Nature Environment and Pollution Technology p-ISSN: 0972-6268 Vol. 17 No. 3 pp. 767-775 2018 An International Quarterly Scientific Journal e-ISSN: 2395-3454 Original Research Paper Open Access Invasiveness and Colonizing Ability of carnea Jacq. and Attempts at its Management

M. Rafiq Kumar, Tasneem Abbasi and S. A. Abbasi† Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India †Corresponding author: S.A. Abbasi

ABSTRACT Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech. Website: www.neptjournal.com Jacq., also called Ipomoea fistulosa, is among the world’s 100 most invasive weeds. Its ability to grow explosively on land as well as in wetlands gives it a unique competitive advantage Received: 30-10-2017 over other major weeds like Lantana, Prosopis and water hyacinth, which are either aquatic or Accepted: 18-12-2017 terrestrial. This paper presents an overview of the invasiveness and colonizing ability of Ipomoea in Key Words: the context of the its attributes that facilitate its spread. The manner in which Ipomoea infestation Ipomoea carnea harms the environmental health is also described. The numerous ways that have been explored to Invasive weeds utilize Ipomoea have been enumerated. In the context of the inadequacy of these attempts, an Vermicomposting emerging technology, which promises to solve the Ipomoea problem, is described. Volatile fatty acids

INTRODUCTION Ipomoea is capable of growing with equal ease on land, Ipomoea, with approximately 500 species, is the largest in water, and in regions of land-water interface (Chari & genus in the family (Meira et al. 2012). The Abbasi 2003, 2005). This extraordinary flexibility in terms species of this genus are usually found in the tropics, but of habitats (Figs. 1 and 2) gives Ipomoea an edge over some of the species also exist in temperate regions (Cao et other dreaded weeds which are either aquatic (e.g. water al. 2005). Over half of all the Ipomoea species are native to hyacinth, Salvinia), or terrestrial (e.g. Lantana, the Americas (Austin & Huaman 1996). India hosts about Parthenium). Ipomoea is now common throughout the 60 species of Ipomoea (Bhellum 2012). tropical and sub-tropical world spanning South America, Africa, South Asia and parts of Australia (Boulos 2000). It Whereas, about 10% of all Ipomoea species have been is found all over India, being particularly dominant in the identified as weeds (Holm et al. 1979), some like I. batatas western, central, southern and southeastern states (Cook and I. aquatica are used as food (Bovell & Benjamin 2007) 1987, Kumar, 2017c). and several like I. cairica, I. digitata, I. hederacea, I. purpurea, I. alba and I. pes-caprae, are used in traditional Like many other weeds that have colonized India and medicine (Silveria et al. 2005, Zia-Ul-Haq et al. 2012). But, the rest of the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, it is the invasiveness and negative impact of I. carnea that Ipomoea is also a native of tropical South America (Hussain dominates all concerns about the genus Ipomoea. In this et al. 2015, 2016). Its easy-to-establish nature and large, state-of-the-art assessment, a review of the invasiveness and colourful, and scented flowers (Fig. 2) have been attracting colonizing ability of I. carnea (henceforth referred to as farmers to use it as a garden and hedge . This has helped Ipomoea) is presented and attempts at the weed’s utiliza- its spread because once planted in any area, Ipomoea is tion have been surveyed. almost impossible to eradicate from there. Its refusal to fade away even when mercilessly hecked and its roots dug out, INVASIVENESS AND COLONIZING ABILITY OF has earned it the sobriquets of ‘besharam’ and ‘behaya’, IPOMOEA CARNEA both Hindi words meaning shameless, though its English sobriquet is much more honourable. Even as I. aquatica is also a major weed, and I. indica, I. purpurea, I. alba, I. pes-tigridis, I. hederacea, I. cairica, I. Ipomoea is an amphibious plant, equally at home on dry coccinee and I. turbinata are also weedy, none can match soils and in wetlands (Fig. 1). It produces pale rose, pink or the extreme hardiness, regenerative ability, adaptability, light violet flowers, glabrous capsule-like fruits, and viable resilience and dominance of Ipomoea carnea. silky seeds (Fig. 2). It can propagate sexually as well as 768 M. Rafiq Kumar et al. vegetatively; its stem fragments on being sown develop control Ipomoea with the use of chemical pesticides, roots within a few days. biocontrol agents, mechanical removal, or combinations of Among numerous chemicals, of which several are these approaches. But, as the example given in Fig. 3 indi- bioactive (Meira et al. 2012, Akram et al. 2014), Ipomoea cates, such attempts have been totally unsuccessful despite contains alkaloids swansonine and calystegines which im- prohibitively huge