil thawing, linked with an increase in the average temperatures of the region in a short growing season. The Shannon-Weaver index values of the Lake Kotovo corresponds to the interval 2,34-3,16, and the one of Lake Kilometrovoe corresponds to the interval 1,4-2,7. Thus, lakes can be attributed to the class of moderately polluted waters.

50 I

Intrapopulation variability in susceptibility of Daphnia longispina to limita- tions by dietary fatty acid availability oral presentation

MAJA ILIC 1, PATRICK FINK 1

1Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne Contact: [email protected]

One of the factors that determine food quality of phytoplankton for herbivorous zooplankton (e.g. Daphnia) is the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It has been shown that particular ω3- and ω6- PUFAs have a positive effect on the fitness of Daphnia. As Daphnia is not able to synthesize these PUFAs de novo, they are essential dietary components for daphnids. Essential PUFAs are thus a functional phyto- plankton trait that affects the trophic transfer efficiency and dynamics between the primary producers and consumers. In turn, the susceptibility of consumers to become limited by the availability of essential PUFAs is a fitness-determining trait of Daphnia genotypes. The variability of this herbivore trait will thus affect the daphnids’ intrapopulation competition. To estimate the susceptibility of different Daphnia longispina clones from a natural population to limitations by dietary PUFA availability, we conducted standardized laboratory growth assays. D. longispina juveniles were fed with the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus, which lacks par- ticular PUFAs like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 ω6). We used a liposome supplementation technique to enrich S. obliquus with EPA, ARA and α-linoleic acid (ALA, 18:3 ω3). The somatic growth rate of D. longispina juveniles was used as a fitness proxy. As expected, D. longispina clones isolated from a natural population differed in their specific patterns of susceptibility to dietary PUFA availability. Phytoplankton PUFAs are thus a crucial trait that can probably affect intraspecific competition processes and Daphnia population structure.

51 I

Impact of biofilm growth on mercury accumulation in Daphnia magna oral presentation

SEMONA ISSA1

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Contact: [email protected]

Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant of high international concern because of its long-range transport across the globe and its various toxic properties. The bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential of Hg determine its level of toxicity and vary according to its chemical and physical form. Aquatic organisms such as the water flea Daphnia magna can take up mercuric ions (Hg2+) from water by adsorption onto and absorption through biological membranes, in addition to food ingestion. A major problem for studying the toxicity of mercury in aquatic environments is the development of biofilm. Biofilm commonly grows in culture medium and serves as additional food for experimental organisms, enhancing their survival and growth. The unknown nature of the biofilm and its relative contribution to the daphnids’ diet most likely vary in time. Furthermore, Hg2+ can accumulate in the biofilm, which then serves as an additional source of Hg to the animals. The effect of biofilm growth on mercury accumulation in daphnids therefore needs to be controlled. One means of accomplishing this would be to eliminate the biofilm from the medium through continuous medium renewal. However, this risks negatively affecting daphnid survival and growth. Therefore, we conducted ◦ an experiment where single Daphnia magna clones were exposed at 20 C to high and low Hg (HgCl2) concentrations in the presence and absence of biofilm. Our objective was to detect whether there was a significant difference in Hg accumulation in daphnids as a function of Hg accumulation in biofilm, and consequently whether or not to eliminate the biofilm from the culture medium.

52 K

Thermal Transgenerational Plasticity in Daphnia pulex oral presentation

ØYSTEIN NORDEIDE KIELLAND 1

1Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Contact: [email protected]

Environmental change may cause phenotypic changes that are inherited across generations through transgen- erational plasticity (TGP). If TGP is adaptive, offspring fitness increases with an increasing match between parent and offspring environment. Here we test for adaptive TGP in somatic growth and metabolic rate in response to temperature in the clonal zooplankton Daphnia pulex. Animals of the first focal generation experienced thermal transgenerational ‘mismatch’ (parental and offspring temperatures differed), whereas conditions of the next two generations matched the (grand)maternal thermal conditions. Adjustments of metabolic rate occurred during the lifetime of the first generation (i.e. within-generation plasticity). How- ever, no further change was observed during the subsequent two generations, as would be expected under TGP. Furthermore, we observed no tendency for increased juvenile somatic growth (a trait highly correlated with fitness in Daphnia) over the three generations when reared at new temperatures. These results are inconsistent with existing studies of thermal TGP, and we describe how previous experimental designs may have confounded TGP with within-generation plasticity and selective mortality. We suggest that the current evidence for thermal TGP is weak. To increase our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary role of TGP, future studies should more carefully identify possible confounding factors.

53 K

The effect of food quality on inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia oral presentation

SANDRA KLINTWORTH 1, MARK CHRISTJANI 1, ERIC VON ELERT1

1Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne Contact: [email protected]

Numerous studies have led to the conclusion that inducible defenses are an adaptation to fluctuating pre- dation risk. These defenses can comprise, amongst others, morphological alterations, especially in the presence of size-selective predators. If prey consumes food of low quality, the reduced growth leads to an increase in developmental time. In the presence of a gape-limited predator, which is selecting for small prey, this would lead to an increased time spent by the prey in the vulnerable body size range. Therefore, the probability to be encountered by the predator during vulnerable stages would increase with low food quality. We hypothesize that this presumably increased predation risk can be reduced by a stronger de- ployment of morphological defenses. Here we used the well-studied model organism Daphnia pulex which deploys neckteeth as a response to the presence of the predatory phantom midge larvae Chaoborus sp. We investigated how the quality of algal food influences the strength of defensive neckteeth induction in D. pulex. By feeding algae that were shown to cause differing somatic growth rates for D. pulex a gradient of food quality was established. Preliminary results of this study demonstrate that the reduced growth of D. pulex caused by the consumption of low quality food leads to an increased investment into neckteeth in juvenile D. pulex. The experiments were conducted with several clones of D. pulex that differ in the degree of neckteeth induction in order to allow for a generalization of this food quality effect. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the strength of inducible morphological defenses is not only influenced by predator density but also by the bottom-up factor food quality.

54 K

Zooplankton for the production of biomass in bioregenerative life support systems in space oral presentation

MIRIAM KNIE 1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth Contact: [email protected]

The waterflea Daphnia is a promising candidate for bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS), because of its essential role in the aquatic food web and its mode of reproduction. However, the effects of altered gravity on Daphnia have to be investigated, especially on the molecular level, to evaluate the suitability of Daphnia for BLSS in space. The experiment aboard the sounding rocket TEXUS 52 was designed to elucidate the influence of altered gravity conditions on gene expression in Daphnia magna. Three consecutive time points were chosen during the flight to compare the data with a 1g reference: Directly at the onset of microgravity (µg) , to discriminate the effects of the launch and despin (hypergravity/ accelerations); at 180 s µg and at 360 s µg. We applied a microarray approach to identify genes involved in the response to different gravity conditions. In total, 755 of the significantly altered transcripts (p < 0.05) showed an at least 2- fold up- or down-regulation in expression. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation showed that the upregulated transcripts are mainly related to stress response, protein and energy metabolism, transcription, electron transport and DNA/RNA metabolism. The down-regulated transcripts however are associated with cell organisation, biosynthesis, reproduction, the cuticle and the response to biotic/abiotic stimuli. By comparing the expressions patterns at the different time points, we have shown that the pattern of expression did not occur in a stereotypical manner. Some of the transcripts are regulated in an opposite manner by hypergravity/ accelerations and microgravity. This hints at a specific reaction to altered gravity conditions rather than being an overall stress response. Whether the differentially expressed transcripts are just an initial response or become manifest on the protein levels has to be further evaluated.

This work was financially supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) (FKZ: 50 WB 1329).

55 L

Functional protein engineering in Daphnia oral presentation

JACQUELINE LANGE 1, CHRISTIAN PICHLO 2, FATIH DEMIR 3, ULRICH BAUMANN 2, ERIC VON ELERT 1

1Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne 2Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne 3Forschungszentrum Jülich Contact: [email protected]

Though functional genomics is becoming available in Daphnia, gene silencing and gene editing approaches have their limits, if alternative metabolic pathways or functional redundancies of proteins allow for com- pensatory mechanism within an organism. In these cases the adaptive value of non-synonymous mutations can best be investigated by heterologous expression and subsequent characterization of mutated and non- mutated forms of functional proteins. Here we present a case-study of D. magna, in which one Daphnia population exists without cyanobacteria (naive population) and the other coexists with cyanobacteria that produce protease inhibitors (experienced population).These protease inhibitors have been shown to decrease the proteolytic activity of the major gut proteases of D. magna, i.e. chymotrypsin, and to reduce the fitness of Daphnia. Several lines of ev- idences point at local adaptation of the digestive proteases to the cyanobacterial inhibitors, but molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of proteases to these inhibitors have not been studied. Three loci are coding for digestive chymotrypsins, and haplotype analyses suggest that some of these loci have been under selective pressure in the experienced population. In one locus, the two populations differ by a single non-synonymous mutation. In order to identify the adaptive value of this amino acid exchange we have expressed this gene in a heterologous system. We used the well-established insect cell culture line (SF21) of Spodoptera frugiperda to express the Daph- nia gut protease CT448 from the experienced population. To achieve this we generated an infectious ba- colovirus, which contains the sequence for the CT448 gene of the experienced population. Furthermore, we added a C-terminal streptactin tag (Strep-Tag R ) for subsequent purification via affinity chromatogra- phy. After purification, activity measurements were conducted with different specific substrates based on p-nitroanilide. Additionally, proteomic identification of cleavage sites (PICS) and in silico characterization identified surprising properties of this putative chymotrypsin. In order to obtain CT448 from the naive pop- ulation for in vitro comparison of these two proteases in the future, the non-synonymous mutations will be introduced to the CT448 gene by side directed mutagenesis via specific primers. In conclusion, for the first time we heterologously expressed a Daphnia magna gut protease and established a purification protocol to study the adaptive value of a non-synonymous mutation. We characterized this protein in vitro and in silico to achieve insights to its function.

