WAIKATO REGIONAL THEATRE, HAMILTON: ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Prepared for CharcoalBlue Ltd

October 2018

By

Sarah Phear (PhD) Zarah Burnett (MA Hons) Kim Tatton (MA Hons)

321 Forest Hill Rd, Waiatarua, Auckland 0612 Telephone: (09) 8141946 Mobile 0274 850 059 www.clough.co.nz

Contents Introduction ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Methodology ...... 1 Historical Background ...... 5 Maori Settlement ...... 5 Traders and Missionaries ...... 8 Maori Kingitanga and the New Zealand Wars ...... 9 European Settlement ...... 15 The First Hamilton Hotel, 1865-1874 ...... 18 Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel, 1874-1897 ...... 26 Fire and Rebuild, 1898 ...... 35 The Second Hamilton Hotel, 1899-1922 ...... 40 Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West...... 52 Archaeological Background ...... 62 Archaeological Sites...... 62 Other Historic Heritage Sites ...... 66 Physical Environment ...... 70 Field Assessment ...... 71 Field Survey Results ...... 71 Discussion and Conclusions ...... 76 Summary of Results ...... 76 Maori Cultural Values ...... 77 Survey Limitations ...... 77 Archaeological Value and Significance ...... 77 Effects of the Proposal ...... 78 Resource Management Act 1991 Requirements ...... 87 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements ...... 88 Conclusions ...... 89 Recommendations ...... 90 Bibliography ...... 91 Appendix A: Site Record Forms ...... 94 Appendix B: Hamilton City Council ADP...... 95

i

INTRODUCTION

Project Background Development of a new theatre complex called the Waikato Regional Theatre Project, is being proposed at 170 and 198 Victoria Street in Hamilton (Figure 1 and Figure 2; Table 1). The project has been devised by Momentum Ltd, who analysed a number of new theatre sites against rigorous assessment criteria that were underpinned by the Hamilton City Transformation Plan and Momentum’s Transformational Vision. The proposed development will comprise a 1,100-seat flexible lyric theatre constructed over split levels, with a garden area, and it will include a new hotel located on the Victoria Street frontage and an art gallery, to provide views onto the Waikato River (Figure 3). An archaeological assessment was commissioned by CharcoalBlue Ltd to establish whether the proposed work is likely to impact on archaeological values. This report has been prepared as part of the required assessment of effects accompanying a resource consent application under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and to identify any requirements under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA). Recommendations are made in accordance with statutory requirements. Table 1. Legal description of the Project area

Property Address Legal Description Total land area 170 Victoria Street, Lot 1 DPS32477 513m² Hamilton 198 Victoria Street, Part Allotment 52 Hamilton West 5395m² Hamilton

Methodology The New Zealand Archaeological Association’s (NZAA) site record database (ArchSite), Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017, and the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (Heritage NZ) New Zealand Heritage List were searched to determine whether any archaeological or other historic heritage sites had been recorded or scheduled on or in the immediate vicinity of the property. Literature and archaeological reports relevant to the area were consulted (see Bibliography). Early plans held at Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) were checked for information relating to past use of the property, and aerials viewed through Retrolens. Archival research was carried out to establish the history of the property. Archaeological sites beneath modern buildings and sealed surfaces in urban environments can rarely be identified prior to being exposed in the course of redevelopment work, and the approach to archaeological assessment is therefore to identify historically recorded activities on the site and assess the potential for archaeological evidence to have survived on the basis of later modifications to the site. A visual inspection of the property was conducted on 20 June 2018 by Sarah Phear, Steve Steve Wilcock (Property Manager, Momentum) and iwi representatives from Te Haa o te Whenua o Kirikiriroa (THaWK) led by Rawiri Bidois. The majority of the property is

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 1

beneath buildings or carpark/driveway. However, the eastern extent of the property was under vegetation, although it had been heavily modified in that past through landscaping. Where possible, the ground surface was examined for evidence of former occupation (in the form of shell midden, depressions, terracing or other unusual formations within the landscape, or indications of 19th century European settlement remains). Subsurface testing with a probe and spade was carried out along the top of the cliff in lawn areas to determine whether buried archaeological deposits could be identified or establish the nature of possible archaeological features. Photographs were taken to record the topography and the area and its immediate surrounds.

Figure 1. Site location in relation to the Hamilton area (source: Google Maps)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 2

Figure 2. The project area (red outline) at Victoria Street, Hamilton (source: HCC City Waters Viewer: 2017 aerial)

Figure 3. Proposed Precinct Plan, with the new theatre indicated in red and the hotel in yellow. The development will be located within an Arts Precinct (pink dashed line) which is a subset of the Cultural Hospitality & Entertainment Precinct indicated by the brown dashed line (From the Hamilton City Transformational Plan)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 3

Figure 4. Site plan (red outline) with existing buildings and gardens shown (source: Jasmax)

Figure 5. Visual representation of the theatre once completed, viewed from the river (source: Jasmax)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 4

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Maori Settlement Situated within the middle Waikato basin, a large expanse of low-lying alluvial plains, the area now known as Hamilton was a highly desirable area to Maori groups.1 Its strategic location alongside the Waikato Rivers gave access to principal transportation routes which stretched from Port Waikato in the north to Lake Taupo in the south along with portage routes throughout the Waikato Plains. The first settlers of the region were descended from the Tainui waka (canoe) which made landfall at Whangaparaoa, in the Bay of Plenty, in the 13th century before travelling through Tamaki Makaurau and then down the west coast of the North Island to finally settle at Kawhia.2 The Tainui migration resulted in the formation of several significant tribes including Waikato, who took their name from the river and were sometimes referred to as Pare Waikato, meaning those within the borders of Waikato. The group was organised as a tribal confederation and included Ngati Mahuta, Ngati Tamainupo, Ngati Te Wehi, Ngati Te Ata, Ngati Tipa, Ngati Wairere and Ngati Mahanga among others.3 While the rivers around Hamilton played a vital role in providing access and food resources for Waikato Maori, the land itself was also utilised and this is evidenced in the numerous archaeological sites in the area. Alluvial terraces produced rich soils, and these were used for gardening and cultivation near watercourses. Maori added gravelly sands to the natural sand terraces and coarse-textured ash and burned scrub to produce potash which was utilised to enrich the soil.4 The principal crop was kumara; however, flax was also cultivated and following contact with Europeans, potatoes, corn and wheat quickly became staple harvests.5 Early Maori settlements throughout the Waikato were primarily established near shorelines and major rivers and were occupied either long-term, seasonally, or temporarily, according to the availability of food resources. On the western side of the Waikato River a fortified village (pa) was established by Ngati Wairere which was known as Kirikiriroa (meaning ‘long strip of cultivated land’ or ‘long gravel bar’).6 The name of the settlement was used to identify the surrounding area until it was renamed Hamilton in 1864 (Figure 6).7 Kirikiriroa Pa was situated between what is now London and Bryce Streets, and was protected by natural defences, including steep banks on the river side and a swampy gully, as well as constructed palisades on the western side.8 The

1 P.J. Gibbons, Astride the River: A History of Hamilton, Christchurch, 1977, p.25. 2 Te Ahukaramu Charles Royal, ‘Waikato’, in Te Ara – the Encylopedia of New Zealand, Ministry for Culture and Heritage New Zealand, Maori Peoples of New Zealand, Nga Iwi O Aotearoa, Auckland, 2006, p.255. 3 Ibid, p.252. 4 Gibbons, 1977, p.26. 5 “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, pp.18-19. 6 Ibid, p.18; Waikato Times, 15 September 2014, np. 7 “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, p.18. 8 Ibid, p.47; Waikato Times, 15 September 2014, np; NZAA Site Record Form S14/39.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 5

site supported gardens, and possibly a plantation, which were associated with the cultivation of kumara.9 Other large Maori settlements in the Kirikiriroa area included Te Rapa, Tamahere, Tauwhare, Whatawhata and Horotiu, and nearby pa were named Pukete, Te Owhanga (Te Hikuwai Reserve), Matakanohi (Ann Street Reserve), Te Tupari (Fairfield Esplanade), Opoia (Jesmond Park), and Te Rapa (Yendell Park).10 Urupa, or burial grounds, were also present at sites along the Waikato River, including Waitawhiriwhiri Urupa, at Milne Park along Victoria Street.11 According to the Hamilton District Plan, an urupa named Hua O Te Atua existed partly over the Riverbank Reserve and Allotment 53, Town of Hamilton West, at the western end of Sapper Moore-Jones Place and behind the former Hamilton Hotel.12 Few details are recorded which relate to Hua O Te Atua Urupa; however, an Opus report, dated September 2015, provided the following general information: ‘It was the custom for the remains of people who died at (Kirikiriroa) pa to be deposited in urupa close to the pa, or within naturally formed caves in the banks of the river. Maori history recalls that bones were removed from the urupa and relocated to other places. During the development of Hamilton City many of Ngati Wairere’s traditional burial sites were destroyed by house or building construction. In a few cases Ngati Wairere were allowed to remove their ancestor’s bones from these urupa prior to building construction beginning. William Graham allowed the bones which were exhumed from many of these traditional burial sites to be laid out on his lawns thereby allowing Maori to undertake the required ceremonial rituals and laments prior to the bones being transported to other locations, and re-buried.13 It should also be noted that an Auckland Star article, dated 12 March 1889 reported that while excavating ‘to the lower floor of Mr J. Harper’s store in Hamilton, lately occupied by Mr Greenwood as a barber’s shop, to the level of the footpath, the workmen came on skeletons and skulls of three natives.’14 Harper’s store was situated within Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West, neighbouring Allotment 53 and the Hamilton Hotel, and may therefore have been utilised by Maori as part of the Hua O Te Atua urupa, recorded to the south-east. In the early 19th century Waikato’s tribal territory was placed under threat by warring Ngapuhi parties, led by Hongi Hika, from the north. Armed with newly acquired muskets, the invaders forged a path of destruction and conquest from the Bay of Islands south to the Waikato River area. In 1822 a battle was waged between Ngapuhi and Waikato at

9 Ibid. 10 Nancy Swarbrick, 'Waikato places - Hamilton', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/waikato-places/page-7; “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, pp.36-55. 11 “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, p.45. 12 Hamilton District Plan GIS Viewer, Operative Hamilton District Plan 2017, Volume 2, Appendix 8: Historic Heritage, p.20. 13 William Graham was Hamilton’s first surveyor and later the town Mayor. He built his house on the site of Kirikiriroa Pa in 1880. Sian Keith. September 2015. Hamilton City River Plan. Desk-top Archaeological Assessment prepared for Hamilton City Council by Opus International Consultants Ltd, pp.48-49. 14 Auckland Star, 12 March 1889, p.1.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 6

Matakitaki Pa, near Pirongia, where many local Maori had fled for protection. Led by Te Wherowhero, Waikato gained an early victory but were ultimately forced to retreat from Ngapuhi’s weaponry advantage.15