investments. Worse, the use of both part it mammalian toxicity and strong allelopathy (Hueza chemical and biocontrol agents can have massively, as well et al. 2005, Meira et al. 2012). Cattle, sheep and goats graz- as unforeseen, harmful spin offs. The former can toxify soil, ing upon Ipomoea may develop serious intoxication of the water, and air in unpredictable and irreversible ways, while nervous system which is clinically characterized by depres- the latter can become serious pests themselves (Abbasi et al. sion, soft faeces, weight loss, disorders of behavior and con- 1988). sciousness, discoordinated gait, intense tremors, spastic As a result, Ipomoea is not only continuing to thrive, paresis, abnormal postural reactions, nystagmus, but is continuing to invade ever newer territories, coloniz- hyperreflexia, hypersensitivity to sound, head tilting and ing ever larger areas. Its colonization of landmasses inter- loss of equilibrium (Dalo & Moussatche 1978, De Balogh feres with all other uses of land while its colonization of et al. 1999, Haraguchi et al. 2003, Sharma & Bachheti 2013). water bodies affects fisheries, irrigation and navigation The allelopathic effect of Ipomoea helps it to discourage (Chari & Abbasi 2005). Its infestation also defaces the water other vegetation from growing around it, and monopolize bodies and robs them of much of their recreational value the natural resources of the areas it occupies. The combined (Abbasi & Chari 2008). impact is a catastrophic loss of biodiversity. CONTRIBUTION OF IPOMOEA INFESTATION TO With its ability to adapt to habitats that range from xeric GLOBAL WARMING to aquatic, Ipomoea has a unique competitive advantage over other dreaded weeds. The diversity of habitats in which Nearly a third of Ipomoea biomass, comprising of Ipomoea can thrive, and the ease with which it propagates and tender stem (Fig. 2) is amenable to relatively easy bio- vegetatively, has created a fear that in times to come Ipo- degradation via composting, vermicomposting or anaero- moea may overtake other invasives to become the most bic fermentation (Ganesh et al. 2008, Abbasi & Abbasi prevalent and dominant of all (Shaltout et al. 2010). 2010). In a study of Ipomoea invasion in Egypt, Shaltout et al. When the fallen leaves and dead plants of Ipomoea de- (2010) record that the growing season of Ipomoea encom- grade in the open they generate either carbon dioxide or a passes most of the year. The almost ubiquitous presence of 2:1 (v/v) methane-carbon dioxide mixture, depending on Ipomoea in the region where this author works, on dry lands whether the degradation had occurred under aerobic condi- as well as in wetlands (Figs. 1-3), seems to confirm this. tions or anaerobic (Abbasi et al. 2012, Tauseef et al. 2013a). In wetlands infested with aquatic weeds, photosynthetic ATTEMPTS AT UTILIZATION OF IPOMOEA replenishment of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the epilimnion Ipomoea is among the plants that has been used in tradi- is inhibited due to the shading caused by the weeds. The tional medicine (Meira et al. 2012, Akram et al. 2014) on DO is further stressed by the biochemical oxygen demand the basis of its anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and (BOD) exerted by the weeds’ debris (Abbasi & Nipaney 1986, immunostimulant attributes which make it a wound healer 1993). When the infestation of a water body by weeds like Ipomoea increases, the DO levels in the water body’s (Hueza et al. 2011). It has also been explored for treating hypolimnion gradually fall to zero. As the degradation of insomnia (Akram et al. 2014), AIDS (Woradulaypinij et al. the debris mostly occurs in the hypolimnion and the under- 2005), and hypertension (Lamidi et al. 2000), and in gener- lying sediments, it is predominantly anaerobic. But the 60- ating energy (Abbasi et al. 1990, Ramasamy & Abbasi 2000), 65% methane that is generated during anaerobic degrada- and volatile fatty acids (Ganesh et al. 2005). tion has 34 times greater global warming potential (GWP) Other attempts to use Ipomoea span a gamut, as summa- than carbon dioxide (Schindell et al. 2009). It is this ever- rized in Table 1. But despite these valiant efforts which have increasing anaerobic degradation occurring in the increas- spanned several decades, no commercially viable methods ingly polluted (and consequently weed-infested) wetlands have been developed with which even a sizeable fraction, let which is believed to have substantially enhanced anthro- alone most of, the Ipomoea biomass can be put to use. pogenic global warming emissions of methane in recent ATTEMPTS AT CONTROLLING IPOMOEA decades (Abbasi & Abbasi 2012, Abbasi & Abbasi 2011). This realization gives an additional sense of urgency and There have also been equally valiant attempts to destroy or importance to the control of Ipomoea.