56 L

Making the puzzle pieces fit: challenges associated to cladoceran subfossils in the tropical Lake La Tembladera (Ecuador) poster

CHARO LÓPEZ-BLANCO 1, ARTEM SINEV 2, WILLIAM FRANCIS KENNEY 3, ANDRÉS VARAS 4

1Escuela Politécnica Nacional.Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Voro- bievy Gory, Moscow 119899 Russia 3Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2120, USA 4Instituto Nacional de Investigación Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INIGEMM), Sector Monteserrín, Las Malvas E15-142 y De los Perales, Quito, Ecuador Contact: [email protected]

Most paleolimnological studies based on cladoceran subfossils are from the northern latitudes while the southern hemisphere and in particular, the equatorial area is a less explored area. Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) biodiversity was examined in sediment assemblages in La Tembladera Lake, on the southern coast of Ecuador. We found remains from 14 Cladocera taxa belonging to three families: Sididae, Daph- nidae and Chydoridae. Then, cladoceran remains together with plant macrofossils and biogeochemistry data were used to infer changes during the last century in this ecosystem. Early in the sediment sequence (ca. AD 1750-1963), we identified changes in cladoceran sub-fossils related to shifts in the hydrologic regime associated with flood frequency (El Niño or minor scale damming). Chydorus and Euricercus seems to skip the dilution effect experienced by other cladocerans during flood events. In ca. AD 1963, the construction of a sluice gate to store water in the northern margin of the lake led to an increase in the littoral area (Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Typha latifolia, Cyperaceae). This favored the littoral cladoceran Kurzia. Recently, a shift in top predators (fishes and invertebrates) was recorded in the sediment record as an in- crease in big cladoceran taxa (Ceriophania and Sarsilatona) and in the number of total number of cladocera ephippia. We succeeded to make inferences based on cladoceran remains but we found some problems de- rived from 1) identifications at genus level, instead of at species level, 2) the general ecological information for some genus and especially, 3) the presence of multiple stressors in recent times, which make much more complex the interpretations. Future studies on cladoceran taxonomy and autoecology should be carry out in equatorial latitudes to refine palaeoecological interpretations based on cladocerans subfossils.

57 L

Transcriptomic response (RNAseq) of Daphnia galeata under infection of the parasite Caullerya mesnili poster

YAMENG LU 1, STUART DENNIS 2, PIET SPAAK2, JUSTYNA WOLINSKA 3

1Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 2Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) 3Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Freie Universität Berlin (FU) Contact: [email protected]

Regulatory circuits of the infection of Daphnia by their microparasites remain largely unknown. Here we provide molecular insights into infection dynamics between Daphnia galeata and the parasite Caullerya mesnili, an ichthyosporean infecting the gut epithelium. Increasing evidence shows that C. mesnili has high virulence and is one of the most common pathogens of Daphnia species that inhabit in lakes throughout Europe. We generated a transcriptomic dataset from infected (vs. uninfected) Daphnia, at two different time points (4 hours and 48 hours) after parasite exposure. By annotating a de novo assembly of RNAseq data, we will be able to identify putative orthologs for the majority of components of Daphnia immune system, as well as functional highlights in respect to cell recognition and signal transduction. These data on regulatory mechanisms in host-parasite infection will help us to explore the presence/conservation of fundamental processes throughout evolution and to understand the dynamics of host-parasite co-evolution.

58 M

In the search of chemical nature of fish kairomone oral presentation

MAGDALENA MARKOWSKA 1, MAGDALENA BIESAGA 2, PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ3, ANNA RUSZCZYÓSKA4, MIROSLAW SLUSARCZYK´ 3, JOANNA PIJANOWSKA3

1Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 2Laboratory For Flow Analysis and Chromatography, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Uni- versity of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 3Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 4Expert Analytical Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Contact: [email protected]

Since over 20 years the identification of the complex chemical nature of fish kairomone has been the goal of numerous studies. It is proposed that components of fish-exuded kairomone cocktail should be evolutionar- ily conserved and widely occurring in aquatic habitats inhabited by fish. In previous studies, fish-conditioned water, fish feaces as well as mucus were examined for their ability to induce predator avoidance behavior, life history, and morphological changes. Therefore, gastrointestinal tract, gills, skin and mucus plus associ- ated bacteria may constitute the source of active molecules of kairomone. In our study, the fish (Carassius carassius) -conditioned water has been subjected to the procedure of chromatographic separation in order to separate and identify fractions with kairomone-like activity. For this purpose, high performance liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as a detection system has been used. Paralelly, we tested several components associated with the fish gastrointestinal tract, most prob- ably present in the crucian carp – conditioned water. To examine the kairomone-like activity of obtained water fractions or selected components, we performed two bioassays on Daphnia magna: diurnal vertical migration behavior and life history response. In two out of four separated fractions and several compounds tested, kairomone-like activity has been detected.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no 2014/13/B/NZ8/04670. The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013

59 M

Sex-specific differences in essential lipid requirements of Daphnia magna poster

DOMINIK MARTIN-CREUZBURG 1, TAMARA MASSIER 1, ALEXANDER WACKER2

1Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz 2Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, University of Potsdam Contact: [email protected]

Essential lipid requirements of Daphnia have been extensively studied in the past decade. Dietary deficien- cies in sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to severely constrain growth and parthenogenetic reproduction of female Daphnia. Essential nutrient requirements of male Daphnia have not been studied yet. Growth experiments were conducted to investigate sex-specific differences in sterol (cholesterol) and PUFA (EPA) requirements between female and male Daphnia magna. The results revealed that females have a higher threshold for sterol-limited juvenile somatic growth than males, presumably be- cause of their generally higher growth potential. The thresholds for EPA-limited juvenile somatic growth did not differ between sexes. However, once females start to reproduce, PUFA allocation into the eggs presumably results in higher PUFA requirements of females. Studying sex-specific differences in essential nutrient requirements may help to understand the patterns of sexual reproduction in Daphnia under field conditions and thus is of great ecological and evolutionary interest.

60 M

Daphnia depth selection in gradients of different artificial light sources: an evolutionary trap? oral presentation

JOANNA TAŁANDA1, EWA BABKIEWICZ 1, PRZEMYSŁAW DYNAK1, PAULINA URBAN2, PIOTR MASZCZYK1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw 2Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Contact: fi[email protected]

The presence of a gradient of artificial light at night (ALAN) in the water column in a lake would cause an increase in predation risk from visually oriented planktivorous fish to zooplankton, such as Daphnia. This would be not only due to the intensity of the artificial light, but also its spectrum, and may happen because the artificiality of the spectrum results in inappropriate assessment of the actual predation risk at different depths. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a three step experimental procedure. First, we assessed the reaction distance (RD, as a behavioral proxy for visual prey detection) of juvenile rudd (Scardinius erythrophthal- mus) that were allowed to forage on 5-day old Daphnia longispina under four different light sources that produced the same low intensity light but with different light spectrum characteristics: light that mimicked the spectrum of sunlight (as a control) and three artificial light sources (white LED, high pressure sodium – HPS, and metal-halide lamps) commonly used in street lighting. Second, using the RD results obtained in the first step, we parameterized an optimizing simulation individual based model and generated virtual Daphnia distributions in an overlapping gradient of algal food with maximum concentration in subsurface water layers and light gradients of the different light sources (sunlight or each of the three artificial light sources). Finally, we compared (in the same ambient conditions) the theoretical distributions from the model simulations with the distributions observed in the laboratory experiments performed with 5-day old D. longispina in an experimental apparatus comprised of twin vertical columns. The distributions obtained in the laboratory experiment mimicked the virtual distributions in all four light source gradients. Daphnia selected the greatest depths in the gradients of sunlight and metal-halide spectra and the shallowest in the HPS spectrum. Therefore the results did not confirm our hypothesis. This suggests that Daphnia appropriately adjust their depth selection behavior to the light-spectrum-dependent actual risk of predation in gradients of all the artificial light sources.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project No 2014/13/N/NZ8/02462. The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013.

61 M

Do Daphnia release alarm signals when they are not injured? oral presentation

ANDRZEJ MIKULSKI 1, MAGDALENA LIS

1Department of Hydrobiology, University of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Efficient defence against predation requires a reliable information from the environment about real and current threat. Prey ability to receive and process chemical information on predator presence (kairomones) or predation intensity (alarm signals) can be crucial to effectively avoid the danger. Reactions to both, kairomones and alarm signals are well described in Daphnia. Though informative value of kairomones is unquestionable, the value of alarm signals is not evident. Such signals may originate from digested Daphnia and they are released into water some hours after they have been captured by a predator, usually far from the place where it happened. The defensive reaction of other Daphnia could be much faster if such a signal is immediately produced and released by scared Daphnia. Our attempt to uncover such a mechanism seems promising and its ecological implications are discussed.