Figure 6. Close-up of sketch map, dated 1860s, showing the area between Ngaruawahia and Kirikiriroa (arrowed in red) with settlements identified along the Waikato River (source: Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, NZ Map 4614)

15 'Mātakitaki Pā', URL: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/matakitaki-pa (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 3-Sep-2013.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 7

Traders and Missionaries Early contact between Maori and Europeans in the Kirikiriroa area began in the early 1830s when traders and missionaries started to travel inland throughout the Waikato region. Exploration was slow, however, and W.G. McClymont notes that many early missionaries ‘went from the Bay of Islands to Kaipara harbour where they vainly sought for natives bold enough to guide them into the Waikato. This region, as far as Ngaruawahia, was practically unoccupied because Hongi’s raids had drawn his allies to the north and driven his enemies far away to the south. Consequently there were no canoes in which to cross the intervening rivers and no hospitable natives to offer them provisions.’16 The first permanent European settler in the middle Waikato area was John Rodolphus Kent, an Australian sea captain, who sailed to New Zealand in search of commercial flax. Kent initially lived in the Hokianga before relocating to Kawhia in 1828 to promote trading links with the Waikato chief Te Wherowhero. Between 1828 and 1837 Kent managed a thriving trade and transported numerous cargoes of flax, potatoes, pork and spars across to Port Jackson in Australia. Kent married Te Wherowhero’s daughter, Tiria, and in 1831 he established a flax trading station in nearby Ngaruawahia, a major centre for goods travelling between the Waikato River and the Manukau Harbour.17 The couple were often visited by the Waikato chief, who navigated his waka along the river to meet with the various Waikato tribes.18 Trade was conducted at Kirikiriroa and often involved the barter of flax fibre and timbre for such goods as blankets, iron wares and textiles.19 Several missionary explorers also visited Captain Kent at Ngaruawahia and the surrounding areas, notably Reverend A.N. Brown and James Hamlin in 1834, and Reverend Henry Williams in March 1835.20 In the late 1830s the Reverend Benjamin Yates Ashwell, a member of the Church Missionary Society, established a nearby station at Kaitotehe, near Taupiri, and was a frequent visitor to Kirikiriroa pa.21 During this period a raupo dwelling and chapel were constructed at Kirikiriroa for the use of visiting missionaries and the Colonial Church Chronicle noted the stay of clergyman Abrahams in April 1854, who: ‘At Kirikiriroa…spent the night in a raupo hut used by Mr. Ashwell on his visits.’22 Contact between Waikato Maori and Europeans increased during the 1840s and 1850s with European-style education and farming practices introduced by missionaries. Large areas of land were planted in wheat and orchards established. Trade along the Waikato River flourished and Kirikiriroa often saw up to fifty canoes beached along its banks at a

16 W.G. McClymont, The Exploration of New Zealand, Wellington, 1940, p.29. 17 Neil Begg, 'Kent, John Rodolphus', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 30-Oct-2012, URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1k10/kent-john-rodolphus 18 A.M. Latta, Meeting of the Waters: The Story of Ngaruawahia, Ngaruawahia, 1980, p.4. 19 “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, p.18. 20 McClymont, 1940, pp.28-9. 21 'ASHWELL, Benjamin Yates', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966.Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Apr-09, URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/ashwell-benjamin-yates 22 New Zealand Herald¸ 25 August 1934, p.1 (supplement).

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 8

time. Some villages utilised their trading profits to erect flourmills along the river which produced enough flour for themselves and the market.23

Maori Kingitanga and the New Zealand Wars Although trading goods and religious ideas were exchanged relatively peaceably between Waikato Maori and Europeans throughout the 1830s and 1840s, a general dissatisfaction over the conflicting outcomes of the Treaty of Waitangi and the increasing control of the British Crown was growing. In an attempt to institute self-government and retain tribal territories the Maori Kingitanga (Maori King Movement) was established with the aim of unifying independently led tribes under the leadership of a Maori sovereign. The movement became concentrated in the Waikato region and in 1856 chief Te Wherowhero was nominated for the role. The Waikato chief initially refused the position and soon afterwards relocated with his tribe to Ngaruawahia; however, he eventually accepted the kingship and was crowned Potatau I on 2 June 1858.24 Following Te Wherowhero’s death in June 1860, his son, Tawhiao Matutaera Potatau, was invested as the second Maori King on 8 July 1860.25 Tawhiao was visited at Waikato by Governor Sir George Grey in January 1863. Grey did not support the existence of dual sovereigns and declared to Maori ‘I shall not fight against your King with a sword, but I shall dig around him till he falls of his own accord.’26 Facing increasing threats by the Colonial Government, Tawhiao began constructing fortifications in the form of rifle pits, trenches and a redoubt.27 However, those living in and around the Maori capital had little time to prepare. In July 1863 Grey authorised General Cameron to cross the Mangatawhiri Stream into Waikato territory and fighting commenced. After a fierce battle at nearby Rangiriri, Maori were forced to withdraw from their capital and Ngaruawahia and the surrounding areas (including Kirikiriroa) were abandoned. British troops arrived in the Kingite settlement in December 1863 and hoisted the British flag on Tawhiao’s flagstaff.28 By 1864 military occupation of the Waikato was wide reaching. British gunboats patrolled arterial waterways and fortifications were erected at key locations along the Waikato River. The progress of General Cameron’s campaign was recounted by Cowan: ‘The whole of the mid-Waikato and the fertile plain of the delta between the Waipa and the Horotiu (upper Waikato River) as far south as the Mangapiko River was now under British occupation. General Cameron left detachments to garrison Te Rore, Pikopiko, and Paterangi, and at Kirikiri-roa, on the Horotiu, established a post which became the present Town of Hamilton. The gunboats “Pioneer” and “Koheroa” steamed up the Horotiu for the first time on the 2nd March, 1864, with a detachment of the 65th, and anchored below

23 “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, p.19. 24 James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I: 1845–1864, Wellington, 1955, p.446; Latta, p.24. 25 Latta, 1980, pp.28-30. 26 Ibid, p.46. 27 NZAA Site Record Form S14/31. 28 Latta, 1980, p.47.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 9

the deserted native settlement of Kirikiri-roa. Next day the “Koheroa,” under command of an officer of H.M.S. “Eclipse,” ascended the strong river as far as Pukerimu, and the officers and surveyors on board made a rapid reconnaissance of the country. Redoubts were built soon after this at Pukerimu and Kirikiri-roa, and were garrisoned by detachments of the 18th and 70th Regiments; later, the settlements were occupied by men of the Waikato Militia’29 Several British redoubts were constructed within the wider Kirikiriroa area during the 1860s, including the Hamilton West Redoubt erected in 1864 between Anglesea and Victoria Streets, Kirikiriroa Redoubt (also known as Narrows Redoubt) on the eastern side of the Waikato River, and Hamilton East Redoubt (also known as Moule’s Redoubt), built in 1864 alongside what is now Bridge Street.30 A chart dated 1860s shows a Maori village and English redoubt in the vicinity of Kirikiriroa and survey plan SO 381, dated 1865, identifies Kirikiriroa Redoubt on the eastern side of the Waikato River (Figure 7 to Figure 10).

29 Cowan, 1955, p.361. 30 Nigel Prickett, Fortifications of the New Zealand Wars, Unpublished paper for the Department of Conservation, Wellington, 2016, pp.57-58; NZAA Site Record Forms S14/45, S14/57.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 10

Figure 7. Chart from the medical and surgical journal of A.B. Messer, assistant surgeon aboard HMS Curacoa, dated 1863-1864, showing the area of New Zealand in which the British Naval Brigade was employed during the New Zealand Wars (source: The National Archives UK - Flickr: Charting rebellious New Zealand. Reference: ADM 101/239/2)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 11

Figure 8. Close-up of A.B. Messer’s chart, dated 1863-1864, showing the delta area of the Waikato and Waipa Rivers with the approximate area of Kirikiriroa arrowed in red, and a Maori village (indicated by a circle) and English redoubt (indicated by a red diamond) identified nearby (source: The National Archives UK - Flickr: Charting rebellious New Zealand. Reference: ADM 101/239/2)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 12

Figure 9. SO 381, dated 1865, showing an extension of survey being 50 acre allotments south of west Hamilton with Kirikiriroa Redoubt arrowed in red (source: Quickmap)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 13

Figure 10. Close-up of SO 381, dated 1865, showing an extension of survey being 50 acre allotments south of west Hamilton with Kirikiriroa Redoubt arrowed in red (source: Quickmap)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 14

European Settlement In December 1863 the government passed ‘The New Zealand Settlements Act’ which allowed the Crown to confiscate Maori land from tribes who were deemed ‘rebellious’ in order to facilitate European settlement.31 Under the terms of the act Kirikiriroa was set aside as a military settlement with land offered by Crown Grant to those who had served with the British Army.32 A gazette notice, dated August 1863, stipulated that eligible militia men were required to be ‘not above 40 years of age, have to be able to produce certificates of good character, good health, and general fitness for service as required.’33 For the purposes of establishing European settlements and defence across the Waikato men were recruited into the Waikato militia from Australia centres such as Melbourne and Sydney. The 4th Waikato Regiment was recruited by Lieutenant William Steele in Sydney, and designated the confiscated area of Kirikiriroa.34 On 24 August 1864 the 4th battalion, along with a small number of settlers, arrived at the abandoned Kirikiriroa Pa aboard the vessel Rangiriri. The significance of occupying Kirikiriroa Pa has been summarised as follows: ‘Military reasons for occupying this location were the significance of occupying an enemy village and the need to protect Newcastle (Ngaruawahia) from possible reoccupation by Maori forces moving down the river. More importantly, there was a convenient landing place for riverboats. The location had several other advantages – the land was relatively flat, much of it had been partially cleared or was covered only by scrub, it was easy to survey out allotments (both urban and rural), and close at hand were large stands of Kahikatea (easily worked for building purposes.’35 The 4th battalion was under the command of Lieutenant William Moule, and following the his arrival at Kirikiriroa he changed the name of the area to Hamilton, after Captain John Charles Fane Hamilton of the Naval Brigade who lost his life while fighting at Gate Pa.36 Both sides of the Waikato River were surveyed soon afterwards, with the Town of Hamilton West laid out by W. Blackburn in 1864 (Figure 11). The township comprised mostly one-acre sections, with reserves set aside, ‘and a large number of military settlers put up small houses, fenced in their sections, built churches and hotels, formed gardens, &c’ (Figure 12).37 By 1865 huts, stores, dwelling houses and redoubts were sited on both the eastern and western banks of the river, including Hamilton’s first hotel on Allotment 53, Town of Hamilton West.38