Vol. 17, No. 3, 2018  Nature Environment and Pollution Technology INVASIVENESS AND COLONIZING ABILITY OF IPOMOEA AND ITS MANAGEMENT 769

Fig. 1: Typical Ipomoea infestation on land (left) and in water (right).

Fig. 2: Ipomoea flowers in bloom (left) and brush-like seeds (right).

Fig. 3: Despite spending massive sums in trying to control Ipomoea by chemical means, as reflected in this news item, the Veeranam lake continues to be infested by Ipomoea and other weeds.

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology  Vol. 17, No. 3, 2018 770 M. Rafiq Kumar et al. Table cont.... References al.(2010) et Abbasi Patel al. et (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010) (2010) al. et Adsul (2012) al. et Adsul (2015) al. et Adsul (2012) al. et Adsul (2010) al. et Adsul (2011) al. et Saleem al.(2010a,b) et Khatiwora Dutt al. et (2005, 2008, 2009, 2010) (2011) al. et Nandkumar (2010) al. et Adhikari (2015)al. Kar et & Rout (2010) al. et Khatawora (2013) al. Tayung et & Padhi (2012) al. et Tayung (2005) al. et Woradulayapinij (2015) al. et Sahayaraj (2009) al. et Rahuman (2010) al. et Sujatha (2011) al. et Kagale control the harmful the control B.subtilis, E.coli, B.subtilis, -sitosterol and stigmasterol and -sitosterol  Ipomoea Ipomoea was grown, no retardation in the weeds growth was growth weeds the in retardation no grown, was Ipomoea can form a potential source of raw material for paper making industries. making paper for material raw of source potential a form can Key findings Key potential. antioxidant showed extract Methanolic exochitinase and lysosome chitinase ICChlwith Enzymescarneinand extractable. werea activity including, compounds, major thirteen revealed analysis GC-MS 3-(diethylamino)-1 alanine, L- N-acetyl- amide, acryl N-isopropyl 2 6,10,14 trimethyl 1 propane, phenyl 1:3 methoxy propanol, n-octadecanol, acid, hexadecanoic phthalate, diethyl 1,2 pentadecanone, octacosane, heptadecane-4-olide, tetramethyl 4,8,12,16 acid stearic tetracontane. and hexatriacontane phthalate. Dibutyl easter. Aromatic phthalate. Dibutyl volatiles, steam of presence revealed (TLC) chromatography layer Thin extracts. ethanol the in constituents neutral and bases acids, phenols, p-coumarate, octyl- p-coumarate, methyl- p-coumarate, Dodecyl- 3-oleanone, escopoletin, umbelliferone, flavonoids. and Phenol by increased is strength Mechanical pulp. 53.5% stemyields Ipomoea lengths. fibre shorter and thelonger of pulps the blending Ipomoea in soil to shrink-swell kg-1Pb levels in 50-800 mg applying While the which phytoaccumulator a as potential of Indicative observed. displayantibacterial, fractions other and extract methanolic Crude properties. healing wound and antioxidant gram against results promising showed extracts methanol and Acetone coli Escherichia (ATCC12453), mirabilis Proteus bacteria negative (ATCC33495),Pseudomonas Klebseillapneumoniae (ATCC10536), Staphylococcus becteria positive gram and (ATCC10662), aeruginosa cereus Bacillus and (ATCC11774), subtilis Bacillus (ATCC1026), aureus (ATCC10876). anti-microbial displayed stem, the from isolated Quambalariafungus, microorganisms. significant clinically against activity against activity antibacterial showed metabolites fungal endophytic The species, Staphylococcus pathogenicbacteria Shigelladysentriae. and flurescens Pseudomonas Salmolellatyphi, a at 90% than greater inhibition HIV-1RT showed extracts Water µg/mL. 200 of concentration oils. essential of Source of extracts petroleum and water Hot Culexquinquefasciatus. vector filariasis metabolites secondary of presence the reveal of extracts Water potential terpenoids,whichshow and phenolics alkaloids, as such process ecdyseal the alsorestrict and mortality pupal and larval against animals. experimental in toxicity extractsexhibit from compounds alkaloid and Terpenoid rice. in disease blight sheath of agent causative a Rhizoctoniasolani, against . Plant component used component Plant stated Not Latex Leaves Stems stem and Leaves flowers Leaves,stems,and Stem plant Whole Leaves Stem seeds and ,stem Leaves stated Not stem and Root leaves Ipomoea carnea Ipomoea Type of use of Type potential Antioxidant enzymes of Source chemicals of Source pulp of Source making paper for accumulator Phyto- Antibacterial Antiviral Repellent Pesticides S. No. 1. 2. 3 4 5 6 7. 8. 9. Table 1: Attempts to utilize to Attempts 1: Table