62 M

Temporal succession of and gene flow between all three members of the Daph- nia longispina-galeata-cucullata complex in a formerly hypereutrophic lake oral presentation

MARKUS MÖST 1, SARAH WOLF 2, CHRISTOPH TELLENBACH2, PIERO GUILIZZONI3, MARINA MANCA3, PIET SPAAK2

1Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Austria 2Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland 3CNR-ISE, Verbania Pallanza, Italy Contact: [email protected]

Eutrophication constitutes a primary problem for lakes world-wide and has a strong impact on their ecosys- tems, e.g. increased productivity, shifts in species composition and food web effects. The hybridizing Daphnia longispina-galeata-cucullata species complex occupies a critical role in food webs in many peri- alpine lakes north and south of the European Alps. Paleogenetic studies in lakes north of the Alps identified D. longispina as the native species and demonstrated the invasion of D. galeata followed by taxonomic shifts and pervasive hybridisation and introgression during times of trophic changes. A recent field survey revealed a dominance of D. galeata and D. longispina x galeata hybrids in lakes south of the Alps leading to the hypothesis that D. galeata is native to the South. Our paleogenetic study of lake Varese (Italy) recon- structs trophic changes and associated taxonomic shifts over several decades. We observe drastic changes in taxonomic composition and hybridisation of all three parental species over time. We discuss the observed shifts in taxonomic composition in the context of known ecological characteristics and available data on the fish population and trophic conditions. We conclude that changes in food quantity and quality and size- selective fish predation pressure represent the most likely explanation for the temporal succession of the three different parental species and their hybrids. Also, the presence of D. longispina resting eggs before the onset of eutrophication challenges the hypothesis of D. galeata being the native taxon in lakes south of the Alps. Moreover, we will introduce a new project that aims to elucidate the genome-wide patterns and consequences of gene flow using the egg bank of Lake Varese and similar systems.

63 N

Measurements of metabolism rate - new biotest for alarm signals in Daph- nia? oral presentation

EWA NAROZNIAK˙ 1, MIROSŁAW SLUSARCZYK´ 1, JOANNA PIJANOWSKA1

1Department of Hydrobiology Faculty of Biology Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Cladocerans of genus Daphnia estimate predator pressure basing on two different chemical cues – predator kairomones and alarm signals. Alarm signals alone can induce changes in Daphnia behavior, e.g. diel vertical migration and general alertness. There are no studies if alarm signals can also affect Daphnia metabolism rate. It was experimentally checked whether alarm signals affect Daphnia metabolism rate, specifically respiration rate and heart rate. Results suggest that Daphnia metabolism rate are higher in the presence of alarm signals than in control treatments. Respiration rate is different in different ontogenetic stages of Daphnia. They differ in size and, thus, in their vulnerability to predation. This, in turn, can generate differences in their metabolic response to predator danger.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no 2014/13/B/NZ8/0467. The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013

64 N

A revision of Disparalona hamata species complex (Cladocera: Chydoridae) in the New and Old World poster

ANNA NERETINA1, PETR GARIBIAN1, ALEXEY KOTOV1, ARTEM SINEV2, WONDIE ZELALEM3

1Laboratory for Ecology of Aquatic Communities and Invasions, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3The Bahir Dar Fishery and Other Aquatic Life Research Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Contact: [email protected]

In recent years a strong progress was achieved in the taxonomy of family Chydoridae (Crustacea: Clado- cera). However delineation between some chydorid genera is rather intuitive than based on a careful di- agnosing. Disparalona Fryer, 1968 is an example of such genus with confused taxonomy. Our study is dealing with a revision of the North American, African and East Asian populations of D. cf. hamata with aim to clarify their species and generic status. We redescribed D. hamata (Birge, 1879) and D. chappuisi (Brehm, 1931) based on material from type localities. According to our observations, distribution range of D. hamata is restricted by tropical-subtropical regions of the New World, while D. chappuisi is common in the Old World tropics and reaches Far East of Russia. In Africa one more unrevised yet Disparalona species was marked. This taxon similar to D. striatoides (Šrámek-Hušek, 1946), but further comparison is need for a final conclusion on its status. After careful comparison of Disparalona with close chydorid genera, we came to the conclusion, that at the current level of knowledge Mixopleuroxus Hudec, 2010 must be accepted as a subgenus of the genus Disparalona. We provided the diagnoses of Disparalona s.str. and D. (Mixopleu- roxus). As the result, investigated by us D. hamata, D. chappuisi and D. cf. striatoides were transferred to D. (Mixopleuroxus), while D. ikarus Kotov and Sinev, 2011, D. leei (Chien Shing-ming, 1970), D. rostrata (Koch, 1841), D. smirnovi Sinev, 2015 are kept in Disparalona s. str.

Samples collection for AAK and WZ in Ethiopia was supported by the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition.

65 N

Chydorids (Crustacea: Cladocera) of Ethiopia: diversity and distribution poster

ANNA NERETINA 1, WONDIE ZELALEM2, ALEXEY KOTOV1

1Laboratory for Ecology of Aquatic Communities and Invasions, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3The Bahir Dar Fishery and Other Aquatic Life Research Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia CContact: [email protected]

Chydorids (Crustacea: Cladocera) are the most diverse cladoceran group in the tropics, but to date there are many regions, where their diversity remains underestimated. Despite a long history of hydrobiological investigations, Ethiopia belongs to such poorly known areas. The main efforts of local scientists are con- centrated only on zooplankton of large lakes, while littoral zone of lakes and rivers, and temporary water bodies are rarely studied. Therefore the aim of our study is to make an inventory of the chydorids in all accessible Ethiopian water bodies. As the results of this project, we identified 27 chydorid species. One of them, Acroperus africanus Neretina & Kotov, 2015, was already described as a new taxon and at least two species are still waiting for their description. The highest species number of chydorids (21 taxa, in total) was recorded in the mountainous Lake Tana and different water bodies in its vicinities. Moreover, A. africanus; Camptocercus uncinatus Smirnov, 1971; Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer, 1851) and some other taxa were found only in Lake Tana itself. Lowland lakes and temporary water bodies located in the Rift Valley have a remarkably poor chydorid fauna, typically represented by species with broad distribu- tion ranges within the country: Chydorus parvus Daday, 1898; C. cf. sphaericus (O. F. Müller, 1776) and Ovalona cambouei (Guerne and Richard, 1893). Water bodies of Bale Mountains harbour few chydorid species as well (6 taxa, in total), but their fauna is very specific, what is confirmed by morphological and genetic methods. Therefore the mountain endemism is characteristic of the chydorids in Ethiopia similarly to other earlier studied mountain systems in tropical altitudes of Africa and America. But still a hard work is necessary to examine other localities in nearest countries for clarifying real distribution ranges of each mountainous endemic taxon. Inventory of African chydorids has only just begun, and we believe that new expeditions to other regions will lead to new interesting findings.

All field works in Ethiopia were supported by the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition.

66 N

Remains of the branchiopod crustaceans associated with corps, sculls and hair of large mammals of Pleistocene "Mammoth Fauna" in the Beringian zone: further progress poster

ANNA NERETINA 1, ALEXEY KOTOV1, ANTON ZHAROV1, EKATERINA IZYUMOVA2

1Laboratory for Ecology of Aquatic Communities and Invasions, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia 2Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Contact: [email protected]

Cladoceran remains are well-know from many Pleistocene-Earlier Holocene localities, while palaoecolo- gists pay less attention to the remains of large branchiopods (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Lae- vicaudata). We found that ephippia, valves, mandibles and filtering limbs of parthenogenetic females of several cladocerans: Daphnia (Daphnia) sp., D. (Ctenodaphnia) sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Simocephalus sp. (family Daphniidae) and Chydorus cf. sphaericus (family Chydoridae), mandibles of Notostraca (Lepidurus cf. arcticus), mandibles, filtering limbs and resting eggs of several (at least four) anostracan species are as- sociated with almost any corps of a large mammal from the "Mammoth Fauna" (first of all, wooly mammoth and wooly rhinoceros) extracted from permafrost in the Beringian region. Branchiopod remains are found in the scull contents, fossil hair, feces of these animals. Unfortunately, recent level of study does not allow to identity the species of the subgenus Daphnia (Daphnia) using morphological characters of the ephippia. But, together with ephippia of the subgenus Daphnia (Daphnia) (with several taxa widely distributed in the Beringian region now), we found in several localities fossil ephippia of D. (C.) atkinsoni group and other species of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) sp., absent in this region now. Therefore we demonstrated an extinction of some taxa of the genus Daphnia in the Beringian region in later Pleistocene - earlier Holocene.

This work is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 15-04-08552).

67 P

Cladoceran response to perceived predation threat – when late fitness com- ponents come into play oral presentation

BARBARA PIETRZAK 1, PIOTR DAWIDOWICZ1, IWONA OSKA´ 1, MACIEJ RELIGA1, JOANNA PIJANOWSKA1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Adaptive early life responses to anticipated risk from vertebrate and invertebrate predators are well described in Daphnia. Late life consequences for their fitness are less studied, yet, they might be equally significant where death risk decreases with age. Such is the case for gape limited invertebrate predators. We hypoth- esized that, contrary to the aging-accelerating effects of fish kairomones, Chaoborus kairomone will have an aging-decelerating effect, if any. To test this, we exposed Daphnia of two species, D. longispina and D. pulex, in either control predator-free or kairomone medium and monitored birth and death rates in the study cohorts throughout the lifespan of the animals. Our results showed no effect of cues of Chaoborus larvae predation on Daphnia survival, while reproductive rates were maintained high until the latest ages. According to expectation, aging acceleration was not seen. These results corroborate the idea that lifespan response to predator kairomone is a result of a fine-tuned physiological reprogramming adjusted to the type of predation anticipated rather than a consequence of a general stress response.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no. 2014/13/B/NZ8/04670.