31 The New Zealand Settlements Act, 1863. See: http://www.enzs.auckland.ac.nz/document.php?wid=613&action=null 32 Ibid. 33 “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, p.20. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid, p.21. 36 Gibbons, 1977, p.35. 37 New Zealand Herald¸ 19 March 1875, p.3. 38 “Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea” Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves’, April 2003, Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants, p.21.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 15

Figure 11. Plan of the Town of Hamilton West, surveyed by W. Blackburn and dated 1864. Allotment 53 is indicated by the arrow (source: Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, NZ Map 4238)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 16

Figure 12. Photograph, dated c.1860s, showing early buildings within the Town of Hamilton West (source: Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 7-A10635)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 17

The First Hamilton Hotel, 1865-1874 The first Hamilton Hotel (said to be the first hotel built in Hamilton) was erected at the corner of what is now Victoria Street and Sapper Moore-Jones Place (originally Marlborough Place) in 1865.39 Construction of the ‘large and commodious hotel’ was undertaken by Captain W.E. Turner, formerly of the colonial paddle steamer Rangiriri, and advertisements for the new hotel, with ‘good stabling attached’ were placed in newspapers from 1 March 1865 (Figure 13).40 A license for the Hamilton Hotel was granted to Captain Turner a few days later on 7 March.41 The site of the hotel comprised Allotment 53, Town of Hamilton West, which can be seen on an earlier plan surveyed by W. Blackburn in 1864 (see Figure 11 and Figure 14). The parcel was bounded to the north by Allotment 52 and to the east by an accessway named Hamilton Parade which ran alongside the Waikato River. A Crown Grant for Allotment 53 was issued to William Moule on 27 April 1867 under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 and the New Zealand Settlements Amendment and Continuance Act 1865 (Figure 15).42 Moule, a Lieutenant Colonel in the 4th Regiment of the Waikato Militia, constructed a ‘handsome residence’ within the one acre parcel and may have taken on the running of the hotel for a short time.43 In April 1867 the Hamilton Hotel was put up for sale by private contract and advertised as having ‘13 Rooms, with detached Kitchen and two Stables.’44 Further sale notices for the ‘Hamilton Hotel, with large Store’ appeared in newspapers from December 1867 and on 1 February 1868 Moule conveyed a portion of Allotment 53 (containing one rood and one perch including the Hamilton Hotel) to Joseph Pennington for the sum of £450 (Figure 16).45 Pennington had been proprietor of the Reserve Hotel and following his purchase of the Hamilton Hotel a correspondent for the New Zealand Herald wrote: ‘During the short time [Pennington] has been with us, he has done a great deal of good in the settlement, and I am sure we shall all be glad to see so enterprising a settler prosper. It is a great pity we had not a few more like him.’46 A bush license for the Hamilton Hotel was transferred from Pennington to Thomas Farrell in April 1869.47 The premises became known as Farrell’s Hamilton Hotel; however, Pennington retained ownership of the land and purchased the residue portion of Allotment 53, including Moule’s dwelling house, furniture and effects in April 1870 (Figure 17).48 The auction was detailed in the Daily Southern Cross which reported that ‘The mortgage of 300l on the Hamilton Hotel, having 21 months to run, was withdrawn, there being no offer.’49 Pennington eventually sold the one acre allotment, along with the remaining mortgage, in November 1870, and local papers noted: ‘Mr. Joseph Pennington

39 Waikato Argus, 20 August 1908, p.2. 40 Daily Southern Cross, 22 February 1865, p.5; Daily Southern Cross, 1 March 1865, p.3. 41 Daily Southern Cross¸ 10 March 1865, p.5. 42 Crown Grant 5GW/86, BAJZ A1660 23663 1014/a, Archives New Zealand. 43 Ibid; Daily Southern Cross, 4 November 1870, p.2. 44 Daily Southern Cross, 18 April 1867, p.1. 45 Deeds Register W1/551, BAJZ A1660 23656 784/a, Archives New Zealand. 46 New Zealand Herald, 1 February 1868, p.6. 47 Daily Southern Cross¸ 24 April 1869, p.5. 48 Daily Southern Cross, 19 February 1870, p.1; Daily Southern Cross, 15 April 1870, p.2. 49 Daily Southern Cross, 15 April 1870, p.2.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 18

has disposed of the hotel property in Hamilton to Mr. Thomas Farrell for £750, comprising the Hamilton Hotel and Hall adjoining, together with the late handsome residence of Colonel Moule.’50 During the late 1860s-1870s the hotel became a popular venue for various public meetings including those of the Hamilton Highway Board, the Waikato Jockey Club, the Hamilton School Committee, and the shareholders of the Hamilton Flour Mill Company (Limited) (Figure 18).51 Farrell continued to manage the hotel until his retirement in 1872 when Allotment 53 was once again put up for sale. Advertisements were placed in the New Zealand Herald from January 1872 which read: ‘The subscribers are favoured with instructions from Mr. Thomas Farrell (who is retiring from business), to dispose of that Valuable Household Property, situate at Hamilton West, Waikato, known as the HAMILTON HOTEL, with the Town Hall, Quick's Stables, and all the first-class Out- buildings belonging, commanding the best position in that flourishing town; situate at the junction of the roads to and from Auckland, on which the coaches are running, thereby ensuring a steady business. The buildings have all been recently erected, specially adapted for comfort and convenience: the Proprietor being determined to make this Hostelry second to none in the Waikato. Also the Comfortable Family Residence now occupied by Colonel Lyon with the Ground, Garden, &c., erected near the above in a retired position…’52 The property was purchased by James Harper, late of Naseby in Otago, for the sum of £600 and was formally conveyed on 18 April 1872.53 Harper took over proprietorship of the Hamilton Hotel which was promoted to travellers from Auckland as having ‘comfort and convenience with moderate charges.’54 From October 1872 tenders for extensive alterations and additions to the hotel were advertised by the Architect and Surveyor, I.R. Vialou and by January 1873 the building had been ‘extended considerably’ and offered private sitting rooms, bedrooms for families and a bathroom connected with the hotel.55 Tenders for further extensions to the building were advertised in September 1873 and in November the Daily Southern Cross noted that ‘Mr. Harper, of the Hamilton Hotel, has nearly finished an addition to his hotel of a billiard room, over which will be some 25 bedrooms, as well as baths, &c.’56 In March 1874 Harper was charged with being in breach of the Licensing Act for ‘selling and allowing beer to be drunk on his premises on a Sunday, and allowing the door leading to his bar to be open on Sunday.’57 Harper received a caution from The Bench

50 Deeds Register W2/202, BAJZ A1660 23656 785/a, Archives New Zealand; Daily Southern Cross, 4 November 1870, p.2. 51 Daily Southern Cross, 12 March 1869, p.3; Daily Southern Cross, 10 September 1869, p.4; Daily Southern Cross, 10 December 1869, p.4; Daily Southern Cross, 11 March 1870, p.3; History of the Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collections accessed via: http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/97 52 New Zealand Herald, 20 January 1872, p.4. 53 Deeds Register W1/847, BAJZ A1660 23656 784/a, Archives New Zealand. 54 Auckland Star, 22 April 1872, p.3. 55 Waikato Times, 15 October 1872, p.3; Waikato Times, 21 January 1873, p.3. 56 Waikato Times¸ 23 September 1873, p.3; Daily Southern Cross, 26 November 1873, p.2. 57 Waikato Times, 5 March 1874, p.2.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 19

and since it was his first offence he was fined 40 shillings and costs.58 He expanded his holdings soon afterwards by purchasing the neighbouring Allotment 52 on 17 March (see below); however, by May 1874 Harper advertised the sale of the Hamilton Hotel as ‘The best business place, and doing the best business on the Waikato.’59 According to Norris, under Harper’s management ‘The Hamilton Hotel had fallen on evil days’ and in July 1874 the Waikato Times noted: We are glad to learn that Mr Harper has sold out of the Hamilton Hotel, and we trust that he will enter upon a new sphere of business better suited to his habits and capacity.’60 The hotel suffered minor damage when one of the chimneys caught fire in August but the blaze was quickly brought under control and the sale of Allotment 53 (including the Hamilton Hotel) went ahead with the purchaser, Richard Gwynne, conveyed the property on 30 October 1874 for the sum of £3,250.61

Figure 13. Advertisement, dated 1 March 1865, for the first Hamilton Hotel (source: Daily Southern Cross, 1 March 1865, p.3)

58 Ibid. 59 Deeds Register W2/760, BAJZ A1660 23656 785/a, Archives New Zealand; Daily Southern Cross, 16 May 1874, p.1. 60 History of the Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collections accessed via: http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/97; Waikato Times, 18 July 1874, p.2. 61 Waikato Times¸ 20 August 1874, p.2; Deeds Register W3/142, BAJZ A1660 23656 786/a, Archives New Zealand.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 20

Figure 14. Close-up of Blackburn’s survey plan of Town of Hamilton West. Updated in 1895. Allotment 53, which included the Hamilton Hotel, is arrowed in red (source: The University of Waikato)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 21

Figure 15. Sketch plan dated 1867 showing the boundaries of Allotment 53, Town of Hamilton West, which was conveyed by Crown Grant to Lieutenant Colonel William Moule and included the Hamilton Hotel (source: Crown Grant 5GW/86, BAJZ A1660 23663 1014/a, Archives New Zealand)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 22

Figure 16. Sketch plan dated 1868 showing the portion of Allotment 53, Town of Hamilton West conveyed by Moule to Pennington (outlined in red), which included the Hamilton Hotel (source: Deeds Register W1/551, BAJZ A1660 23656 784/a, Archives New Zealand)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 23

Figure 17. Sketch plan dated 1870 showing the residue rear portion of Allotment 53 Town of Hamilton West which was conveyed by Moule to Pennington (source: Deeds Register W2/164, BAJZ A1660 23656 785/a, Archives New Zealand)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 24

Figure 18. Photograph, dated ca. early 1870s, showing a nascent Victoria Street in the Town of Hamilton West with settler’s cottages on the left and the Hamilton Hotel on the right (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_02787)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 25

Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel, 1874-1897 Richard Gwynne and his wife Sarah took over the Hamilton Hotel in 1874 following their relocation from Auckland where they had been proprietors of The Junction Hotel in Newmarket.62 Business prospered under the Gwynne’s ownership and the Waikato Times noted: ‘The management of the house is a decided improvement, and we are informed by travellers and residents that they have met with every attention. We are glad to hear this as there was room for great improvement under the old regime.’63 Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel became ‘renowned as the centre of Hamilton life’ and in 1907 the Observer wrote: ‘Whenever there was a public function in Hamilton, the Gwynnes were in the thick of it, either as organisers or providing the fare for which their house stood without peer… If all hotels were carried on upon the Gwynnes' principles the cry of the prohibitionists would be deprived of much of its force. To the moneymaking side of the business neither Mrs Gwynne nor her husband gave overmuch regard. The principal consideration was maintaining the popularity and credit of their house, and making it a centre of hospitality. Over the bar trade Mrs Gwynne kept watch with a motherly eye, and any lodger or visitor who showed an inclination to over-indulgence found his supplies stopped before he had passed the safety-mark. As to closing time, all lodgers and callers had to conform to certain fixed rules. “Gentlemen, look at the clock,” Mr Gwynne would say to those who lingered about the bar, and the "gentlemen" knew that all taps would from that moment cease to flow. Mrs Gwynne also had her regular formula for clearing the house. “All gentlemen who have beds to go to will go to them now,” she would remark with an air of command; “any who want them here can have them on such and such terms,” and everyone who knew her knew that she had to be obeyed. Of Mrs Gwynne's motherly watchfulness over her boarders the stories are endless. On Sundays it was her custom to parade all the lodgers in the hotel to hear her friend Parson Calder — now Archdeacon of the diocese — at St. Peter's, where she had a special pew for the house, and few were those who withstood her persuasions. Her kindness to all those who came under her influence was a proverb in the Waikato and beyond it…’64 Significant alterations to the Hamilton Hotel were underway by December 1874. The improvements necessitated the felling of a number of blue gum trees which had been planted around 10 years prior and were said to have boles of ‘15ft in diameter, [with] sound hearts of nine inches.’65 A detailed description of the subsequent proposed works was provided in the Waikato Times: ‘It is we believe intended to extend the building in the direction of the Hamilton Hall. The addition will comprise 14 bedrooms on the first floor, underneath which there is to be a large dining room, a commercial room for travellers, and several sitting rooms. Along the front face of the present building a balcony will be built, which will very greatly improve the appearance of the hotel, as well as prove a great convenience to those

62 Observer, 5 January 1907, p.4; Waikato Times, 3 December 1874, p.2. 63 Waikato Times, 5 December 1874, p.2. 64 Observer, 5 January 1907, p.4. 65 Waikato Times¸ 9 January 1915, p.3.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 26

frequenting the house. An extensive range of stabling will occupy the whole length of the back yard, and every convenience for travellers. Horses will be provided. The whole house will undergo a thorough overhauling, and when all is completed will be equal to any in the province. We visited the billiard room attached to the hotel lately, and found that the table had been re- covered, and provided with new sets of billiard, pool, and pyramid balls.’66 In addition to the main hotel building, work was also carried out on the garden to the rear of Allotment 53, between the hotel and the Waikato River bank. Richard Gwynne was known to be ‘an enthusiastic gardener, and laid out and kept the grounds in admirable style’ (Figure 19 and Figure 20).67 He was said to have ‘the finest and most productive garden in the place’, which may have been built over a network of limestone caves.68 The garden also contained a small dwelling known as ‘Honeymoon Cottage’ which was ‘the favourite retreat for the newly-wed of the district.’69 A croquet lawn was a feature of the hotel grounds by 187670 and that same year the discovery of a spring within the property saw the construction of a bath house: ‘Since the time that Mr Gwynne purchased the Hamilton Hotel he has been engaged in adding to the comforts and conveniences of the house, and the last addition is by no means the least improvement. A spring has been lately discovered in the garden, high up on the river bank, and Mr Gwynne has utilised it for bathing purposes. A comfortable bath-house has been built and the water led by spouting to the roof, whence it descends into the bath itself through a perforated zinc reservoir in a perpetually falling shower...’71 The grounds were sizeable enough to hold entertainments for the citizens of Hamilton and a Promenade Concert in 1879 saw the garden ‘lighted up with Chinese lanterns and blazing tar barrels’, with seats for the public and orchestra arranged in the croquet lawn.72 The rear of Allotment 53, including the Gwynne’s garden, was at risk of flood damage from the nearby Waikato River and in July 1876 Richard Gwynne estimated that he had lost around ‘40 feet of ground at the rear of his premises through the late floods, and the previous undermining action of the paddle-steamers’ waves.’73 According to Deeds Register W3/693, dated October 1876, Richard Gwynne also leased part of the eastern portion of the neighbouring Allotment 52 which may have allowed him to extend the area of his grounds adjacent to the hotel (Figure 21).74 Throughout the mid-late 1870s improvements continued to be carried out and in February 1875 the Waikato Times reported that ‘Mr Gwynne, the spirited proprietor of the Hamilton Hotel, is going to a very large outlay in building commercial rooms, stabling,

66 Waikato Times, 5 December 1874, p.2. 67 Observer, 5 January 1907, p.4. 68 Waikato Times, 20 February 1877, p.2; Hamilton City Council – H36 Built Heritage Inventory Record Form H36, Former Hamilton Hotel. 69 Observer, 5 January 1907, p.4. ‘Honeymoon Cottage’ may have been Lieutenant Colonel Moule’s original dwelling house which was sited to the rear (riverbank end) of Allotment 53. 70Waikato Times, 15 July 1876, p.3. 71 Waikato Times, 17 February 1876, p.2. 72 Waikato Times, 13 December 1879, p.2. 73 Daily Southern Cross¸ 15 July 1876, p.2. 74 As no lease agreement between Gwynne and of the owners of Allotment 52 is recorded in Deeds Indexes it is unclear whether the lease was an informal arrangement or exactly when Pt Allotment 52 was occupied by Gwynne. Deeds Register W3/693, BAJZ A1660 23656 786/a, Archives New Zealand.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 27

and an entirely new wing to his already commodious hotel.’75 A worker installing roofing on a portion of the new stabling met with a serious accident in October of that same year, although he later recovered.76 ‘Considerable additions’ to the premises were still undergoing ‘necessary arrangements’ at the end of 1875 and it was noted that ‘When these improvements are effected, the main street in Hamilton will begin to present the appearance of a thriving country township, and the centre of the trade of a large district.’77 One of the last of Gwynne’s improvements was a broad verandah added to both sides of the hotel’s street facing facades in 1876. When painted and decorated the feature was said to ‘give the old house quite a young and jaunty appearance’ and it is visible in several photographs, dated late 1870s-1880s, with the signage ‘Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel’ above (Figure 22 to Figure 26).78 By February 1877 the hotel was advertised as ‘unrivalled accommodation for visitors and travellers’, with the option of private apartments in the cottage, and featuring ‘Pleasure Grounds, Croquet Lawn, Billiard Table, Skittle Alley, Shower Bath (continual), Commercial Show Room’ with stable accommodation and Cobb and Co.’s Booking Office (stage coach operators) on site.79 In January 1882 the bath and grounds of the Hamilton Hotel were closed to the public ‘in consequence of the many depredations committed lately.’80 The facilities remained open to guests of the hotel and any other persons wishing to use the bath were advised to contact Richard Gwynne.81 Some sources suggest that the hotel’s baths were closed permanently to the public following the opening of the Hamilton City Baths in 1887; however, the use of plunge shower baths was advertised in connection with the hotel until 1898.82 The ‘freehold and good-will of the Hamilton Hotel’ was put up for sale by private contract in December 1882. Advertisements noted that the sale was due to the continued ill health of the proprietor, Richard Gwynne, and listed the following features of the premises: ‘The Hotel contains eighteen Bed-rooms, five Sitting-rooms, Billiard-room, Bar, ample cellarage and Store-rooms, with other necessary requirements for carrying on the business of a large hotel. The Stables contain four good loose boxes and stalls for twenty-five horses. The Cottage is situated on the grounds; also, it contains two Sitting-rooms, one Dining-room and six Bed- rooms, and is a nice, quiet retreat, and commands a beautiful view of the river and surrounding scenery.’83

75 Waikato Times¸ 18 February 1875, p.2. 76 Waikato Times, 9 October 1875, p.2. 77 Ibid. 78 Waikato Times, 30 March 1876, p.2. 79 Waikato Times, 6 February 1877, p.1. 80 Waikato Times, 5 January 1882, p.5. 81 Ibid. 82 Hamilton City Council – H36 Built Heritage Inventory Record Form H36, Former Hamilton Hotel; Waikato Argus, 2 October 1897, p.4. 83 New Zealand Herald, 20 December 1882, p.8.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 28

The notices appeared in papers throughout 1883 until Richard Gwynne’s death on 26 May, aged 56 years.84 The ‘intelligence’ of his passing was reported in the New Zealand Herald which printed the following obituary: ‘Mr. Gwynne was an old colonist, having left his native place, Rostrevor, County Down, in 1849, travelling for a year through North and South America. He then returned to Ireland, and again sailed for Australia, where he remained until 1853, trading between Melbourne and Sydney and Sydney and Auckland. In 1853, he took another trip to Ireland, returning the same year to Australia in the ship Earl of Charlemont. By mistake the Barwon Heads were mistaken for those of Port Phillip, and the ship was wrecked. The deceased was amongst those who succeeded in swimming ashore, but, as was characteristic of the man, not without considerable risk to himself in assisting others. Mr. Gwynne remained in Australia visiting the goldfields, and afterwards in conjunction with the late Mr. Benjamin Newell brought over a number of horses to this part or New Zealand, where he ultimately settled. On the death of Mr. Newell, Mr. Gwynne married the widow, whom he now leaves with one son, of fifteen years. In 1874, the deceased purchased the Hamilton Hotel and settled here, and by his kindly and generous disposition, his neighbourly concern for others, and usefulness as a public citizen, won universal esteem and good will. Foremost in every good work his loss will be greatly felt. He was an active Mason, a member holding high office in the Orange Society, a former borough councillor, and one time acting Mayor of Hamilton.’85 Sarah Gwynne carried on the business at the Hamilton Hotel after her husband’s death and was widely regarded as ‘an incomparable hostess… one of the model landladies of the province and a woman of uncommon kindliness, geniality, and force of character.’86 By December 1883 Mrs Gwynne had undertaken several improvements to the hotel which included redecorating the large billiard room and converting it into a dining room capable of seating 50 or 60 guests. A private entrance from Marlborough Place (Sapper Moore-Jones Place) was constructed to ‘enable Auckland visitors living at the cottage in connection with the hotel, to enter without passing through the hotel itself’, and the ‘long room’ was converted into a commercial room and for public meetings.87 In 1885 Sarah took over the stables in connection with the hotel and gave notice that she intended to arrange a bus to meet every train to and from Hamilton which would transfer guests of the hotel free of charge.88 Tenders for the re-roofing of the hotel went out in September 188589 and the following month general improvements to the premises were noted in the New Zealand Herald: ‘Very great improvements have been made in Mrs. Gwynne's Hamilton Hotel. An iron roof is being placed in the hotel, which will reduce the risk of fire to a minimum. A very commodious "sample room" for commercial travellers has been provided, and fitted up with counters, shelves, &c, and in

