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Archaeological Assessment WAIKATO REGIONAL THEATRE, HAMILTON: ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Prepared for CharcoalBlue Ltd October 2018 By Sarah Phear (PhD) Zarah Burnett (MA Hons) Kim Tatton (MA Hons) 321 Forest Hill Rd, Waiatarua, Auckland 0612 Telephone: (09) 8141946 Mobile 0274 850 059 www.clough.co.nz Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Project Background ......................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Background ........................................................................................................ 5 Maori Settlement ............................................................................................................. 5 Traders and Missionaries ................................................................................................ 8 Maori Kingitanga and the New Zealand Wars ................................................................ 9 European Settlement ..................................................................................................... 15 The First Hamilton Hotel, 1865-1874 ........................................................................... 18 Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel, 1874-1897 ......................................................................... 26 Fire and Rebuild, 1898 .................................................................................................. 35 The Second Hamilton Hotel, 1899-1922 ...................................................................... 40 Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West......................................................................... 52 Archaeological Background .............................................................................................. 62 Archaeological Sites...................................................................................................... 62 Other Historic Heritage Sites .................................................................................... 66 Physical Environment ....................................................................................................... 70 Field Assessment ............................................................................................................... 71 Field Survey Results ..................................................................................................... 71 Discussion and Conclusions .............................................................................................. 76 Summary of Results ...................................................................................................... 76 Maori Cultural Values ................................................................................................... 77 Survey Limitations ........................................................................................................ 77 Archaeological Value and Significance ........................................................................ 77 Effects of the Proposal .................................................................................................. 78 Resource Management Act 1991 Requirements ........................................................... 87 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements ................................ 88 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 89 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 90 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 91 Appendix A: Site Record Forms ....................................................................................... 94 Appendix B: Hamilton City Council ADP........................................................................ 95 i INTRODUCTION Project Background Development of a new theatre complex called the Waikato Regional Theatre Project, is being proposed at 170 and 198 Victoria Street in Hamilton (Figure 1 and Figure 2; Table 1). The project has been devised by Momentum Ltd, who analysed a number of new theatre sites against rigorous assessment criteria that were underpinned by the Hamilton City Transformation Plan and Momentum’s Transformational Vision. The proposed development will comprise a 1,100-seat flexible lyric theatre constructed over split levels, with a garden area, and it will include a new hotel located on the Victoria Street frontage and an art gallery, to provide views onto the Waikato River (Figure 3). An archaeological assessment was commissioned by CharcoalBlue Ltd to establish whether the proposed work is likely to impact on archaeological values. This report has been prepared as part of the required assessment of effects accompanying a resource consent application under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and to identify any requirements under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA). Recommendations are made in accordance with statutory requirements. Table 1. Legal description of the Project area Property Address Legal Description Total land area 170 Victoria Street, Lot 1 DPS32477 513m² Hamilton 198 Victoria Street, Part Allotment 52 Hamilton West 5395m² Hamilton Methodology The New Zealand Archaeological Association’s (NZAA) site record database (ArchSite), Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017, and the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (Heritage NZ) New Zealand Heritage List were searched to determine whether any archaeological or other historic heritage sites had been recorded or scheduled on or in the immediate vicinity of the property. Literature and archaeological reports relevant to the area were consulted (see Bibliography). Early plans held at Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) were checked for information relating to past use of the property, and aerials viewed through Retrolens. Archival research was carried out to establish the history of the property. Archaeological sites beneath modern buildings and sealed surfaces in urban environments can rarely be identified prior to being exposed in the course of redevelopment work, and the approach to archaeological assessment is therefore to identify historically recorded activities on the site and assess the potential for archaeological evidence to have survived on the basis of later modifications to the site. A visual inspection of the property was conducted on 20 June 2018 by Sarah Phear, Steve Steve Wilcock (Property Manager, Momentum) and iwi representatives from Te Haa o te Whenua o Kirikiriroa (THaWK) led by Rawiri Bidois. The majority of the property is July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 1 beneath buildings or carpark/driveway. However, the eastern extent of the property was under vegetation, although it had been heavily modified in that past through landscaping. Where possible, the ground surface was examined for evidence of former occupation (in the form of shell midden, depressions, terracing or other unusual formations within the landscape, or indications of 19th century European settlement remains). Subsurface testing with a probe and spade was carried out along the top of the cliff in lawn areas to determine whether buried archaeological deposits could be identified or establish the nature of possible archaeological features. Photographs were taken to record the topography and the area and its immediate surrounds. Figure 1. Site location in relation to the Hamilton area (source: Google Maps) July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 2 Figure 2. The project area (red outline) at Victoria Street, Hamilton (source: HCC City Waters Viewer: 2017 aerial) Figure 3. Proposed Precinct Plan, with the new theatre indicated in red and the hotel in yellow. The development will be located within an Arts Precinct (pink dashed line) which is a subset of the Cultural Hospitality & Entertainment Precinct indicated by the brown dashed line (From the Hamilton City Transformational Plan) July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 3 Figure 4. Site plan (red outline) with existing buildings and gardens shown (source: Jasmax) Figure 5. Visual representation of the theatre once completed, viewed from the river (source: Jasmax) July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Maori Settlement Situated within the middle Waikato basin, a large expanse of low-lying alluvial plains, the area now known as Hamilton was a highly desirable area to Maori groups.1 Its strategic location alongside the Waikato Rivers gave access to principal transportation routes which stretched from Port Waikato in the north to Lake Taupo in the south along with portage routes throughout the Waikato Plains. The first settlers of the region were descended from the Tainui waka (canoe) which made landfall at Whangaparaoa, in the Bay of Plenty, in the 13th century before travelling through Tamaki Makaurau and then down the west coast of the North Island to finally settle at Kawhia.2 The Tainui migration resulted in the formation of several significant tribes including Waikato, who took their name from the river and were sometimes referred
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