Vol. 17, No. 3, 2018  Nature Environment and Pollution Technology INVASIVENESS AND COLONIZING ABILITY OF IPOMOEA AND ITS MANAGEMENT 771 Thoudam et al. (2014) al. et Thoudam (2014)al. Singh et (2012) al. et Rajguru (2005) al. et Kamruzzaman (2011) al. et Sahayaraj (2013) al. et Jesus De (2005a) al. et Ghosh (2005b) al. et Ghosh (2016) al. et Pandey (2010) al. et Miranda (2007) al. et Konwer (2008) al. et Sankar (2013) Pramanik & Kumari (2015) al. et Saikia (2015) al. et Kumar (2015) al. et Ganaie (2014) al. et Abbasi (2014) al. et Ganaie (2014) al. et Daniel (2012) Kakad & Dhembare al.(2012) et Gupta (2014) al. et Mustafa (2011) al. et Nidiry (2015) al. et Sharma (2016) al. et Geetha (2016) al. et Jha (2013)al. et Joshi (2012) al. et Mahanta (2011) al. et Makhija (both in freshly in (both A.porri. L.mauritii. E.eugeniae. Ipomoea showed an showed and and was effective as adsorbent as effective was has been found to have a have to found been has Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea. showed insecticide activity against nymphs of nymphs against activity insecticide showed when used in combination with Isariafu- with combination in used when Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea E.eugeinae, E. fetida, P.excavatus P.excavatus fetida, E. E.eugeinae, showed a potential for the removal of heavy metals from the from metals heavy of removal the for potential a showed because environment the in load dust monitoring to for suitable is contains a good amount of holocellulose (67.49%) which can be can which (67.49%) holocellulose of amount good a contains roots have been observed to cause significant dye degradation dye significant cause to observed been have roots showed greater potential than Dhaturainnoxia,Phragmyteskarka, than potential greater showed An aqueous extract showed discernable inhibition against black rot black against inhibition discernable showed extract aqueous An Corticiumtheae. fungus pathogenic causing disease responsible anthcinglucoside, of presence the Extractsrevealed Pseudaleticaunipuncta, as such pest on effects toxic for Helicoverpasp. and Pectinophoragossypiella pests. insect in against mortality considerable cause extracts Aqueous of extracts water and ethanol Acetone, Sitophilusoryzae. and Alphibiusdiaperinus insects the against effect antifeedent of extracts Water species fungi three of growth mycelial reduced highly a mosoroseus, observed. were Verticilliumlecanii and Paecilomycesfumosorosea Beauveriabassiana, of extracts Ethanol pest. (Lycopersiconesculentum) tomato a (Bemisiatabaci), silverleafwhitefly removing in effectiveness indicated soil kg-1 Cd mg with 10-200 study Pot fromtheCd soil. Ipomoea soil. the from Cr of extraction the in camera) Lantana and Cassiatorra, Ipomoea Jharkhand. station, thermal Patrutu of dumpsite ash fly the from prepared carbon Activated waters. synthetic from Cu of removal the for mixed stem Ipomoea of charcoal pulverized from prepared was fuel Solid starch. of solution aqueous with of digestion anaerobic on generated was Biogas form). crushed dried and chopped from produced was Bio-ethanol 550ºC. at by pyrolysis obtained Bio-oil was digestion. acid-phase by generated were acids fatty Volatile nanoparticles. silver of synthesis rapid the for used was