84 BDM 1883/2382; Auckland Star, 26 May 1883, p.2. 85 New Zealand Herald, 18 June 1883, p.3 (Supplement). 86 Observer, 5 January 1907, p.4. 87 New Zealand Herald¸ 8 December 1883, p.6. 88 Waikato Times, 14 May 1885, p.3. 89 Waikato Times, 19 September 1885, p.3.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 29

such a position that goods can be carted right up to the door. The beautifully- kept grounds about the hotel were never in better order than now. The detached cottage which is situated in these gardens, on the river bank, is a favourite resort in spring and summer for newly-wedded couples, invalids, and visitors, who can there enjoy the comforts and privacy of a home at their inn.’90 Despite the popularity of the Hamilton Hotel, Sarah Gwynne faced difficulties with existing mortgages on the property and in January 1893 Allotment 53 was put up for sale by order of the Registrar of the Supreme Court.91 The allotment, including the Hamilton Hotel and other buildings, was purchased by the mortgagees, Laurence David Nathan and Nathan Alfred Nathan and formally conveyed on 14 February 1893.92 Sarah continued to manage the hotel after the change of ownership, and was actively involved in the local community until her retirement in 1897.93 Gwynne’s departure to Auckland marked the end of more than 20 years association with the Hamilton Hotel and she was presented with a purse of sovereigns ‘as a token of the esteem in which she was held by a large circle of friends who had so often enjoyed her hospitality, and also as some slight recognition of the many kind and charitable actions which marked her long career in Hamilton.’94 Her retirement was also noted by the Observer which remarked: ‘…the Waikato people will miss Mrs Gwynne sadly now that she has left the Hamilton Hotel. Pity all our hotels were not managed by Mrs Gwynnes. If they were, there would be small room in the country for Prohibitionists.’95

90 New Zealand Herald, 28 October 1885, p.6. 91 New Zealand Herald, 24 January 1893, p.8. 92 New Zealand Herald¸ 6 February 1893, p.4; Deeds Register R40/704, BAJZ A1660 23641 69/a, Archives New Zealand. 93 History of the Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collections accessed via: http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/97 94 Auckland Star, 9 November 1897, p.2. 95 Observer, 11 September 1897, p.16.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 30

Figure 19. Close-up of photograph, dated 1880-1898, looking south-east across the Waikato River from the garden at the rear of the Hamilton Hotel (at the eastern end of Allotment 53) (source: View of Hamilton, Waikato Region, from the garden at Mrs Gwynne's Cottage, including the first traffic bridge, the Waikato River, and from left, St Andrew's Presbyterian Church and Le Quesne’s Hotel (3 storey building), and the adjoining Hamilton Hall. Ref: 1/2-096258-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22815807)

Figure 20. Photograph, dated 1890s, looking south-east across the Waikato River from the garden at the rear of the Hamilton Hotel (at the eastern end of Allotment 53) (source: A view of Hamilton

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 31

looking towards the first traffic bridge. Ref: 1/1-001355-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22774846)

Figure 21. Sketch plan, dated 1876, showing various lessees of Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West, including Richard Gwynne who may have used the land to extend his grounds to the rear of the Hamilton Hotel (on the neighbouring Allotment 53) (source: Deeds Register W3/693, BAJZ A1660 23656 786/a, Archives New Zealand)

Figure 22. Photograph, dated c.1882, looking east across Victoria Street towards Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_01440)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 32

Figure 23 Photograph, dated c.1880s, looking north across Victoria Street towards Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_01010)

Figure 24. Photograph, dated c.1880s, looking north along Victoria Street with Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel visible right of centre (arrowed in red) (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_02312)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 33

Figure 25. Photograph, undated, showing Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel (source: Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-RIC318) Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-RIC318)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 34

Figure 26. Photograph, dated c.1885, looking north-west along Victoria Street and showing Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel at right (arrowed in red) (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_02483)

Fire and Rebuild, 1898 Following Sarah Gwynne’s retirement the Hamilton Hotel was taken over by Mr William Bright, of the Queen’s Hotel, Thames, and his wife Agnes.96 According to the Waikato Argus, Mr Bright was ‘no stranger to Hamilton, having been deservedly popular when manager of the Commercial Hotel for his mother, Mrs Bright.’97 William and Agnes placed advertisements for the recently ‘thoroughly renovated’ Hamilton Hotel from October 1897; however, they had been in charge of the premises for less than a year when the hotel was completely destroyed by fire.98 The fire broke out on the morning of 16 July 1898 in a shop located on the western side of Victoria Street (across from the Hamilton Hotel). In the absence of a Hamilton Fire Brigade, nearby locals attempted to subdue the flames, but efforts proved ineffectual and a north-easterly wind soon spread the blaze to buildings on the opposite side of the street. The demise of the Hamilton Hotel and rear cottage was reported by the Waikato Argus: ‘…all attention was directed to the old Hamilton Hotel, where, notwithstanding the plentiful supply of water and the excellent use made of it by willing hands, the flames suddenly burst forth through the centre of the roof. The old hostelry, which has seen just about half the span of life allotted to man, burnt like tinder, throwing out a terrific heat, and it indeed seems marvellous how the dwelling of Mr R. F. Sandes’, situated alongside, was saved… After about an hour the hotel fell in, and though there is no doubt the old house had had its day, pangs of regret would still arise in the breasts of those who have rested within its old fashioned walls, and accepted the hospitality which ever awaited them there. The last to go was “The Cottage,” that delightful little retreat in the centre of the garden, where so many young couples have spent the early days of their wedded life.’99 The fire proved the largest and most destructive ever seen in Hamilton at that date, destroying a total of 15 buildings and causing an estimated £12,000 worth of damage (Figure 28).100 The Hamilton Hotel, stables and ‘Honeymoon Cottage’ were insured for £2,200 in the Norwich Union, with the stock and furniture of the hotel insured for £500 and the furniture and effects of the cottage insured for £100.101 Rebuilding efforts began along Victoria Street just two days after the fire and it was noted that on 18 July ‘carpenters were busy erecting temporary premises for Mr Bright on the vacant allotment alongside the site of the Hamilton Hotel, and he will be ready to attend to his customers at the new structure this morning [20th July].’102 The temporary structure

96 History of the Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collections accessed via: http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/97; Auckland Star, 28 May 1897, p.3. 97 Waikato Argus, 2 September 1897, p.2. 98 Waikato Argus, 2 October 1897, p.4. 99 Waikato Argus, 19 July 1898, p.2. 100 Ibid; Auckland Star, 18 July 1898, p.2. 101 Auckland Star, 18 July 1898, p.2. 102 Waikato Argus, 19 July 1898, p.2.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 35

was said to hardly afford ‘the comfort of the old “green room”, but nevertheless a large number of friends have found their way there to sympathise with the proprietor in his loss.’103 On 21 July 1898 plans for the second Hamilton Hotel were reported by Waikato Argus with the following: ‘It is understood that Messrs L. D. Nathan and Co. intend to build a most imposing structure in place of the old Hamilton Hotel; but whether wood or bricks will be employed, is not yet settled. It is expected that the Cottage in the garden will be completed in about six weeks’ time; but it will be nearer six months before the hotel is finished.’104 The successful tenderer for the construction of the new Hamilton Hotel was the firm of Messrs. John Jones and Son, and architect John Currie was engaged to design the building.105 Currie worked on a number of projects for L.D. Nathan and Co., and well- known collaborations included the L.D. Nathan & Co. Bond Store (now Archilles House, corner Customs Street East and Commerce Street, Auckland, 1902), the Grand Hotel in Rotorua (1905) and the residential ‘Wickford’ in Princes Street, originally the home of Mr N.A. Nathan and now the Registry Office of the University of Auckland (1882).106 The contractors commenced preparation work for the brick foundations of the Hamilton Hotel, as well as excavating for ‘cellarage accommodation’ in October 1898.107 The contract for carting materials to the site was secured by Mr Harwood and initial loads of timber were used to construct the sample-room, which, it was hoped, would be ‘finished in order to allow Mr Bright to occupy it before Show time, and so give him increased accommodation.’108 Reporters for the Waikato Argus also visited the building site in October 1898 and produced the following detailed article about the planned layout of the hotel and grounds: ‘Messrs Jones and Son, the contractors for Messrs L. D. Nathan and Co.'s new hotel in Victoria-street, Hamilton, have a large staff of men engaged on the work. The foundation, which is entirely of brick, is now well under way, and good, steady progress is being made. Last evening we were shown the plan of the new place, and, although it is hard to judge such a building on paper, there is no doubt it will be a most imposing structure. There will be a frontage of 81ft., while the house extends back in two wings 68 feet. The ground floor contains three sitting-rooms 15 x 14, commercial room 18 x 14, dining room 20 x 31, billiard room 30 x 19, kitchen, servants' dining room, storeroom, scullery, etc., and five bedrooms. The bar, which will be a handsome circular one, will not be situated on the old spot, but will be found at the opposite end of the house, where the little shop used to be, behind this again will be the billiard room, while the dining room is situated almost on the same spot as formerly. Upstairs there is a spacious drawing room, 18 x 14 feet, two nice large sitting rooms, and twenty-two bedrooms, while two

103 Waikato Argus, 21 July 1898, p.2. 104 Ibid. 105 Waikato Argus, 8 October 1898, p.2; Waikato Argus, 4 March 1899, p.2. 106 P Hayman & Co. Warehouse (Former), List No. 4576, summary of construction professionals, Heritage New Zealand website accessed via: http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/4576; Auckland Star, 29 December 1905, p.3. 107 Waikato Argus, 13 October 1898, p.2. 108 Ibid.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 36

bathrooms (one in each wing) will be fitted up with all modern appliances, hot and cold water, lavatories, etc. There will be a balcony at the back overlooking the garden, with fire escapes at either end. The corridors are fine and broad, and the rooms nice and lofty, having 12 feet clear on the lower storey and 11 upstairs. Where the old stable used to be a shop and sample room will be erected, each 16 x 25 feet, and adjoining that a commodious stable. Behind this a detached two-storey place 60 x 15 will be built, containing bedrooms on the upper floor and storeroom, laundry, washhouse, etc., underneath. The contract price was £3,600, and we have no doubt the new hostelry will be thoroughly up-to-date and creditable alike to the owners and the township. There were many associations which endeared the old house to many of us, but in view of such a fine building we must confess its destruction cannot be altogether regretted.’109 By December 1898 Mr Bright had moved from his temporary premises into a section of the new hotel which was still under construction.110 The new quarters were more comfortable and provided a ‘great convenience’ for both Bright and his patrons.111 Allotment 53 and Pt Allotment 52 were brought under the Land Transfer Act soon afterwards with a Certificate of Title issued to owners L.D. and N.A. Nathan in January 1899 (Figure 27).112 Progress on the second Hamilton Hotel moved swiftly in the New Year and Bright furnished each area as it was completed, ‘sparing nothing to have the furniture in keeping with the excellence of the building…’113 With the hotel rapidly approaching completion, papers noted that ‘it is expected the house will be ready for the license by the end of the month [February]’ (Figure 29).114

