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China Und Seine Darstellung Im Schulbuch

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China Und Seine Darstellung Im Schulbuch GEORG NOHN Vom Fachbereich VI (Geographie/Geowissenschaften) der Universität Trier zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigte Dissertation mit dem Titel CHINA UND SEINE DARSTELLUNG IM SCHULBUCH - LANDESNATUR – BEVÖLKERUNG – LANDWIRTSCHAFT – INDUSTRIE/WIRTSCHAFT – TRADITIONELLE GRUNDLAGEN – POLITISCHES SYSTEM - Erster Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Walter Sperling, Universität Trier Zweiter Gutachter: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Berthold Hornetz, Universität Trier Tag der letzten mündlichen Prüfung: 13. Februar 2001 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort 1. EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Begründung.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Zielsetzung................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Struktur und Aufbau.....................................................................................................4 2. DAS GEOGRAPHIELEHRBUCH - Eine Begriffsbestimmung - ............................................................................................... 8 3. SCHULGEOGRAPHIE IM WANDEL - Geographiedidaktische Entwicklung und Paradigmenwechsel - ...................................... 13 3.1 Das Konzept der Länderkunde.................................................................................... 13 3.1.1 Rezeption des exemplarischen Prinzips - Die Exemplarische Länderkunde - ................................................................. 17 3.1.2 Länderkunde nach dominanten Faktoren........................................................... 19 3.1.3 Kritik - Wandel – Neuorientierung.................................................................... 20 3.2 Fachdidaktische Neuorientierung: - Die Allgemeine Geographie - .............................. 24 3.2.1 Die Bedeutung der Lernzielorientierung für den geographiedidaktischen Wandel............................................................................................................. 27 3.2.2 Neuorientierung ohne Erfolg? - Eine Bewertung des thematisch-lernzielorientierten Konzepts - ..................... 29 3.3 Zurück zur Länderkunde oder Reform der Reform? - Der regional-thematische Ansatz - ........................................................................... 32 3.3.1 „Allgemeine Geographie am regionalen Faden“................................................. 36 3.3.2 Kritische Stellungnahmen.................................................................................. 37 3.4 Ausblick ..................................................................................................................... 40 4. VORURTEILE UND STEREOTYPE........................................................................... 43 4.1 Begriffsdefinitionen und inhaltliche Abgrenzungen...................................................... 43 4.1.1 Die verzerrte Perzeption der Realität: Vorurteile............................................... 43 4.1.2 Verfestigte Bilder in unseren Köpfen: Stereotype.............................................. 46 4.1.3 Exkurs: Das Auslandsbild Chinas im Wandel der Zeit........................................ 49 4.2 Vorurteile und Stereotype in Schulen.......................................................................... 52 4.3 Vorurteile und Stereotype in Schulbüchern................................................................. 53 5. METHODEN EINER SCHULBUCHANALYSE......................................................... 59 5.1 Die deskriptiv-analytische Methode ............................................................................ 60 5.2 Inhaltsanalysen ........................................................................................................... 61 5.2.1 Die quantitative Inhaltsanalyse.......................................................................... 64 5.2.2 Die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse............................................................................ 67 6. BETRACHTUNGSGRUNDLAGE: DIE VR CHINA.................................................. 69 6.1 DER NATURRAUM ................................................................................................. 69 6.1.1 Größe, Lage, Grenzen ...................................................................................... 69 6.1.2 Untergrund und Relief - Grundzüge des geologischen Aufbaus - ............................................................ 71 6.1.3 Die klimatischen Bedingungen Chinas............................................................... 72 6.1.4 Vegetation und Böden Chinas - Die natürlichen Voraussetzungen eines Agrarstaates - ...................................... 