extract Aqueous confirmed nanoparticles, gold of synthesis the for used were Extracts ray. X and EDAX by activity. anthelmintic extractshave Chloroform after aqueousextract the by displayed was activity Hepatoprotective CCl4. by injury liver induced chemically cells. colontumour against cytotoxicity possessed extracts Methanol Colletrotrichumgloeosoporiides, against activity Antifungal and Cladiosporiumcucumerinum,Alternariaalternata Ipomoea sugars. fermentable into converted from prepared carbon Activated solution. aqueous from 6 green Direct of removal the for adsorbent an as act to potential Ipomoea 98%. to decolorized was 114 Red Acid dye diazo The (>90%). Ipomoea collectors. dust good are which leaves shaped heart having of species earthworm using generated was Vermicast of species four Ipomoeausing from generated Vermicompostwas earthworms Leaves and seeds and Leaves bark and seeds Leaves, stated Not stated Not plant Whole stated Not Stem stated Not Leaves Leaves and stem Leaves, root Leaves leaves Leaves Leaves stated Not Stem Roots plant Whole stated Not Leaves Extraction of Extraction metals heavy Fuel acids fatty Volatile Nanoparticles Anthelmintic Hepatoprotective Anticarcinogenic Antifungal fermentable of Source sugars removal Dye degradation Dye indicator Dust Vermicomposting 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. ...Cont.Table

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology  Vol. 17, No. 3, 2018 772 M. Rafiq Kumar et al.

RECENT BREAKTHROUGHS REFERENCES A glimmer of hope has emerged recently from the efforts of Abbasi, S.A. and Chari, K.B. 2008. Environmental Management of S.A. Abbasi and coworkers on direct and efficient Urban Lakes. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, viii + 269 pages. vermicomposting of Ipomoea (Makhija et al. 2011). Even Abbasi, S.A. and Nipaney, P.C. 1986. Infestation by aquatic weeds of though a report of a past attempt exists on the the fern genus Salvinia: its status and control. Environmental vermicomposting of Ipomoea (Mahanta 2012), it was based Conservation, 13(03): 235-241. on cow-dung supplementation and took as much as 60 days. Abbasi, S.A. and Nipany, P.C. 1993. World’s Worst Weed: Impact and Control. International Book Distributors Dehradun, xi + 226 This was similar to other past attempts at utilizing different Pages. species of phytomass, as reviewed by Abbasi et al. (2015). Abbasi, M.A., Zafar, A., Riaz, T., Arshad, S., Shahwar, D., Jahangir, The common lacunae of these attempts have been: M. and Ajaib, M. 2010. Evaluation of comparative antioxidant potential of aqueous and organic fractions of Ipomoea carnea. a. Dependence on pre-composting and/or manure (mainly Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(18): 1883-1887. cow-dung) supplementation Abbasi, S.A., Nipaney, P.C. and Soni, R. 1988. Aquatic weeds- distri- b. Very slow process rate bution, impact, and control. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 47(11): 650-661. The combined effect of these constraints has been that Abbasi, S.A., Nipaney, P. C. and Schaumberg, G.D. 1990. Bioenergy the processes become uneconomical and unviable. As a potential of eight common aquatic weeds. Biological Wastes, 34(4): consequence, no instance exists on large-scale 359-366. Abbasi, S.A., Nayeem-Shah, M. and Abbasi Tasneem 2015. vermicomposting of any weed. By developing a paradigm Vermicomposting of phytomass: limitations of the past approaches of “high-rate vermicomposting” and associated technology and the emerging directions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 93: (Abbasi et al. 2009, 2011, 2015, 2018; Sanker Ganesh et al. 103-114. 