68 R

Studies on the physiological activities of fresh water cladocerans (Moina brachi- ata and Simocephalus sp.) exposed to thermal stress oral presentation

RAMANIBAI RAVICHANDRAN1, GOMATHI JEYAM MOOKKAIAH1, KRISTIN HELLER2, BETTINA ZEIS2

1Unit of aquatic biodiversity, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus 2Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Münster Contact: [email protected]

Increasing temperature in water has been recognized as a significant factor contributing to the co-existence of zooplankton species in lakes and reservoirs. Cladocerans are poikilothermic animals, their body temper- ature depends on the environmental conditions and therefore temperature is a key factor affecting their lives and population structure. In the present investigation, we observed the physiological activities of freshwater cladocerans (Moina brachiata and Simocephalus sp.) through thermal acclimation. Cladocerans were col- lected from freshwater bodies in nearby environs of Chennai using the plankton net having mesh size 65 µm. The species were filtered from lake water and cultured in the laboratories. Then the experimental animals were fed with algae (Desmodesmus subspicatus) regularly. Immobilization assays were conducted at ele- vated temperatures. The results showed that there were no significant changes in their swimming activity at a fixed temperature of 38◦C after defined periods of time (1h-2h-4h-6h-8h-24h), but when the temperature was increased at different temperatures (34◦C, 36◦C, 38◦C, 40◦C, 42◦C etc.) animals were immobilized at 42◦C after a specified time of 1h. Specifically at 40◦C they were alive only till 8 hours. The heartbeats of two species were measured as well as changes with acclimation temperature, in which Simocephalus sp. was found around 220 hb/min and species M. brachiata was recorded around 175 hb/min. Raise in heartbeats in case of both species indicated that increased temperature induced the oxygen demand which in turn increased perfusion to enhance oxygen transport capacity. Hemoglobin concentration was quantified in the wavelength range of 350 nm - 650 nm. M. brachiata showed to have a higher hemoglobin concen- tration (6.72 nmol/l) than Simocephalus sp. (3.53 nmol/l). These small sized cladocerans showed induced hemoglobin synthesis in response to hypoxic conditions, which helps them to tolerate the stress condition. Cladocerans as experimental model organisms allowed to confirm that on a behavioural and physiological level, the thermal acclimation is strongly based on the adaptation of oxygen transport which is allowing unidirectional shifts of the thermal tolerance range at increased temperatures.

69 R

Taking advantage of a decade of Daphnia ‘–omics’ data for gene annotation oral presentation

SUDA PARIMALA RAVINDRAN1, MATHILDE CORDELLIER 1

1 Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg Contact: [email protected]

The central goal of most gen-/transcript-omic experiments is to obtain sets of differentially expressed or regulated gene and interpret the observed patterns. Complicating interpretation is a lack of functional anno- tation or uncharacterized function for a large percentage of genomes. This is particularly evident in Daphnia genomes, which contains many regions coding for “hypothetical proteins” and are significantly divergent from many of the available arthropod model species, but are important ecologically. Although Daphnia’s ecology is intensively studied, little is known on the functional underpinning of re- sponses to environmental stressors. With the availability of Daphnia pulex and D. magna genomes, the resources are growing for exploring the functional role of Daphnia genes and unravel the metabolic path- ways in which they are involved. In this study, we describe a comparative genomics approach to annotate D. galeata transcripts using gene expression information obtained from 156 previous studies. The extensive body of literature available for Daphnia species allowed to associate stressors with gene expression patterns. Using homology and orthology approaches, we were able to identify at least one stressor for about 4000 D. galeata transcripts. Also, annotating the subcellular localization of these transcripts helped to associate it with the different stressors. We believe that our improved annotation strategy which takes advantage of all studies published so far on gene expression in Daphnia allows for better understanding and interpretation of the functional role of the understudied hypothetical or uncharacterized Daphnia genes, thereby increasing our understanding of Daphnia’s genetic and phenotypic variability.

70 R

Horizontal zooplankton movements in a littoral zone of mesotrophic lake poster

VLADIMIR RAZLOUTSKI 1, ZHANNA BUSEVA 1, NATALLIA MAISAK1, VITALIY SEMENCHENKO1

1Center for Bioresourses NAS of Belarus Contact: [email protected]

State Scientific and Production Amalgamation «THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CENTER FOR BIORESOURCES»

According the classical pattern zooplankton, in particular cladocerans, can perform diel horizontal migra- tions in the direction to a pelagial in darkness and back to a littoral at daytime. The main factor controlling distribution and diel movements of zooplankton is vertebrates (fish) and invertebrate predators. Many re- searchers confirm the role of merged and submerged macrophytes as a refuge for zooplankton from fish pressure in temperate lakes. Other factors, for example, food quantity and quality, can also influence on zooplankton distribution. To obtain direct confirmation of diel horizontal movements of zooplankters we used little plankton nets (diameter - 15 cm, length - 40 cm, mesh size - 70 µm). They have been situated at three stations on the distances of 50, 80 and 120 m from shore line and at depths of 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 m correspondently. These nets have been set horizontally at two depths 0.5 m above bottom and 0.5m under surface and were oriented in two directions from and to the shore line. They have been set in lake in the evening (from 9 p.m. to 3 a.m.) and in the morning (from 3 a.m. to 8 a.m.). We hypothesize if zooplankton has one-way movements, the relative abundances in the identically oriented nets will be almost equal. Dif- ferences in abundance in the differently oriented nets confirm the horizontal movements of zooplankters but these results mismatched to expected pattern. For example, dominated species Diaphanosoma brachyurum should moves to the open water in the evening according classical model, but it moved to the shore in our study. Other species Ceriodaphnia pulchella and Daphnia cristata moved in the most cases to the open wa- ter in the morning when they should move to shore line according migration model. RM-ANOVA analyzes has confirmed neither time nor station depth (independent variables) influence on direction of zooplankton movements in our study. We believe that classical diel horizontal migrations patterns between macrophytes and open water areas take place in shallow lakes where predator pressure is regular. Our study shown that zooplankton moved horizontally but absence of macrophytes could be a possible explanation the differences of classical migration pattern.

71 R

Inducible morphological defenses of Daphnia similis against Triops cancri- formis and Notonecta maculata oral presentation

SVEN RITSCHAR 1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH 1, MAX RABUS 1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Germany Contact: [email protected]

The expression of inducible morphological defenses in cladocerans of the genus Daphnia is a well-known and extensively studied phenomenon. However, so far unrecognized inducible defenses and novel defense mechanisms are still reported on a regular basis. These new findings are especially made in species inhab- iting temporary ponds. In the present study, we investigated whether the pond-dwelling species Daphnia similis responds to predators with the expression of inducible morphological defenses. Therefore, a clone of D. similis was exposed to kairomones of the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis and the backswimmer Notonecta maculata, which are dominant predators in temporary waters. Here we show, that D. similis expresses distinct inducible morphological defenses against both predators: Triops-induced individuals ex- pressed a significantly longer tail-spine, while body width decreased in comparison to non-induced individu- als. Additionally, they also expressed so called micro defenses, i.e. significantly longer spinules and a larger spinulae bearing area (SBA) on the dorsal ridge and a shorter SBA on the ventral carapace margins. The Notonecta-induced D. similis expressed a significantly longer tail-spine, longer spinules and a larger SBA on the dorsal ridge than non-induced individuals. Additionally, a morphometric analysis of the head shape revealed significant, predator-specific changes in this trait. Thereby, Triops-induced individuals expressed a relatively flattened head with a pronounced dorsal edge, while Notonecta-induced individuals developed a high and strongly rounded head shape. Therefore, this study reveals the so far undescribed inducible de- fenses of D. similis against two top predators in temporary waters. Furthermore, the predator-dependent change in head shape is concordance with the “concept of modality” which takes the qualitative aspect of natural selection caused by predators into account.

72 R

The influence of neurotransmitters on Daphnia life history? oral presentation

MAGDALENA RUSIŁOWICZ1, MAGDALENA MARKOWSKA 2, JOANNA PIJANOWSKA1

1Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Hydrobiology, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology 2Department of Physiology, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology Contact: [email protected]

The effects of fish kairomone on behavioral and morphological changes as well as life history response of Daphnia are well described. However, underlying neurobiological mechanism is poorly recognized. In our study, we tested the effect of main crustaceans neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, octopamine and their precursors (tryptophan and tyrosine) on Daphnia magna life history. D. magna were cultured since birth till their first reproduction in the presence of tested compounds (in 4 concentrations) and in control conditions. We measured crucial parameters of life history: body length, age at first reproduction, size and number of neonates from the first clutch. Our results show that only dopamine significantly affects Daphnia life history. With the increase of dopamine concentration, we observed statistically significant increase in body size at first reproduction and number of neonates as compared to control treatment. In the presence of dopamine, Daphnia entered their first reproduction on average one day earlier than the control animals.

The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013. The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project no. 2014/13/B/NZ8/04670.

73 S

Daphnia in the dark – Simulating loading of humic dissolved organic car- bon oral presentation

MANJA SAEBELFELD 1, YARI A. OSENBERG1, STELLA A. BERGER2, JENS C. NEJSTGAARD2, JUSTYNA WOLINSKA1

1Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 2Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Contact: [email protected]

Over the past decades, increases in humic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have resulted in darkening of the surface water of many lakes across the world. This pattern has been associated to different aspects of environmental change, such as altered precipitation patterns, increased temperatures, as well as land-use change. Consequences for lake ecosystems include altered thermal stratification and light regimes as well as changes in microbial activity. These changes can strongly affect primary production and thus greatly impact food web interactions and biodiversity. In this context, influences of increased humic DOC on certain aquatic organisms are regarded as indirect effects through community interactions. Nevertheless, DOC can also directly affect fitness of individuals. In a large-scale mesocosm experiment we first studied indirect impacts of increased DOC levels on intra- and interspecific diversity of Daphnia populations and on parasite spread. This experiment was conducted in the IGB-LakeLab, a mesocosm facility consisting of 24 experimental units (1270 m3 each) located in Lake Stechlin, Germany. To disentangle cascading effects within the lake community from direct effects of DOC, we conducted an additional laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of DOC on Daphnia population size. By linking these two approaches we aim to better understand how ongoing increased loading of DOC in lakes will affect lake plankton community structures and biodiversity.