109 Waikato Argus, 15 October 1898, p.2. 110 Waikato Argus, 22 December 1898, p.2. 111 Ibid. 112 SA91/27, LINZ. 113 Waikato Argus, 25 February 1899, p.2. 114 Ibid.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 37

Figure 27. Sketch plan, dated 1899, showing the boundaries of Allotment 53 and Pt Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West, brought under the Land Transfer Act by L.D. and N.A. Nathan (source: SA91/27, LINZ)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 38

Figure 28. Photograph, dated 1898, showing the ruins of Bright’s Hamilton Hotel following the fire on 16 July (source: Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, AWNS-18980730-1-1)

Figure 29. Photograph, dated c.1898-1899, showing the second Hamilton Hotel under construction (arrowed in red) (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_02293)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 39

The Second Hamilton Hotel, 1899-1922 The second Hamilton Hotel was fully opened for business on 4 March 1899.115 The Waikato Argus remarked that the new building was ‘brilliantly lighted, looked exceedingly well and had the effect of brightening up that portion of the street considerably.’116 The newspaper also printed a full description of the hotel which gave particulars as to the layout of the main building as well as other structures (including stables) within Allotment 53: ‘Yesterday afternoon a Waikato Argus representative had the pleasure of being shown over the new Hamilton Hotel, which is rapidly approaching completion. As far as the accommodation for the public is concerned we might safely say that the house is now open, and even during the last few days several travellers have made it their haven of rest. The structure is a most imposing one, containing about 50 rooms, having a frontage of 81 feet, and extending back in two wings a distance of 68 feet. The foundation is entirely of brick, and the work is of the most substantial nature. The ground floor contains three sitting-rooms 15 x 14, dining room 20 x 31, billiard-room 31 x 19, kitchen, servants' dining-room, storeroom, scullery, etc., lavatory, three or four bedrooms, and the bar. On this floor also will be found the Hamilton Club-room, which will be furnished in a most elaborate fashion, although comfort will be the first consideration. The bar, which is a handsome circular one, is situated at the northern end of the building, just opposite where the one in the old hostelry used to be. Behind this again is the spacious billiard-room, which will not be ready for use for another week or so. The dining-room is situated almost on the same spot as formerly. It is a splendid airy, well lighted room, capable of seating about 50 persons. Upstairs there is a spacious drawing-room 18 x 14 feet, and two more large sitting-rooms and twenty-two bedrooms. The latter are all nicely fitted up with spring mattresses, etc., a departure which will be keenly appreciated by the travelling public. At the end of each wing is to be found an inviting bathroom and lavatory, fitted with the circulating hot water system and all modern appliances. A spacious balcony extends round three sides of the house, while another overlooks the garden, with fire escapes at either end, which will be found most useful in the case of an outbreak of fire, for which Hamilton is now justly famed. The corridors are fine and broad and the rooms nice and lofty, having 12 feet clear on the ground floor and 11 feet upstairs. Where the old stable used to be two excellent sample-rooms, each 16 x 25 feet, have been erected for the use of commercial travellers, and adjoining this is a commodious stable 72 by 24 feet, containing 10 stalls, two loose boxes, feed-room, etc. Behind this again is a 2-storey building containing the proprietor's private stable 16 x 60 and outrooms, and the basement comprises laundry, washhouse, etc. The house has been fitted throughout with handsome tyled [sic] grates and marble mantelpieces, while electric bells, speaking tubes, etc., have not been overlooked, and it is replete with all modern conveniences and thoroughly up-to-date. Very handsome gasaliers have been chosen, and incandescent lights will be used. The wall papers have been

115 Waikato Argus, 4 March 1899, p.2. 116 Waikato Argus, 7 March 1899, p.2.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 40

carefully chosen, and linoleum has been laid right through the building. The contract price was £3,600, and the work certainly reflects the greatest credit on the architect (Mr Currie), Messrs J. Jones and Son (the builders), and Mr A. Murphy (foreman). The gas fitting, electric bells, and hot water supply is the work of Mr D. Miller, of Auckland, while the painting was done by Mr Bennett of that city. The hotel will be opened this evening, when Mr W. Bright, the genial proprietor will be pleased to meet old friends and new ones alike.’117 Advertisements for the newly opened Hamilton Hotel appeared in papers from 9 March 1899 and noted the ‘splendid suites of apartments for families’, furnished drawing rooms for lady visitors’, ‘hot and cold water baths’, ‘good stabling’ and a billiard room which was equipped with a table from Edwards of London.118 The hotel continued to serve as a popular venue and became the headquarters of the Hamilton Club, which leased meeting rooms until their own purpose-built club was erected in Grantham Street in 1904.119 Gardens were re-established by Mr Bright at the back of the hotel (notably rose gardens), which were later considered to be one of the district’s best assets by the Hamilton Beautifying Society.120 The hotel played a role in celebrations during the South African War (1899-1902) and World War I (1914-1918), and in 1915 an altercation in the hotel dining room during which Arthur Coe, a well-known sharebroker, assaulted Johan Wielart, one of Auckland’s leading musicians, and called him a liar and a German made headlines around the country.121 Wielart, it turned out, was born in Holland to Belgian parents, and Coe was duly fined 10 shillings and costs over the case.122 During the early 20th century the proprietorship of the hotel changed hands a number of times with Bright retiring in 1906.123 He transferred the license to Francis George Raynes, who then transferred to Joseph Ball Hooper in 1907.124 Mr Hooper was a popular proprietor who managed the Hamilton Hotel for eight years until 1915.125 Successive managers included Patrick Ryan (1915-1918), Margaret Hooper (1918-1921), and Richard John (Jock) McKenzie (1921- 1922), son of Margaret Hooper and a former All Black.126 Improvements were carried out on the hotel during the early 1900s which included the installation of balconies under the windows (as fire escapes) in 1901, additions to the ground floor and first floor, and the conversion of the stable building into a shop or store in 1903 (Figure 30 to Figure 32).127 Contractors Greyson Bros, of Auckland, commenced work on the hotel in August 1903 and a detailed article on the alterations was printed by the Waikato Times in October that same year:

117 Waikato Argus, 4 March 1899, p.2. 118 Waikato Argus, 9 March 1899, p.4. 119 Hamilton City Council – H36 Built Heritage Inventory Record Form H36, Former Hamilton Hotel. 120 Ibid. 121 Auckland Star, 2 June 1900, p.5; Evening Star, 19 May 1915, p.7; Waikato Times, 21 July 1919, p.5. 122 Timaru Herald, 19 May 1915, p.7. 123 Waikato Argus, 16 August 1906, p.2. 124 Ibid; Waikato Argus¸ 27 December 1907, p.4. 125 Waikato Times, 5 May 1915, p.1; Waikato Times, 13 May 1915, p.4. 126 Waikato Times, 5 May 1915, p.1; Waikato Times, 1 May 1918, p.4; Waikato Times, 4 May 1921, p.4; History of the Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collections accessed via: http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/97 127 Waikato Argus, 12 December 1901, p.2; Waikato Argus, 11 July 1903, p.2.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 41

‘THE HAMILTON HOTEL. This excellent hotel, better known as “Bright's,” has long been one of the most popular houses in the district for commercial travellers, tourists and others, and has besides enjoyed a large share of local patronage. With the increase of population and prosperity in Hamilton and the Waikato generally, business has been so good that it was lately decided to make considerable additions to the accommodation at the hotel. The work is now nearly completed, so that the capacity of the house during Show week will be greater than ever before. The sample rooms have been extended at the rear and are now large and handsome chambers in keeping with the growing requirements of Hamilton. The right-of-way between the sample rooms and the main building has been absorbed into the structure, a cellar being excavated underneath, while a new bar and sitting-room are located on the ground floor, and additional rooms above extend over the whole area of the sample rooms and what was the carriage way. Carpenters, decorators and shop-fitters are now busy in the bar and sitting-room, which will be fitted up in the best style, and will very soon be open for use. The additional accommodation upstairs includes nine new bedrooms and a bathroom and lavatory. There are now three bathrooms on the first floor, so that competition for first place among morning tubbists will be reduced to a minimum. Seven of the new bedrooms are each sixteen feet long, and are of the most convenient size and shape for containing two beds. They are furnished elegantly and fitted like all the other rooms with ceiling ventilators. The wall-papers, in the selection of which Mrs Bright has spared no trouble, are all of good quality and handsome designs. The choicest room of all, however, is one which is being specially furnished as a bridal chamber. It is a large, light and airy room with two windows over- looking Victoria-street. The wall-paper is a beautiful fantasy in white, silver and gold, and the prevailing colour throughout the apartment will be white, suitably relieved with gold. The furniture will be of white enamelled wood. Some of the pieces are now on view in one of Messrs McKee and Matthews' windows, where they have been the occasion of a great deal of admiration. Such a room will surely attract many honeymoon couples to make a sojourn in Hamilton. The bedrooms in the other part of the house are being renovated and re- furnished throughout and re-arranged so as to provide extra sitting-rooms and separate suites for visitors, but it is not intended to increase the number of permanent boarders, the additional accommodation being devoted to the travelling public and to increasing the comfort of the hostelry. Comfortable beds are a specialty at Bright's, and those who have slept there once, desire to do so again. The balconies and fire escapes round the building afford all possible security from the devouring element. The gardens and grounds, which extend from the back of the hotel towards the river, are among the loveliest in Hamilton and are just now looking their best in the glory of spring florage and foliage. The greenhouse is receiving a good deal of attention, which it will doubtless repay, and indeed the whole of the premises show unmistakable evidence of the forethought and care, the enterprise and

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 42

efficiency which have made the Hamilton Hotel so widely and favourably known.’128 In 1909 the Hamilton Borough Council granted permission for Joseph Hooper to construct a cottage in the garden at the rear of the Hamilton Hotel clad with walls of wood.129 The area at the back of the hotel also received attention from the Hamilton Beautifying Society who cleaned out the ‘old bath’ near the river end and utilised the permanent spring to create ‘a miniature waterfall over concrete’ in 1913.130 That same year architect John Currie was commissioned to design further alterations to the hotel which included the construction of a nine-inch thick brick wall on the north side of the building.131 Towards the river end of the Hamilton Hotel, additions in the form of 21 bedrooms and the enlargement of the dining room and kitchen were proposed in 1920.132 Throughout the 1910s and early 1920s the second Hamilton Hotel continued to function at the heart of district’s social and commercial spheres; however, on 3 April 1922 fire broke out in the kitchen which swept through the building, leaving three dead and completely destroying the hotel (Figure 33 to Figure 36). One of those deceased was Mr Horace Moore-Jones who initially escaped the flames but returned to assist others and was seriously burned.133 The name of Marlborough Place, alongside the hotel, was later renamed Sapper Moore-Jones Place in 2012 to commemorate the former ANZAC soldier’s bravery and in 2015 a commemorative statue and plaque were unveiled for Sapper Moore-Jones in front of the former Hamilton Hotel, along Victoria Street.134 Several accounts of the fire were published by papers across the country with the following appearing in the New Zealand Herald on 4 April 1922: ‘A fire which broke out in the Hamilton Hotel at 4 o'clock this morning practically destroyed the hotel and resulted in loss of life. One body, at present unidentified, was recovered from the ruins, while Mr. Horace Moore- Jones, the well-known Auckland artist, died subsequently in the hospital from burns. Mr. Rory O’Moore, a commercial traveller, representing Chemicals, Ltd., of Auckland, and one of the staff, Nellie Wood, who were in the building, cannot be found. The hotel, a wooden one, contained 30 bedrooms, and was owned by L. D. Nathan and Company, Ltd. Mr. R. J. McKenzie, the licensee, resides in a cottage at the rear of the hotel. At the time of the outbreak there were 25, boarders, including five ladies. The hotel staff occupied the rear of the premises. The origin of the fire is a mystery, but it apparently started in the kitchen at the rear of the building. The night porter, Mr. J. Masterson, was coming from