2009; Tauseef et al. 2013b, c; Premalatha et al. 2014 a, b), Abbasi, S. A., Hussain, N., Tauseef, S. M. and Tasneem, A. 2018. A novel FLippable Units Vermireactor Train System % FLUVTS % S.A. Abbasi and coworkers have overcome these problems. for rapidly vermicomposting paper waste to an organic fertilizer, They have made it possible to directly and efficiently Journal of Cleaner Production, 198: 917-930. vermicompost Ipomoea, lantana and other weeds. They have Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. 2010. Production of clean energy by also demonstrated that vermireactors fed with Ipomoea can anaerobic digestion of phytomass-new prospects for a global warming amelioration technology. Renewable and Sustainable be operated continuously and indefinitely. They have also Energy Reviews, 14: 1653-1659. shown that the vermicast thus generated is a high-quality Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. 2011. Sources of pollution in rooftop organic fertilizer-cum-pesticide (Hussain et al. 2016, 2017). rainwater harvesting systems and their control. Critical Reviews In another related study from the same group, Kumar et al. in Environmental Science and Technology, 41(23): 2097-2167. Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. 2012. Is the use of renewable energy (2015) have shown that prior to vermicomposting Ipomoea sources an answer to the problems of global warming and pollu- leaves, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) can be extracted from tion? Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technol- them. The VFAs serve as energy precursors as they can be ogy, 42: 99-154. converted into biogas on being fed to an anaerobic digester Abbasi, T., Gajalakshmi, S. and Abbasi, S.A. 2009. Towards modeling and design of vermicomposting systems: mechanisms of (Kumar et al. 2017a). This work has since been extended to composting/vermicomposting and their implications. Indian J. dried and powdered form of Ipomoea (Kumar et al. 2017b). Biotechnol., 8: 177-182. As VFAs comprise of only C, H and O, no NPK or medium/ Abbasi, T., Tauseef, S.M. and Abbasi, S.A. 2011. The inclined minor nutrient is lost in the course of VFA extraction from parallel stack continuously operable vermireactor. Off. J. Patent Off., 22: 9571.Biotechnol., 8: 177-182. Ipomoea (except minor quantities that go into water from Abbasi, T., Anuradha, J., Ganaie, S.U. and Abbasi, S.A. 2015. Gain- Ipomoea). Hence the vermicompost of the ‘spent’ Ipomoea ful utilization of the highly intransigent weed Ipomoea in the (after VFA extraction) is as nutrient-rich as the vermicompost synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Journal of King Saud Univer- of Ipomoea obtained without the VFA extraction. In this sity-Science, 27(1): 15-22. Adhikari, T., Kumar, A., Singh, M.V. and Rao, A.S. 2010. manner, even as valuable energy precursors are obtained Phytoaccumulation of lead by selected wetland plant species. from Ipomoea, all the rest of the weed is totally utilizable as Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41(22): an organic fertilizer via vermicomposting. 2623-2632. Adsul, V., Khatiwora, E., Ruikar, A., Pawar, P. and Deshpande, N.R. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2010. Proximate analysis and quantification of steam volatiles, acid, phenol, base and neutral components from the leaves and The author (SAA) thanks the Council of Scientific and In- stem of Ipomoea carnea. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research dustrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi for Emeritus Scientist Asia, 7(2): 957-961. Adsul, V.B., Khatiwora, E., Torane, R.C. and Deshpande, N.R. 2012. Grant (21(1034)/16/EMR-II. MRK is grateful to the Uni- Isolation and characterization of dibutyl phthalate from leaves of versity Grant Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for Maulana Ipomoea carnea. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 48(4): 712- Azad National Fellowship. 713.