74 S

Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Floodplain habitats in the Songkram River Basin, Northeast Thailand poster

LA-ORSRI SANOAMUANG1, SUPATRA TIANG-NGA

1International College, Khon Kaen University Contact: [email protected]

Samplings of 80 freshwater habitats in the floodplain of the Songkram River Basin, northeast Thailand were carried out in dry (March 2014) and rainy (August 2014) seasons. The cladoceran samples were collected qualitatively from various types of habitats including reservoirs, lakes, ponds, swamps, roadside canals, rice fields and rivers. The cladoceran community is characterized by having rich epiphytic and benthic forms. Seventy species were identified, two (Ephemeroporus malaysiensis Sinev & Yusoff and Campto- cercus vietnamensis Thanh) of which are new to Thailand and one (Antalona spinifera Tiang-nga, Sinev & Sanoamuang) is new to science. The most dominated species are Diaphanosoma excisum Sars, Ceri- odaphnia cornuta Sars and Macrothrix spinosa King. Three species [Anthalona sanoamuangae Sinev & Kotov, Antalona spinifera Tiang-nga, Sinev & Sanoamuang and Ephemeroporus malaysiensis Sinev & Yu- soff] are endemic to Southeast Asia, and four [Camptocercus vietnamensis Thanh, Karualona kwangsiensis (Chiang, 1963), Pseudochydorus bopingi Sinev, Garybian & Gu, and Salinalona sarasinorum (Stingelin)] are endemic to Southeast Asia and South China. Rare species which were found in single localities are Picripleuroxus laevis, Streblocerus cf. sericaudatus, Salinalona sarasinorum, Notoalona globulosa, Ily- ocryptus cf. thailandensis, Diaphanosoma volzi, Chydorus sphaericus, Chydorus pubscens, Camtocercus vietnamensis, Disparalona caudata and Disparalona hamata.

75 S

Pheromones in Daphnia magna? oral presentation

MATTHIAS SCHOTT 1, ERIC VON ELERT 1

1Aquatic Chemical Ecology, University of Cologne Contact: [email protected]

Sexual reproduction serves as a key mechanism in the well-known rapid micro-evolutionary adaption of Daphnia to changing environmental conditions. Despite this, to date, chemical communication in sexual reproduction among Daphnia males and females has not been sufficiently investigated. In the past 20 years, the increasing sensitivity of analytical methods has led to the successful identification of pheromones in other zooplankton genera. Here we show results from behavioral tracking assays concerning short range and as well as long range chemical communication among male and female Daphnia magna. Our results indicate that D. magna males are able to sense females and that their encounters are not driven by coincidences. We combine these results with the analyses of the chemical bouquets of male and female D. magna. Principal component analyses suggest that only a few compounds differ among the sexes. We will discuss in how far males rely on pheromones to distinguish the presence, the sex, the perceptive stage of the female as well as the degree of kinship.

76 S

Is there a connection of Daphnia’s clock with genes of the immune system and low-quality food? poster

ANKE SCHWARZENBERGER 1, ALEXANDER WACKER 2, DOMINIK MARTIN-CREUZBURG1

1Limnological Institute, Konstanz University 2Potsdam University, Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling Contact: [email protected]

Only recently, we demonstrated that Daphnia possess an active clock by measuring gene expression of several circadian clock genes, melatonin concentration and gene expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis, i.e. AANAT. This finding was supported by another study by Bernatowicz et al. 2016. Interestingly, the very similar results of both studies were observed in two different light-dark regimes (16:8 h, and 12:12 h light:darkness respectively), and we found that Daphnia’s clock genes might also be involved in seasonal responses. Furthermore, in a transcriptome study (Rund et al. 2016) that also dealt with day- night responses of Daphnia, a clear circadian gene expression of an immune gene, i.e. C-type lectin, was found. C-type lectin was also differentially expressed in two other Daphnia transcriptome studies due to cyanobacterial food. In order to investigate a possible involvement of clock genes, genes of the immune system and low-quality food, we investigated the gene expression of Daphnia grown on green algal food with or without EPA-supplementation and cyanobacterial food mixtures in a light-dark cycle of 16:8 h.

77 S

Zooplankton-fish interactions driven by cladocerans, namely Daphnia: The difficulties in separation of fish predation from Daphnia growth effects. oral presentation

JAROMIR SEDA 1, JIRI MACHACEK, CARMEN GABALDÓN, MOJMIR VASEK, MILAN RIHA, MARTIN CECH, TOMAS JUZA

1Fish and zooplankton ecology, Hydrobiological Institute, BC Czech Academy of Sciences Contact: [email protected]

The important effect of fish predation on zooplankton species composition and size structure is studied since the pioneering work of Hrbacek et al. (1961). To be fair, the first insights in this relationships can be find in the literature even earlier (Smirnov 1955; Fric & Vavra 1898). This indicates the attractiveness of this research point, as well as, that we are finding still some new insights in it. In our contribution we are analyzing the long term data on fish and zooplankton in one of most heavily studied artificial reservoir, Rimov Reservoir in Czechia. In the past, we have published the predictive model relating fish stock biomass to the presence of large size Daphnia based on very contrast fish data connected with fish outburst during first years of reservoir existence. Now we have done the reanalysis of this relationship when fish population is more stable and not changing very much between the years.

78 S

Light quantity, not photoperiod controls diapause termination in Daphnia oral presentation

MIROSLAW SLUSARCZYK´ 1, SYLWIA FLIS 1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

While light may control dormancy occurrence in various groups of organisms, its role in diapause initiation and termination may be different. Seasonally changing photoperiod is frequently used to trigger diapause initiation in advance of seasonal deterioration of environmental conditions in various groups of organisms including cladocerans. A similar role of photoperiod was uncritically extended to diapause termination. In the present study, we investigated the role of light in diapause termination of ephippial eggs of Daphnia magna originated from an urban pond. In a few tests, cohorts of ephippial eggs of D. magna were incubated in a lake water at 21◦C for three weeks at various light conditions after a few month storage in a wet, cool and dark place. The further procedure was used to terminate a refractory phase of the resting eggs and make them sensitive to hatching stimuli. In most tests, a fluorescent light of the moderate light intensity of 350 lux was utilised. A short day photoperiod (8L:16D) appeared as successful as a long day one (16L:8D) as well as an artificial photoperiod (4L:2D) when being applied recurrently for three weeks at a moderate light intensity and re- sulted in similar hatching proportions (37% vs. 41% vs. 37% respectively). The hatching success appeared more related to total light energy applied than to a temporal pattern of its application. The hatching success of the resting eggs increased steadily from 0% observed after 6h of total light exposition or shorter, to 37% reported after 60 cumulative light hours at the moderate light intensity (350lux). Longer light exposition did not increase the hatching success significantly. Ten times lower light intensity (35lux vs. 350lux) applied at given photoperiod (96 h of light exposition followed by darkness) resulted in three times lower hatching success (9.4% vs. 32.8% respectively). Our results challenge a common view of the decisive role of seasonally changing photoperiod in diapause termination of the ephippial eggs of cladocerans and support a light-energy threshold hypothesis. It seems that light conditions are not used by the ephippial eggs of D. magna to trace seasonal events during diapause termination, but rather to inform them if they are covered by sediments which may obstruct exephippial off- spring survival. Some other internal or external factors must thus be used by the ephippial eggs of Daphnia to track seasonal events and choose the appropriate period for diapause termination.

79 S

Cladocera of temporary waters in the Netherlands oral presentation

MARTIN SOESBERGEN 1

1EIS Netherlands Contact: [email protected]

Cladocera research in the Netherland focussed on larger waters and consisted mostly of plankton research. Nothing was known about temporary waters. An inventory has been done in the period 2009-2016. The results will be presented and the implications for nature management will be discussed.

80 S

Meanwhile in the Netherlands poster

MARTIN SOESBERGEN 1, MARJOLEIN HOYER 2

1 EIS Netherlands 2Waterproef Contact: [email protected]

17 species are not mentioned for the Netherlands in Bledzki & Rybak (2016). And another two Chydorus- species not mentioned in Bledzki & Rybak (2016) are present in the Netherlands. For several species the distribution in the Netherlands gives valuable information on their ecology (Di- aphanosoma and Acroperus) or their status as exotic invader in Europe (Disparalona leei and Chydorus brevilabris Frey, 1980). For those species the distribution maps are given together with a short description of their habitat in the Netherlands.

81 S

The genus Disparalona (Cladocera, Chydorinae): two lineages and a high diversity in the Neotropics poster

FRANCISCO DIOGO ROCHA SOUSA 1, LOURDES M. A. ELMOOR-LOUREIRO 2, RICCARDO MUGNAI3, ELIANA A. PANARELLI4, JUAN CÉSAR PAGGI5

1Biology, University of Brasília 2Universidade Católica de Brasília 3Universidade Federa do Maranhão 4Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais 5Instituto Nacional de Limnologia Contact: [email protected]

Since Disparalona Fryer, 1968 was described, little attention was given to morphological trait supporting the genus. Furthermore, there is a well-defined group which has sibling species around the world with necessity of revision: the hamata-complex. In this study, we present the redescription of D. leptorhyncha and description of three new species of the hamata-complex from Neotropics. The species studied differ from one another and from the D. hamata (literature data) in the morphology of rostrum, labrum and armature of third seta on the inner distal lobe (IDL). Together with D. hamata sensu stricto, the species studied are also part of a lineage specially distributed in the tropical/subtropical zone, sharing: (1) reduced spine on the second endopodite segment of antenna; (2) ejector hooks very developed, longer than middle length of corm limb; (3) seta 3 of IDL hook-like and heavily chithinized. The other lineage of Disparalona is represented by species with Holarctic distribution: D. rostrata, D. leei, D. ikarus and D. smirnovi. These species share: (1) developed spine on the second endopodite segment of antenna; (2) ejector hooks shorter than middle length of corm limb; (3) seta 3 of IDL slender and armed with setulae. Currently, the Neotropical zone has the most diversity of the genus, with four species from hamata-complex and D. leptorhyncha. Herein, we treated Mixopleuroxu strioides as part of tropical/subtropical lineage of Disparalona. Although this study contributes to improve the knowledge about morphology and taxonomic status of Disparalona, the complete redescription to D. hamata sensu stricto and hamata-like world populations are still necessaries.