128 Waikato Times, 30 October 1903, p.2. 129 Waikato Argus, 24 July 1909, p.2; New Zealand Herald, 26 July 1909, p.8. 130 Waikato Argus, 28 March 1913, p.2. 131 Waikato Argus¸ 30 August 1913, p.2. 132 Waikato Times¸ 19 August 1920, p.6. 133 New Zealand Herald, 4 April 1922, p.6. 134 Waikato Times¸ 1 December 2012, np; 'Sapper Moore-Jones memorial, Hamilton', URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/sapper-moore-jones-memorial, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 17-Feb-2017. Note: Horace Moore-Jones was a renowned artist who drew maps for military purposes and produced a large number of water colours depicting the Gallipoli landscape, including the well-known ‘Man with Donkey’ watercolour painting depicting a military medic transporting a wounded soldier by donkey. After the war, he taught art at Hamilton High School.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 43

upstairs when he saw the glare of fire. He rushed to the telephone to summon the brigade, but changed his mind and decided to rouse the inmates. With commendable pluck he rushed from room to room calling out to the occupants, and in some instances pulling them out of bed. By this time practically the whole building was on fire, the flames soaring up to a tremendous height, while the heat was intense. The brigade, which had received three simultaneous calls, arrived promptly and soon got to work with strong leads of water. The boarders who had been aroused in most cases found it impossible to escape by the stairs and had to use the fire escape. Some were clad in night attire only, while others had been able to snatch some scanty clothing before making their hurried departure. The licensee, Mr. McKenzie, was aroused by an employee, and made his way to the office. He was able to secure valuables and money from the safe. The greatest heroism was shown by Mr. Moore-Jones. He made his way to safety on the verandah, and then although clad only in pyjamas and light coat he rushed back again and was seen guiding the ladies to the fire escape. This accomplished, he managed to reach the verandah of the adjoining premises where he remained apparently dazed. Constable Roxburgh called to him to come down the fire escape, but he remained where he was and the constable had to go up and place a rope under his arms and assist him to descend the escape. His clothing was hanging in shreds, while his head, hands, and body were badly burned. He was taken to the hospital, where death occurred early this afternoon… Fortunately very little wind was blowing or the premises adjoining and facing the hotel would certainly have been destroyed. As it was, shops facing the hotel were scorched and water had to be played upon them. The windows of Mrs. Jones (fancy goods), Messrs. Paul (book-sellers), Gilmour (draper), Bremner (optician), Howden (jeweller), and Bond (stationer) were cracked, as well as windows of the offices above these premises. The windows of shops and offices in Marlboro’ Place, at the side of the hotel, were also cracked or broken. The brigade finally got the outbreak under control a little after 6 a.m. The only portions of the hotel then standing were the staffs' quarters, which were de-tached from the main building, two store rooms, and the laundry. When the fire was at its height the hot-water system exploded with a deafening roar, which, was heard a considerable distance away, and pieces of iron piping were hurled into the air. One large piece fell through the roof of an office opposite… The hotel contained an exceptionally large stock, one cellar alone having in it liquor valued at over £1000. A number of boarders lost considerable personal effects and money. In one case a honeymoon couple's loss ran into £100, while other monetary losses of £30 and £25 are reported. The boarders found shelter in the Commercial Hotel and boarding houses, where they received considerate attention. Owing to the hotel books being burned and the dispersal of the guests it was difficult to ascertain who was saved, but it is considered certain that the charred remains are those of Mr. O’Moore. He had intended to go to Te Aroha to-day, but no word of him was received there.

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 44

Miss Nellie Wood, who cannot be accounted for, was employed as a housemaid, and is 32 years of age and a native of Ayrshire. She had no relatives living. Previously she worked in the Grand Hotel, Auckland, and had been employed in Hamilton for about a month. Her only friend in Hamilton expressed the opinion that if she had escaped she would have gone to him immediately. The insurances are as follows:—Building and fittings, £9600; stock and furniture, £4360, divided between the United and the Commercial companies. The accommodation question has always been a serious one in Hamilton, and the loss of one of the best hotels will make it still more serious, especially in view of the forthcoming Winter Show. An inquest was held by Mr. H. A. Young, S.M., this evening in connection with the death of Mr. Horace Moore-Jones. Formal evidence of identification was given and the medical testimony was to the effect that death was due to shock following severe burns. The inquiry was then adjourned until to-morrow.’135 A third Hamilton Hotel was built on Allotment 53 for L.D. Nathan and Co. by May 1923.136 The building may have been designed by architects H. Clinton Savage and Henry S. Morran and was made from concrete and concrete block in the Beaux Arts style - the only one of its kind in Hamilton.137 The initial build was not well received and the Auckland Star noted: ‘When the Hamilton Hotel was burned down, twelve months ago there was a general anticipation that a large and modern new hotel would be substituted. The building erected and just opened contains, however, only six bedrooms, practically the whole of the basement being used as a bar. Complaints were, made about this at a Chamber of Commerce meeting last night, when it was decided to write to the proprietors, informing them that unless they put up better accommodation they (the Chamber) would apply to the Government for the transfer of further licenses.’138 Subsequent alterations in 1924 increased the number of bedrooms to at least 30 and in 1929 an additional 25 were constructed with the Victoria Street frontage of the hotel extended to 170 feet (Figure 37).139 A historic aerial dating to 1843 provides a glimpse into the property at that time, with the rear garden still under lawn and vegetation (Figure 38), and the cottage located on former Allotment 52 visible. In 1985 the Hamilton Hotel (former) was listed as a Historic Place Category 2 by Heritage New Zealand, Pouhere Taonga, and the building is now situated within Lot 1 DPS 32477, being Allotment 53 and Pt Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West.140

135 New Zealand Herald¸ 4 April 1922, p.6. 136 Auckland Star, 15 May 1923, p.3. 137 History of the Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collections accessed via: http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/97 138 Auckland Star, 15 May 1923, p.3. 139 Note: an Auckland Star article, dated 16 September 1924 reported that additions to the Hamilton Hotel would provide another 45 bedrooms. Auckland Star, 16 September 1924, p.8; New Zealand Herald, 18 November 1924, p.12; New Zealand Herald, 8 August 1929, p.7. 140 Hamilton Hotel (Former), List No. 4203, Heritage New Zealand website accessed via: http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/4203

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 45

Figure 30. Photograph, dated c.1900, showing the second Hamilton Hotel (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_06016)

Figure 31. Photograph, dated c.1905-1910, looking north-west along Victoria Street with the second Hamilton Hotel visible at right (arrowed in red) (source: Victoria Street, Hamilton. Ref: 1/2-001326- G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23075839)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 46

Figure 32. Photograph, dated c.1908, showing the second Hamilton Hotel (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_01443)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 47

Figure 33. Photograph, dated c.1910s, showing the second Hamilton Hotel (source: Hamilton Hotel, in Victoria Street, Hamilton, circa 1910s. Ref: 1/2-000760-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22343074)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 48

Figure 34. Photograph, dated April 1922, showing the second Hamilton Hotel on fire (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_02391)

Figure 35. Photograph, dated 1922, showing the ruins of the second Hamilton Hotel after the fire (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_06909)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 49

Figure 36. Photograph, dated 1922, showing men sifting through the ruins of the second Hamilton Hotel after it was destroyed by fire (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_03304)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 50

Figure 37. Newspaper illustration, dated August 1929, showing the significant additions proposed along the Victoria Street frontage of the third Hamilton Hotel (source: New Zealand Herald¸ 8 August 1929, p.6)

July 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Archaeological Assessment DRAFT 51

Figure 38. Historic aerial dating to 1943 which illustrates the buildings present on the property and the condition of the garden at that time (source: LINZ SN266 14/06/1973)

Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West A Crown Grant for Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West was awarded to Paul Frederick de Quincey on 29 March 1867 (Figure 39).141 The 1 acre parcel was granted under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 and the New Zealand Settlements Amendment and Continuance Act 1865, and was bounded roughly to the north by Allotment 51, to the south by Allotment 53 (Hamilton Hotel), to the west by Victoria Street, and to the east by Hamilton Parade and the Waikato River.142 De Quincey was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Waikato Militia at the date of Crown Grant.143 He later became the Sergeant-at-Arms in the New Zealand House of Representatives and at his death in 1894 he was the last surviving male descendent of the celebrated English essayist, Thomas de Quincey.144 It is unclear whether any buildings were present on Allotment 52 during the mid-1860s to 1870s; however, when de Quincey sold the land to James Harper (owner of the neighbouring Allotment 53 and Hamilton Hotel) in March 1874 the deed of conveyance listed no extant buildings and the property changed hands for £200.145

141 Crown Grant 5GW/33, BAJZ 23663 1014/a, Archives New Zealand. 142 Ibid. 143 Ibid. 144 The Star, 17 April 1894, p.3. 145 Deeds Register W2/760, BAJZ A1660 23656 785/a, Archives New Zealand. October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 52