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A lysosomal storage dis- Antihepatotoxic influence of aqueous extract of Ipomoea carnea ease induced by Ipomoea carnea in goats in Mozambique. Jour- against carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver toxicity in ex- nal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11(3): 266-273. perimental rodents. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 5(4): 262-265. De Jesus, S.C. and De Mendonca, F.A.C. 2013. Insecticide and activ- Haraguchi, M., Gorniak, S.L., Ikeda, K., Minami, Y., Kato, A., Watson, ity of vegetal extracts on the silver leaf whitefly (Bemisiatabaci). A.A. and Asano, N. 2003. Alkaloidal components in the poison- Rivestaem Agronegocioe MeioAmbiente, 6(1): 117-134. ous plant, Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae). Journal of Agri- Dhembare, A. J. and Kakad S.L. 2015. Evaluation of anthelmintic cultural and Food Chemistry, 51(17): 4995-5000. activity of Ipomoea carnea Jacq leaf extract. Der Pharmacia Lettre, Hueza, I.M. and Gorniak, S.L. 2011. The immunomodulatory effects 7(4): 262-265. of Ipomoea carnea in rats vary depending on life stage. Human Dutt, D. and Tyagi, C.H. 2010. Studies on Ipomoea carnea and Can- & Experimental Toxicology, 30(10): 1690-1700. nabis sativa as an alternative pulp blend for softwood: Optimiza- Hueza, I.M., Guerra, J.L., Haraguchi, M., Asano, N. and Górniak, S. tion of soda pulping process. J. Sci. Ind. Res, 69(6): 460-467. L. 2005. The role of alkaloids in Ipomoea carnea toxicosis: a Dutt, D., Upadhyaya, J. S., Malik, R. S. and Tyagi, C.H. 2005. Studies study in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 57(1): on the pulp and papermaking characteristics of some Indian non- 53-58. woody fibrous raw materials. I. Cellulose Chemistry and Tech- Hussain, N., Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S. A. 2015. Vermicomposting nology, 39(1-2): 115-128. eliminates the toxicity of Lantana (Lantana camara) and turns it Dutt, D., Upadhyaya, J.S., Tyagi, C.H., Kumar, A. and Lal, M. 2008. into a plant friendly organic fertilizer. Journal of Hazardous Ma- Studies on Ipomoea carnea and Cannabis sativa as an alternative terials, 298: 46-57. pulp blend for softwood: An optimization of kraft delignification Hussain, N., Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. 2016. Vermicomposting- process. Industrial Crops and Products, 28(2): 128-136. mediated conversion of the toxic and allelopathic weed Ipomoea Dutt, D., Tyagi, C.H., Agnihotri, S., Kumar, A. and Siddhartha 2009. into a potent fertilizer. Process Safety and Environmental Protec- Alkoxygen and alkoxygen-AQ delignification of Ipomoea carnea tion, 103: 97-106. and Cannabis sativa. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, Hussain, N., Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. 2017. Toxic and allelopathic 16(6): 523-528. Ipomoea yields plant-friendly organic fertilizer. Journal of Cleaner Gajalakshmi, S., Ramasamy, E.V. and Abbasi, S.A. 2002. High-rate Production, 148: 826-835. composting-vermicomposting of water hyacinth. Bioresource Jha, P., Jobby, R. and Desai, N.S. 2016. Remediation of textile azo Technology, 83: 235-239. dye acid red 114 by hairy roots of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. and Gajalakshmi, S., Ramasamy, E.V. and Abbasi, S.A. 2005. Composting- assessment of degraded dye toxicity with human keratinocyte cell vermicomposting of leaf litter ensuing from the trees of Magnifera line. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 311: 158-167.