82 S

Are changes in cyanobacterial diversity driving Daphnia populations? In- sights from long-term sedimentary records oral presentation

PIET SPAAK 1, MARIE-EVE MONCHAMP1, IOANA ENACHE2, PATRICK TURKO1, GETA RθSNOVEANU3

1Eawag, Aquatic Ecology 2Institute of Biology Bucharest 3University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology Contact: [email protected]

Eutrophication of freshwater lakes is known to favour cyanobacterial growth and to have negative impacts on food-webs and ecosystem functioning. Using genetic analyses on diapausing eggs from dated sedi- ment cores from pre-alpine lakes, we have previously shown that Daphnia galeata invaded D. longispina- dominated lakes and hybridised with the native population, leading to the extinction of the natural D. longispina population. Cyanobacteria are known to be a poor food resource for Daphnia. Previous work using Daphnia clones hatched from recent and old sediment layers has shown that “old” Daphnia can cope better with cyanobacteria in their diet than “recent” ones, supporting the hypothesis that Daphnia popula- tions can adapt to the quality of their food source. These experiments, however, were done with cyanobac- teria from lab cultures (often Microcystis), which do not reflect the true cyanobacterial diversity in natural populations. In the present study, we reconstructed cyanobacterial diversity using DNA isolated from sedi- ment cores of 3 lakes affected by eutrophication. We sequenced a 400 nucleotide-long 16S rRNA fragment specific to Cyanobacteria and revealed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) diversity capturing the whole phylum. This data was used to elucidate the long-term genetic architecture of a Daphnia species complex in the same 3 lakes using micro satellite analysis of diapausing eggs that were isolated from sediment layers covering the past 100 years. We discuss common drivers of the observed patterns.

83 T

High diversity of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in a Ramsar site Lake Kud-Thing, Northeast Thailand poster

SUPATRA TIANG-NGA1, ARTEM SINEV 2, LA-ORSRI SANOAMUANG1,3**

1Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. 2Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3International College, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. Contact: [email protected]

∗ ∗Correspondingauthor : [email protected]

Lake Kud-Thing in Bueng Kan province is a Ramsar site in Northeast Thailand. Qualitative and quanti- tative samples of Cladocera from over 125 sites were collected in the littoral and open water zones of the lake during June-August 2012 and February-November 2014. A total of 58 cladoceran species was identi- fied, belonging to families Sididae, Macrothricidae, Daphnidae, Moinidae, Bosminidae, Ilyocryptidae and Chydoridae. Of these, Anthalona spinifera Tiang-nga, Sinev & Sanoamuang is new to science and three [Chydorus idrisi Sinev, Karualona kwangsiensis (Chiang) and Streblocerus cf. serricaudatus Fisher] are first records for Thailand. The most diverse family was Chydoridae with 32 species. The most abundant, planktonic species were Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Bosmina meridionalis and Ephemeroporus barroisi. The number of cladocerans in this study is remarkably higher than that of previous studies in other natural lakes (17-32 species) within Thailand. In addition to previous records, the number of cladoceran fauna of Lake Kud-Thing is updated to 66 species, approximately two times higher than that of other lakes in this region. Thus, our results suggest that Lake Kud-Thing is a biodiversity hotspot for Cladocera of South-East Asia.

84 T

Plastic waste influences predator-prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: in- terference of interspecific communication between Daphnia longicephala and Notonecta glauca oral presentation

BENJAMIN TROTTER 1, PATRICIA LUBER 1,ANJA RAMSPERGER 1, JULIA HABERSTROH 1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH 1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth Contact: [email protected]

The pollution of ecosystems with plastics waste has gained increasing attention in the past years, as the contamination of aquatic habitats pose a challenge to the existing biota. It has been shown that plastic waste has direct negative effects on animals. However, indirect ecological effects of plastic waste, which has the ability to sorb chemicals from the surrounding media, such as on the chemical communication, has not been investigated yet. Chemical communication is crucial for aquatic organisms. The planktonic wa- ter flea Daphnia (Crustacea), an important link between trophic levels, relies on info-chemicals, so called kairomones, in order to assess the current predation risk and to form inducible defenses. We hypothesize that plastic waste adsorbs kairomones onto its surface, thus reducing the perceivable kairomone concentra- tion, resulting in the formation of defenses wrongly adjusted to the current predation risk. We show, that plastic waste, comprising of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate interferes with the formation of Daphnia longicephala‘s inducible defenses when exposed to the kairomone of Notonecta glauca. Plastic waste in the absence of kairomones had no effects on defensive traits. However, if exposed to a combination of kairomones and plastic waste, Daphnia showed a reduction in all defensive traits i.e. body length, crest width and time until maturity compared to Daphnia exposed to solely kairomones. Since it is vital to adjust these defenses to the current predation risk, any misperception can have far reaching consequences empha- sizing that plastic waste can have indirect effects on ecosystems such as the interference with chemical, interspecific communication.

85 V

Extreme exoskeleton modifications in a new Chydorus Leach, 1816 (Bran- chiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda) from Brazil. poster

KAY VAN DAMME 1, ANDRÉ RICARDO GHIDINI2, EDINALDO NELSON DOS SANTOS SILVA3

1Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature Frankfurt; Department of Biology, Ghent Univer- sity, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium 2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil; Environmental Sciences Depart- ment, Centro Universitário do Norte – UNINORTE, Leonardo Malcher Av., 1141, CEP 69090-010, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil Contact: [email protected]

Examples of extreme morphologies are found throughout the animal world. We describe a new Chydorus Leach, 1816 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from Brazil with exaggerated morphological traits in the form of extreme exoskeleton modifications,. The headshield and the carapace carry expanded chitin-rich structures such as cephalic crests, cephalic horns, an ocular dome, and strong expressions of sclerotized carapace projections (tubercles and large spines). The ornamentation is most pronounced in the dorsal half of the animal, covering important internal structures. The new remarkable species and extreme ornamen- tation is discussed in the context of a preliminary phylogeny of the genus Chydorus, a genus of which the systematics are poorly understood.

86 V

The Bosmina genome (Cladocera: Bosminidae) oral presentation

KAY VAN DAMME 1, PETER FIELDS2, LOUIS DE PASQUIER2, DIETER EBERT2

1Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature Frankfurt 2Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland Contact: [email protected]

Bosminids are widespread small-bodied cladocerans significant in aquatic ecology and paleolimnology. As keystone species, they compete directly with larger zooplankters such as Daphnia. Both Daphnia and Bosmina occupy similar ecological roles as pelagic grazers and exhibit high morphological plasticity. These animals belong to two different suborders in the anomopods, allowing for comparative cladoceran ge- nomics at a deep phylogenetic level. We present the genome of a Baltic Sea clone of Bosmina (Eubosmina) longispina Leydig, 1860 from an euryhaline population known as Bosmina (E.) longispina spp. maritima (B. coregoni-group). The genome of Bosmina is smaller than the Daphnia genome. We explored genes by functional associations, with a focus on ecologically relevant and well studied gene families in Daphnia. The Bosmina and Daphnia genomes reveal lineage-dependent expansions as a result of independent evolu- tion in several orthologous groups, such as the gustatory receptor genes and globins. We observed major gene number variations in immunity-related genes (fucosyltransferases, chitinases), opsins (long wavelength LOPB) and cuticular protein genes for example, where numbers in Bosmina are substantially higher than in Daphnia. Among the unidentified genes, several share a highly conserved domain with “Daphnia-unique” genes, which can be considered as Anomopoda-specific for now. Finally, a characteristic array of sequences, including a number of small duplicated genes, are not reported from Daphnia and deserve closer study (e.g., hydrolases). At first glance, the two pelagic grazers share a basically similar genomic repertoire including gene expansions and conserved anomopod traits, yet reveal a deep divergence and independent evolution. The considerable variation in the arthropod-specific cuticular protein genes indicates the importance of these genes, which drive the structure and morphology of the cuticle, in cladoceran evolution.

87 V

Optimization of experimental methods for investigating host-microbiota in- teractions in Daphnia magna poster

MARTJIN CALLENS , EMILIE MACKE , KOENRAAD MUYLAERT , ISABEL VANOVERBERGHE1, ELLEN DECASTECKER2

1Biology, Campus Kulak Kortrijk 2Aquatic Biology, Kulak, KU Leuven Contact: [email protected]

The use of model organisms for which specific methods have been developed to investigate host-microbiota interactions have provided us with a wealth of information on the effect of the microbiota on host physiol- ogy, health and development. To date, little experimental data is available on the effects of host-microbiota interactions on higher levels of biological organization such as host populations and biological communities and ecosystems with which the host interacts. Daphnia magna is an already established model system for evaluating the effect of genetic variation on communities and ecosystems, making it a good potential can- didate for addressing these issues. However, methodology for investigating host-microbiota interactions in Daphnia is still being established. We aimed to further develop methods for generating germ-free Daphnia and characterizing the microbiota community composition. We obtained high hatching rates of germ-free Daphnia after optimizing our protocol. Characterization of the microbiota community composition of a single population using different sampling approaches yielded highly variable results, indicating high inter- individual variability and the need for standardization. Overall, Daphnia was shown to be a promising experimental model system for investigating host-microbiota interactions in an ecological and evolutionary context, with different methodologies being applied with relative ease.