78 6.1.4.1 Die Vegetation ........................................................................................ 78 6.1.4.2 Die Böden ............................................................................................... 80 6.1.5 Reichtum des Landes und Basis der Industrialisierung: Die chinesischen Bodenschätze........................................................................ 81 6.2 DER KULTURRAUM............................................................................................... 85 6.2.1 Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Bevölkerungspolitik in China............................. 85 6.2.2 Ein Agrarstaat im Übergang? - Entwicklungen, Reformen und Probleme der chin. Landwirtschaft - ................... 93 6.2.2.1 Agrarpolitische Entwicklungen ................................................................ 93 6.2.2.2 Schwierigkeiten und Probleme der chinesischen Landwirtschaft ............... 95 6.2.2.3 Agrarregionen und -produkte (incl. Forst-/Vieh-/Fischwirtschaft) ....................................................... 102 6.2.3 China auf dem Weg zum Global Player? - Die chinesische Wirtschaft und Industrie - ...................................................... 106 6.2.3.1 Wirtschaftsreformen und -entwicklungen in China.................................. 106 6.2.3.2 China, eine künftige Weltwirtschaftsmacht? .......................................... 133 6.2.4 Traditionelle Grundlagen Chinas..................................................................... 139 6.2.5 Zwei ehemalige Kolonien und ein Rebell - Die besondere Stellung Taiwans, Hongkongs und Macaos - ........................... 151 6.2.5.1 Taiwan (Republik China) - Abtrünnige Provinz oder eigenständiger Staat? - ................................... 153 6.2.5.1.1 Politische Entwicklungen .............................................................. 153 6.2.5.1.2 Taiwan nach dem wirtschaftlichen Strukturwandel........................ 161 6.2.5.2 Hongkong - Eine Wirtschaftsmetropole kehrt zurück - .............................................. 163 6.2.5.2.1 Die Rückführung Hongkongs nach dem Prinzip „Ein Land-Zwei Systeme“ - Ein zweckdienlicher Euphemismus? - ......................................... 163 6.2.5.2.2 Hongkongs Entwicklung zur Wirtschafts- und Finanzmetropole..................................................................... 167 6.2.5.3 Macao: Eine Brücke zwischen Europa und Asien................................... 171 6.2.5.3.1 Von der portugiesischen Kolonie zum Sonderverwaltungsgebiet Chinas .................................................. 171 6.2.5.3.2 Macao: Das wirtschaftliche Tor nach Südchina ............................. 173 6.2.6 Grundlagen des politischen Systems der VR China.......................................... 178 6.2.6.1 Alle Macht der KP: Die chinesische Innenpolitik .................................... 178 6.2.6.2 Formelle und informelle Strukturen des politischen Systems................... 180 6.2.6.2.1 Formelle Strukturen...................................................................... 180 6.2.6.2.2 Informelle Strukturen.................................................................... 189 6.2.6.3 Ökonomischer Wandel = Politischer Wandel? - Unausweichliche Interdependenzen - ..................................................... 200 6.2.6.4 Wandlungsprozesse innerhalb des politischen Systems ........................... 209 6.2.6.5 Wissenschaftliche Erklärungsansätze und Perspektiven des politischen Systems ............................................................................... 214 6.2.6.6 Machtpolitik und nationale Stärke - Die außenpolitischen Grundlagen der VR China - .................................. 217 6.2.6.7 Exkurs: Die Ereignisse von 1989 - Hoffnung auf Demokratie ? - ................................................................. 223 6.3 SYSTEMATISIERUNG DER NATUR- UND KULTURLANDSCHAFTEN.......... 226 6.3.1 Zum Begriff der Natur- und Kulturlandschaft.................................................. 228 6.3.2 Die Naturlandschaften Chinas ......................................................................... 230 6.3.2.1 Das Hochland von Tibet und seine Randgebirge..................................... 231 6.3.2.2 Die Beckenlandschaften Chinas.............................................................. 232 6.3.2.3 Die Mandschurei und das Große Chingan-Gebirge................................. 234 6.3.2.4 Die Große Ebene (Huanghe und Jangtsekiang) ...................................... 235 6.3.2.5 Das Nordchinesische Bergland / Lössbergland ....................................... 236 6.3.2.6 Das Südchinesische Bergland................................................................. 237 6.3.2.7 Die Inseln Taiwan und Hainan ..............................................................
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