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Joshi, N. and Joshi, A. 2013. Dust monitoring potentials of ruderal Miranda, M.A., Dhandapani, P., Kalavathy, M.H. and Miranda, L.R. vegetation of Mumbai. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 2010. Chemically activated Ipomoea carnea as an adsorbent for 29(2): 255-260. the copper sorption from synthetic solutions. Adsorption, 16(1- Kagale, S., Marimuthu, T., Kagale, J., Thayumanavan, B. and 2): 75-84. Samiyappan, R. 2011. Induction of systemic resistance in rice by Mustafa, S.M., Menshawi, B.M., Wassel, G.M., Mahmoud, K. and leaf extracts of Zizyphus jujuba and Ipomoea carnea against Mounier, M.M. 2014. Screening of some plants in Egypt for their Rhizoctonia solani. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6(7): 919-923. cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines. Int. J. Pharm. Kamruzzaman, M., Shahjahan, M. and Mollah, M.L.R. 2005. Labo- Tech. Res., 6(3): 1074-1084. ratory evaluation of plant extracts as antifeedant against the lesser Nandkumar, P. 2011. Studies on the chemical constituents and the mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus and rice weevil, Sitophilus pulp and paper making characteristics of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. oryzae. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 27(1): 149. 48(4): 252. Nidiry, E.S., Ganeshan, G. and Lokesha, A.N. 2011. Antifungal ac- Khatiwora, E., Adsul, V.B., Kulkarni, M.M., Deshpande, N.R. and tivity and isomerization of octadecyl p-coumarates from Ipo- Kashalkar, R.V. 2010a. Spectroscopic determination of total phe- moea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Natural Product Communications, nol and flavonoid contents of Ipomoea carnea. International Jour- 6(12): 1889-1892. nal of Chem. Tech. Research, 2(3): 1698-1701. Padhi, S. and Tayung, K. 2013. Antimicrobial activity and molecular Khatiwora, E., Adsul, V.B., Ruikar, A.D., Deshpande, N.R. and characterization of an endophytic fungus, Quambalaria sp. iso- Kashalkar, R.V. 2010b. Antibacterial activities of Ipomoea carnea lated from Ipomoea carnea. Annals of Microbiology, 63(2): stem. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 7(1): 413-417. 793-800. Konwer, D., Kataki, R. and Saikia, M. 2007. Production of solid fuel Pandey, S.K., Bhattacharya, T. and Chakraborty, S. 2016. Metal from Ipomoea carnea wood. Energy Sources, Part A, 29(9): phytoremediation potential of naturally growing plants on fly ash 817-822. dumpsite of Patratu thermal power station, Jharkhand, India. In- Kumar, M. R. 2017. Control of the amphibious weed ipomoea (Ipo- ternational Journal of Phytoremediation, 18(1): 87-93. moea carnea) by utilizing it for the extraction of volatile fatty Patel, A.K., Singh, V.K. and Jagannadham, M.V. 2007. Carnein, a acids as energy precursors and for generation of fertilizer. serine protease from noxious plant weed Ipomoea carnea (morn- Pondicherry University Thesis, 85 pages. ing glory). 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ICChI, a glycosylated chitinase from the latex of Safety, Springer, New York, Chapter 2618, pp. 1-29. Ipomoea carnea. Phytochemistry, 70(10): 1210-1216. Kumar, M.R., Tauseef, S.M., Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. 2017b. Patel, A.K., Singh, V.K., Yadav, R.P., Moir, A.J. and Jagannadham, Conversion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) obtained from Ipomoea M.V. 2010. Purification and characterization of a new chitinase (Ipomoea carnea) to energy. In: Siddiqui, N.A., Tauseef, S.M., from latex of Ipomoea carnea. Process Biochemistry, 45(5): 675- and Bansal, K. (Eds.), Advances in Health and Environment Safety, 681. Springer, New York, Chapter 28, pp. 1-12. Premalatha, M., Tabassum Abbasi, Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S. A. 2014a. Kumar, M.R., Tauseef, S.M., Abbasi, T., Abbasi, S.A. 2017c. Con- A critical view on the eco-friendliness of small and large hydro- version of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) obtained from Ipomoea electric installations. Science of the Total Environment, 481: 638- (Ipomoea carnea) to energy. In: Tauseef, S.M. and Abbasi, S.A. 643. (Eds.), Advances in Health and Environment Safety, Springer, Premalatha, M., Tabassum Abbasi, Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S. A. 2014b. New York, Chapter 28, pp. 1-12. The generation, impact and management of e-waste: State-of- Kumari, R. and Pramanik, K. 2013. Bioethanol production from Ipo- the-art. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technol- moea carnea biomass using a potential hybrid yeast strain. Ap- ogy, 44: 1577-1678. plied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 171(3): 771-785. Rahuman, A.A., Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Saravanan, E., Zahir, A. Lamidi, M., Rondi, M.L., Ollivier, E., Faure, R., Ekekang, L.N. and A. and Elango, G. 2009. Efficacy of larvicidal botanical extracts Balansard, G. 2000. Constituents of Ipomoea fistulosa leaves. against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasi- Fitoterapia, 71(2): 203-204. tology Research, 104(6): 1365-1372. 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