88 W

Combined effects of hypoxia and fish kairomones on heat shock protein Hsp70 and hemoglobin concentrations in Daphnia poster

PRZEMYSŁAW DYNAK1, WOJCIECH WILCZYNSKI´ 1, EWA BABKIEWICZ1, PIOTR BERNATOWICZ2, PIOTR MASZCZYK1

1Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw 2Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Univer- sity of Warsaw Contact: [email protected]

Numerous studies have indicated that limited oxygen concentration (hypoxia) increases heat shock pro- tein (e.g. Hsp70) concentration in body tissues and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the hemolymph of Daphnia. Much less is known about the effects of hypoxia in the presence of information on plank- tivorous fish predation risk. It could be expected that the presence of a fish threat would increase the constitutive level of Hsp to a greater extent than the level of Hb, because an increase in Hb content re- sults in a reddish body coloration, which increases the visibility of Daphnia, making them more notice- able to fish. It could also be expected that this difference is less clear in smaller than in larger-bodied Daphnia species, since large-bodied Daphnia suffer more from oxygen deficiencies at the same limiting oxygen concentrations. To verify these predictions, we performed 4 two-factorial life table experiments in the presence and absence of hypoxia and chemical signals on predation threat (fish kairomones). We carried out two experiments with the smaller D. longispina and two with the larger D. pulex. Each ex- periment was performed with different clones originating from lakes in which Daphnia coexist with fish, and with 1-day-old Daphnia (120 individuals in each treatment) kept for 4 days at constant temperature (21 ◦C) and photoperiod (18:6 L:D) in 4L glass tanks (one tank for each treatment), containing filtered lake water with or without fish kairomones, and algal (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) concentrations ad li- bitum. Hypoxic or normoxic conditions were created by running nitrogen or air into the water during media preparation and by using hermetic containers during the experiments. Media were exchanged ev- ery 24h. At the end of each experiment Daphnia were randomly divided into three equal groups, first to estimate body mass, second to estimate Hsp70 concentration, and third to measure Hb content. The level of Hsp70 from the different treatments was assessed in relation to body mass using western blot- ting. The level of hemoglobin in Daphnia tissues was assessed in relation to body mass using a stan- dard spectrophotometric method. The obtained results will be discussed during the poster presentation.

The study has been financed by National Science Centre (Poland), project No 2016/23/D/NZ8/03532. The study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007 – 2013.

89 W

Impacts of eutrophication on zooplankton community structure poster

LEE-GAVIN WILLIAMS1, STUART DENNIS 1, BLAKE MATTHEWS1, ANITA NARWANI1, PIET SPAAK1

1Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Contact: [email protected]

Human-mediated eutrophication is a worldwide environmental problem affecting the stability of aquatic ecosystems. Excessive eutrophication promotes turbid waters, anoxia and the formation of toxic cyanobacte- rial blooms. These environmental changes often induce degradation of ecosystem functioning, and may con- sequently have a significant impact on keystone zooplankton species such as Daphnia. In the present study, we investigate the interplay between several ecosystem parameters and zooplankton community structure in ecosystems that may vary in their resilience to eutrophication. Various mechanisms probably contribute to ecosystem resilience, but several studies suggest that macrophytes and benthic grazers play a significant role. We established outdoor ponds with a replicated full factorial combination of macrophytes (Myriophyl- lum spicatum) and mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). The ponds were gradually eutrophied with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µg/L Phosphorus in double-Redfield ratio, at two week intervals. Four oligotrophic ponds were included as non-nutrient controls. Each pond was inoculated with Daphnia galeata and mixed phyto- plankton (< 30 µm) from lake Greifensee. Zooplankton samples were collected from each pond biweekly. Zooplankton were identified and counted, and Daphnia were size classed. Environmental parameters (e.g. chlorophyll and cyanobacterial concentration, temperature etc.) were continuously measured using auto- mated probes. After a period of stochastic changes during establishment of the mesocosms, patterns began to emerge suggesting that oligotrophic ponds were dominated by green algae, and eutrophic ponds were dominated by cyanobacteria. Not surprisingly, Daphnia biomass was negatively correlated with chlorophyll and with cyanobacteria abundance. In my poster I will highlight some dynamic changes in zooplankton and phytoplankton community structure over time. This research should provide insight into mechanisms under- pinning environment and species interaction, and how these interactions may drive ecosystem processes.

90 W

Inducible Defenses with a "Twist": Daphnia barbata Abandons Bilateral Sym- metry in Response to an Ancient Predator poster

BERNARD WOLFSCHOON RIBEIRO 1, QUIRIN HERZOG 1, MAX RABUS1, CHRISTIAN LAFORSCH1

1Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth Contact: [email protected]

Predation is one of the most important drivers of natural selection. In consequence a huge variety of anti- predator defenses have evolved in prey species. Under unpredictable and temporally variable predation pressure, the evolution of phenotypically plastic defensive traits is favored. These “inducible defenses”, range from changes in behavior, life history, physiology to morphology and can be found in almost all taxa from bacteria to vertebrates. An important group of model organisms in ecological, evolutionary and en- vironmental research, water fleas of the genus Daphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera), are well known for their ability to respond to predators with an enormous variety of inducible morphological defenses. Here we report on the “twist”, a body torsion, as a so far unrecognized inducible morphological defense in Daphnia, expressed by Daphnia barbata exposed to the predatory tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis. This defense is realized by a twisted carapace with the helmet and the tail spine deviating from the body axis into opposing directions, resulting in a complete abolishment of bilateral symmetry. The twisted morphotype should con- siderably interfere with the feeding apparatus of the predator, contributing to the effectiveness of the array of defensive traits in D. barbata. As such this study does not only describe a completely novel inducible defense in the genus Daphnia but also presents the first report of a free living Bilateria to flexibly respond to predation risk by abandoning bilateral symmetry.

91 W

Parasites promote host diversity at the population and ecosystem level oral presentation

JUSTYNA WOLINSKA1, MANJA SAEBELFELD1, RAMSY AGHA1, PATRICK TURKO2, CHRISTOPH TELLENBACH2, PIET SPAAK2

1Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany 2Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland Contact: [email protected]

My presentation will address a fundamental problem in evolutionary ecology: How is diversity maintained? I will summarize our latest experimental and field studies, supporting the idea that parasites maintain diver- sity both at the population and ecosystem level. We investigate two host-parasite systems: (i) the freshwater crustaceans Daphnia and their microparasites; (ii) toxic cyanobacteria and their fungal parasites (chytrids). Recently, we demonstrated that parasitism by chytrids allows for the coexistence of zooplankton and poorly edible cyanobacteria, thereby promoting diversity at the ecosystem level. Then, our time-series analysis of long-term field data indicates that cyanobacteria increase Daphnia susceptibility to parasites, whereas Daphnia parasites are strong drivers of host clonal turnover, promoting diversity at the population level. The research goals of my group are to fill in major gaps in our knowledge about the relationship between parasitism and diversity.

92 AUTHOR INDEX

Underlined names: authors presenting at the meeting; underlined pages: contributions presented by the author. A Decastecker 24, 33, 50, 89 Agha 94 Dennis 35, 48, 59, 92 Dekervel 24 De Meester 34 B Demir 57 Babkiewicz 21, 62, 91 Denninger 31 Baumann 57 Diel 36 Bech 39 Diller 37 Becker 22 dos Santos Silva 87 Bednarska 23 Drescher 37 Beert 24 Dudycha 38 Beninde 25 Dynak 62, 91 Berger 75 Bernatowicz 91 E Bianco 22 Ebert 19, 88 Biesaga 60 Einum 30, 39, 42 Bradtke 31 Ekvall 22 Brans 34 Elmoor-Loureiro 40, 83 Brzezinski´ 27, 28 Enache 84 Bulteel 29 Burton 30 F Buseva 72 Feldhaar 37 Fields 19, 88 C Fink 41, 52 Callens 33, 50, 89 Flis 80 Cech 79 Fossen 42 Cervantes-Martínez 46 Frolova, A. 43 Cetin 31 Frolova, L. 43, 51 Christjani 55 Fronk 27 Clappaert 24 Cordellier 31, 71 G Gabaldón 44, 79 D Garibian 66 Dawidowicz 27, 32, 60, 69 Ghidini 87

93 AUTHOR INDEX

Goitom 34 Kotov 66, 67, 68 Gottschlich 31 Govaert 34 L Gu 45 Laforsch 36, 37, 56, 73, 86, 93 Guilizzoni 64 Lange 57 Gutiérrez-Aguirre 46 Lis 63 López-Blanco 58 H Lu 59 Haberstroh 86 Luber 86 Hahn 47 Haltiner 48 M Hammerstein 41 Machacek 79 Hänggi 35, 48 Macke 33, 50, 89 Hansson 22 Maisak 72 Heller 70 Manca 64 Herzog 93 Markowska 60, 74 Herzschuh 43 Martin-Creuzburg 61, 78 Hofmann 37 Martínez-Villegas 46 Houwenhuyse 50 Massier 61 Horstmann 49 Massol 33 Hoyer 82 Maszczyk 21, 62, 91 Matthews 92 I Mendoza-Chávez 46 Ibragimova 51 Meyer 25 Ilic 41, 52 Mikulski 63 Issa 53 Monchamp 84 Izyumova 68 Mookkaiah 70 Möst 25, 35, 64 J Mugnai 83 Juza 79 Muylaert 89

K N Kenney 58 Narwani 92 Kielland 39, 54 Narozniak˙ 65 Klintworth 55 Nazarova 43 Knie 56 Nejstgaard 75

94 AUTHOR INDEX

Neretina 66, 67, 68 Seda 44, 79 Semenchenko 72 O Sinev 58, 66, 85 Oska´ 69 Slusarczyk´ 32, 60, 65, 80 Osenberg 75 Soesbergen 81, 82 Sousa 83 P Spaak 25, 35, 48, 59, 64, 84, 92, 94 Paggi 83 Stibor 41 Pantel 34 Stockenreiter 41 Panarelli 83 Pasquier 88 T Pélabon 42 Tałanda 21, 32, 62 Petrusek 25 Tasiemski 33 Pichlo 57 Tellenbach 64, 94 Pietrzak 69 Tiang-nga 76, 85 Pijanowska 60, 65, 69, 74 Tollrian 20, 22, 49, 90 Trotter 86 R Turko 84,94 Rabus 36, 37, 73, 93 Ramsperger 86 U Ravichandran 70 Uc-Castillo 46 Ravindran 71 Urban 62 Razloutski 72 Religa 69 V Riha 79 Van Damme 87, 88 Rî¸snoveanu 84 Vanhamel 34 Ritschar 73 Vanoverberghe 24, 89 Rusiłowicz 74 Van Pelt 24 Ruszczynska´ 60 Varas 58 Vasek 79 S Verslype 24 Saebelfeld 75, 94 von Elert 47, 55, 57, 77 Sanoamuang 76, 85 Schwarzenberger 78 W Schwenk 25 Wacker 61, 78 Schott 77 Weiss 22, 49, 90

95 AUTHOR INDEX

Wilczynski´ 91 Williams 92 Wolf 64 Wolfschoon Ribeiro 93 Wolinska 59, 75, 94

Y Yang 45

Z Zeis 30, 70 Zelalem 66, 67 Zinnatova 43 Zharov 68

96 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Affiliation Country Email Babkiewicz, Department of Hydrobiology, University Poland [email protected] Ewa of Warsaw Becker, Sina Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Germany [email protected] M. Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodi- versity Bednarska, University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] Anna Hydrobiology Beert, Eline Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Biology Belgium [email protected] Beninde, Jan- University of Konstanz, Department of Germany [email protected] nik Biology Brzezinski,´ University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] Tomasz Hydrobiology Bulteel, Lore Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Biology Belgium [email protected] Burton, Tim Norwegian University of Science and Norway [email protected] Technology Buseva, Center for Bioresourses NAS of Belarus, Belarus [email protected] Zhanna Hydrobiology Cordellier, Universität Hamburg, Zoologisches Insti- Germany mathilde.cordellier@uni- Mathilde tut hamburg.de Dawidowicz, University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] Piotr Hydrobiology Decaestecker, KU Leuven, Aquatic Biology, Kulak Belgium [email protected] Ellen De Meester, KU Leuven, Lab Aquatic Ecology, Envi- Belgium [email protected] Luc ronment & Conservation Dennis, Stuart Eawag, Aquatic Ecology Switzerland [email protected] Diel, Patricia Animal Ecology I, University of Germany [email protected] Bayreuth Diller, Jens Animal Ecology I, University of Germany [email protected] Bayreuth Dudycha, Jeff University of South Carolina United [email protected] States Ebert, Dieter Universität Basel, Zoologisches Institut - Switzerland [email protected] Evolutionsbiologie Einum, Sigurd Norwegian University of Science and Norway [email protected] Technology, Centre of Biodiversity Dy- namics Elmoor- Catholic University of Brasília Brazil [email protected] Loureiro, Lourdes Fink, Patrick University of Cologne, Institute of Zool- Germany patrick.fi[email protected] ogy

97 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Fossen, Erlend Norwegian University of Science and Norway [email protected] I. F. Technology, Centre for Biodiversity Dy- namics Frolova, Larisa Institute of Hydrobiology, Biological Czech Re- [email protected] Center of Czech Academy of Science public Gabaldón, Car- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biological Czech Re- carmen.gabaldon- men Center of Czech Academy of Science public [email protected] Gu, Lei Nanjing Normal University, Biological China [email protected] Sciences Gutiérrez- Universidad de Quintana Roo, Departa- Mexico [email protected] Aguirre, mento de Ciencias y Humanidades Martha Angélica Hahn, Meike University of Cologne, Institute of Zool- Germany [email protected] ogy Haltiner, Linda Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Switzerland [email protected] Science and Technology, Eawag, Dubendorf, Switzerland, Department of Aquatic Ecology Horstmann, Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Germany [email protected] Martin Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodi- versity Houwenhuyse, KULAK, Biology Belgium [email protected] Shira Hoyer, Mar- Stichting Waterproef, Biology Netherlands [email protected] jolein Ibragimova, Kazan Federal University Russian [email protected] Aisylu Federation Ilic, Maja University of Cologne, Institute of Zool- Germany [email protected] ogy Issa, Semona Norwegian University of Science and Norway [email protected] Technology, Centre for Biodiversity Dy- namics (CBD), Department of Biology Karsch, Mar- Animal Ecology I, University of Germany [email protected] tina Bayreuth Kielland, Øys- Norwegian University of Science and Norway [email protected] tein Nordeide Technology, Centre for Biodiversity Dy- namics Klintworth, University of Cologne, Institute for Zool- Germany [email protected] Sandra ogy Knie, Miriam Animal Ecology I, University of Germany [email protected] Bayreuth Kredler, Animal Ecology I, University of Germany mechthild.kredler@uni- Mechthild Bayreuth bayreuth.de

98 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Laforsch, Animal Ecology I, University of Germany christian.laforsch@uni- Christian Bayreuth bayreuth.de Lange, Jacque- University of Cologne, Zoology Germany [email protected] line López-Blanco, Justus Liebig University Giessen, De- Germany [email protected] Charo partment of Animal Ecology and System- atics Lu, Yameng Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology Germany [email protected] and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Ecosystem Research Maisak, Natal- State Scientific and Production Amalga- Belarus [email protected] lia mation “Scientific-practical center of the National Academy of Sciences of Be- larus for biological resources” Markowska, University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] Magdalena Animal Physiology Martin- University of Konstanz, Limnological In- Germany dominik.martin-creuzburg@uni- Creuzburg, stitute konstanz.de Dominik Maszczyk, Pi- University of Warsaw, Department of Poland fi[email protected] otr Hydrobiology Mikulski, An- University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] drzej Hydrobiology Möst, Markus University of Innsbruck, Institute of Austria [email protected] Ecology Münch- Universität Hamburg Germany [email protected] Cordellier, Christian Narozniak,˙ University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biol- Poland [email protected] Ewa ogy, Departament of Hydrobiology, Bio- logical and Chemical Research Centre Neretina, Anna A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Russian [email protected] Evolution, Laboratory for Ecology of Federation Aquatic Communities and Invasions Pietrzak, Bar- University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] bara Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Bio- logical and Chemical Research Centre Pijanowska, University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] Joanna Hydrobiology Rabus, Max Animal Ecology I, University of Germany [email protected] Bayreuth Ravichandran, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, India [email protected] Ramanibai Department of Zoology

99 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Ravindran, Universität Hamburg, Biologie Germany suda.parimala.ravindran@uni- Suda Parimala hamburg.de Razloutski, Center for Bioresourses NAS of Belarus Belarus [email protected] Vladimir Ritschar, Sven Animal Ecology I, University of Germany [email protected] Bayreuth Rusiłowicz, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biol- Poland [email protected] Magdalena ogy, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Hydrobiology Saebelfeld, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology Germany [email protected] Manja and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Ecosystem Research Sanoamuang, Khon Kaen University, International Col- Thailand [email protected] La-orsri lege Schott, Mat- University of Cologne, Aquatic Chemical Germany [email protected] thias Ecology Schwarzenberger, Konstanz University, Limnological Insti- Germany [email protected] Anke tute Seda, Jaromir Hydrobiological Institute, BC Czech Czech Re- [email protected] Academy of Sciences, Fish and zoo- public plankton ecology Slusarczyk, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biol- Poland [email protected] Miroslaw ogy, Department of Hydrobiology Sobral none Brazil [email protected] Loureiro, Carlos Alberto Soesbergen, EIS Netherlands Netherlands [email protected] Martin Sousa, Fran- University of Brasília, Biology Brazil [email protected] cisco Diogo Rocha Spaak, Piet Eawag Switzerland [email protected] Tiang-nga, Su- Khon Kaen University, Department of Thailand [email protected] patra Biology, Faculty of Science Tollrian, Ralph Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Evo- Germany [email protected] lutionsökologie und Biodiversität der Tiere Trotter, Benja- Animal Ecology I, University of Germany benjamin.trotter@uni- min Bayreuth bayreuth.de Van Damme, Senckenberg Research Institute and Mu- Germany [email protected] Kay seum of Nature Frankfurt Vanoverberghe, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Biology Belgium [email protected] Isabel von Elert, Eric University of Koeln, Institut for Zoology Germany [email protected]

100 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Weiss, Linda Ruhr-University Bochum, Animal Ecol- Germany [email protected] ogy, Evolution and Biodiversity Wilczynski,´ University of Warsaw, Department of Poland [email protected] Wojciech Hydrobiology Williams, Lee- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Sci- Switzerland [email protected] Gavin ence and Technology„ Aquatic Ecology Wolfschoon Animal Ecology I, University of Germany [email protected] Ribeiro, Bayreuth Bernard Wolinska, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology Germany [email protected] Justyna and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Ecosystem Resea

101