Harper took out a mortgage on the property in 1875 and leased part of the land to Albert Potter, a butcher, in 1876.146 The lease document outlined the area of Pt Allotment 52 awarded to Potter and also specified other portions occupied by Gelling, Low, Richard Gwynne along with an extant right-of-way (see Figure 21).147 As no formal lease agreements were drawn up for Low or Gwynne it is unclear at what date their occupation of the property commenced. In May 1880 part of the northern end of Allotment 52 was conveyed to James Mansfield Gelling, Land and Commission Agent, although it is likely that he occupied the land for several years prior (Figure 40). No extant buildings were listed by the deed of conveyance.148 Throughout the 1870s and 1880s Harper took out several mortgages on Allotment 52 which may have enabled him to erect premises on the land.149 One of the earliest references to buildings on Allotment 52 was a newspaper advertisement for Henry Smith’s fruit and fish depot dated July 1879: ‘HENRY SMITH BEGS to inform the inhabitants of the district that he has commenced business as Fruiterer, Fishmonger, &c, in the premises adjoining Mr Gwynne’s Hamilton Hotel, and has for sale and to arrive regularly: Fruit, ex late arrivals —Apples, Oranges, Pine Apples, Bananas, &c, &c. Fish— Smoked and Fresh Fish, Oysters, &c, received twice weekly. Poultry dressed to order. Tripe and Cow Heels daily. Orders promptly attended to.’150 In November 1879 Gelling advertised to let business premises adjoining the Hamilton Hotel on Victoria Street which comprised a ‘front shop, sitting room and kitchen with Colonial Stove; three rooms upstairs with register grates.’151 A butchering establishment, owned by Messrs. Qualthrough, Veal and White, was opened next to the hotel in 1880 and the following year a Mr S. Tucker, ‘well and favourably known throughout the district’ ‘commenced business in those premises adjoining the Hamilton Hotel, as a general storekeeper.’152 In September 1883 the block of buildings belonging to James Harper within Allotment 52 was threatened by fire which broke out in a billiard saloon on the other side of Victoria Street. The Waikato Times reported that Harper’s buildings were occupied by ‘Messrs Hatrick, Qualtrough and White, and Mr Hammond’ and ‘were in danger several time as also were the stables attached to the Hamilton Hotel, but the ready assistance of those present prevented the spread of the fire in this direction.’153 By December 1883 James Harper was residing in Auckland and Allotment 52, together with all extant buildings was put up for sale: ‘FOR SALE. All that Block of Land adjoining the Hamilton Hotel, with the Buildings erected thereon, and now let to good tenants, returning a rental of £146 per annum. If required, half the purchase money can remain on mortgage for a term of 3 or 5 years at 8 per cent. Mr Hatrick, draper, living on

146 Deeds Index 3W/104, Archives New Zealand; Deeds Register W3/693, BAJZ A1660 23656 786/a, Archives New Zealand. 147 Deeds Register W3/693, BAJZ A1660 23656 786/a, Archives New Zealand. 148 Deeds Register D13/224, BAJZ A1660 23641 723/a, Archives New Zealand. 149 Deeds Index 3W/104, Archives New Zealand. 150 Waikato Times¸ 29 July 1879, p.3. 151 Auckland Star, 24 November 1879, p.3. 152 Waikato Times, 6 November 1880, p.2; Waikato Times, 19 March 1881, p.2. 153 Waikato Times, 15 September 1883, p.2. October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 53

the property, will show the properties on application. Apply to JAMES HARPER, View Road, Mount Eden, Auckland.’154 No immediate buyers were found for the land and the property continued to be advertised throughout the 1880s, with Harper eventually conveying the residue Allotment 52 to his wife Catherine Harper in 1888.155 The following year advertisements for the sale of the land appeared in local papers again which outlined the buildings contained within the property: ‘To be sold by auction at an early date, by Arthur & Buddle, that desirable property in Hamilton West, adjoining the Hamilton Hotel, of nearly an acre of ground, upon which is erected Three Shops, with Five-roomed Dwelling to each; also, a Two-roomed Shop and Consulting Room, lately occupied by Dr. Carey, and a large Garden. Easy terms, and no reasonable offer refused, as the owner is leaving the Province of Auckland. JAMES HARPER.’156 Further details were provided by the Auckland Star: ‘Arthur & Buddle have received instructions to sell by auction at their Mart on Tuesday next, at 11 o'clock a.m., That fine Freehold Property adjoining the Hamilton Hotel, 136 ft. frontage to Victoria-street, extending back to the Waikato River, with the Building erected thereon, viz., Butcher's Shop and five rooms, Draper's Shop and five rooms, Hair-Cutting Saloon and Tobacconist Shop and six rooms, with a large garden at the back. The owner is leaving the Province, therefore it must be sold. Terms easy.’157 The property was sold to John Ernest Moore, a gentleman from Auckland, and formally conveyed on 14 October 1889 (Figure 41).158 Moore transferred ownership of the land to his wife, Margaret Elizabeth Moore, in 1892 and in 1896 an agreement was made between Moore and Arthur James Coyle, a carpenter, for the sale of Pt Allotment 52 (Figure 42).159 The block of buildings on Allotment 52 was seriously damaged by the great fire which broke out in Victoria Street in July 1898. The fire originated across the street but sparks blown by the north-easterly wind ignited those premises opposite, including the dwelling of a Mr. Sutton (likely within Allotment 52). The incident was recounted by the New Zealand Herald: ‘…in spite of the vigilance of the workers the roof of Sutton's dwelling caught fire. This was not noticed till the flames had such a firm hold that, in the absence of proper appliances, it was impossible to cope with it. From this the fire spread in both directions to the hotel stables and hotel on the one side and on the other to a building of two storeys occupied by Mr. Young, dentist, and Mrs. Muis and Miss Redmond, dressmakers, and from thence to Mr. Coyle's (carpenter) and Mr. McMahon's (bootmaker). All these buildings were totally destroyed. In every case nearly all the furniture and effects were

154 Waikato Times¸ 29 December 1883, p.3. 155 Deeds Register R27/324, BAJZ A1660 23641 50/a, Archives New Zealand. 156 Waikato Times¸ 20 August 1889, p.3. 157 Auckland Star, 28 August 1889, p.8. 158 Deeds Register R31/733, BAJZ A1660 23641 55/a, Archives New Zealand. 159 Deeds Register R41/875, BAJZ A1660 23641 71/a, Archives New Zealand; Deeds Register R53/163, BAJZ A1660 23641 89/a, Archives New Zealand. October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 54

cleared out, but as the people doing the work were untrained, and under no control, it is needless to say great damage was done in the removal.’160 A few days after the fire it was reported in the Waikato Argus that Mr Moore’s property (Allotment 52) had been sold to Messrs. L.D. Nathan & Co. of Auckland. The article noted that ‘It is rumoured that Messrs Nathan & Co. purpose erecting a block of shops and offices upon this site, which will be built with a view to accommodate those who were unfortunately burnt out in the late fire.’161 In January 1899 Pt Allotment 52 and the neighbouring Allotment 53 were brought under the Land Transfer Act and by May L.D. Nathan & Co., had cleared Pt Allotment 52 in preparation for the erection of a ‘substantial building’ (see Figure 27).162 Buildings present on Allotment 52 both before and after the fire of 1898 are partially visible in photographs of Victoria Street, dated late 19th and early 20th century (see Figure 24, Figure 26, Figure 29 to Figure 31, Figure 33 and Figure 43). Various portions of Allotment 52 were conveyed throughout the 20th century and the remaining area connected with the former Hamilton Hotel property (on Allotment 53) now forms Lot 1 DPS 32477 (Figure 44 and Figure 45).

Figure 39. Sketch plan, dated 1867, showing the boundaries of Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West, which was conveyed by Crown Grant to Lieutenant Colonel Paul Frederick de Quincey (source: Crown Grant 5GW/33, BAJZ A1660 23663 1014/a, Archives New Zealand)

160 New Zealand Herald¸ 18 July 1898, p.5. 161 Waikato Argus¸ 30 July 1898, p.2. 162 SA91/27, LINZ; Waikato Argus, 29 May 1899, p.2. October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 55

Figure 40. Sketch plan, dated 1880, showing the portion of Allotment 52 conveyed to James Mansfield Gelling (outlined in red) (source: Deeds Register D13/224, BAJZ A1660 23641 723/a, Archives New Zealand)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 56

Figure 41. Sketch plan, dated 1889, showing the residue portion of Allotment 52 conveyed by Harper to John Ernest Moore (outlined in red) (source: Deeds Register R31/733, BAJZ A1660 23641 55/a, Archives New Zealand)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 57

Figure 42. Sketch plan, dated 1896, showing the portion of Allotment 52 agreed for the sale and purchase to Arthur James Coyle (outlined in red) (source: Deeds Register R53/163, BAJZ A1660 23641 89/a, Archives New Zealand)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 58

Figure 43. Photograph, dated c.1919, looking south-east along Victoria Street and showing premises adjacent to the Hamilton Hotel (arrowed in red) including the Theatre Royal (arrowed in blue) which was constructed over Pt Allotment 52 (source: Historic Photographs collection, Hamilton City Libraries, HCL_00131)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 59

Figure 44. Sketch plan, dated 1929, showing the boundaries of Allotment 53 and Pt Allotment 52 under the ownership of N.A. Nathan (source: SA600/198, LINZ)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 60

Figure 45. DPS 32477, dated June 1982 showing Lot 1, being Allotment 53 and Pt Allotment 52, Town of Hamilton West (source: Quickmap)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 61

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

Hamilton has a rich archaeological history well documented through the archaeological remains of pre-European Maori settlement and European settlement from the mid-19th century. The Waikato River played a key role, with its tributaries and swamps providing many resources for Maori (e.g. birds, eels, fish, koura, mussels) and materials such as flax (for clothing and rope), nikau and raupo for thatching and native trees (e.g. kahikatea, totara, manuka) for structures, tools and fires (Stokes and Begg 1997; Firth 1972).

Archaeological Sites The following provides a general discussion of archaeological site types and remains relating pre-European Maori settlement and early European settlement in Hamilton. A 500m buffer was placed around the development property to look in further detail at those sites recorded in close proximity (Figure 46; Table 2) in order to establish the general site types that have been recorded in the area. Maori Gardening The Waikato is well known for its gardening history, as the climate and soils in many areas were suitable for growing taro, kumara, yam, and gourd. Numerous excavations of gardening sites have been undertaken throughout the region (e.g. Gumbley and Hoffman 1999, 2013; Hoffman 2011, 2013; Simmons 2008), including some in Hamilton city (Gumbley and Higham 2000, Simmons 2010). Phillips (2014:24), in her report on an excavation at Grantham Street which also had evidence of Maori gardening, provides the following summary: ‘the earliest sites, dating from approximately the early to mid-16th century, were formed within a mature podocarp and broadleaf forest dominated by tawa. After about 100-200 years the gardens were being planted in a landscape largely clothed in hebe, bracken and grasses, with remnant forest on the margins and in the stream gullies (Gumbley and Hoffman 2013:137- 147). Evidence from Grantham Street …indicated that the gardens found belonged to the later phase.’ Characteristic features that can be found on horticultural sites include modified soils, planting hollows, basins, sheet mulch, borrow pits, storage pits including rua, bin pits, and patches of charcoal (see Simmons 2013:38 for a table). While many excavations have been completed, it is still not clear how the sites functioned and related to the wider Maori occupation of the Waikato (see Campbell 2012:55). Kirikiriroa Pa (S14/39) One of the most significant sites in Hamilton centre and indeed to Hamilton’s history is Kirikiriroa Pa (S14/39), located on the riverbank in the area currently bounded by London Street and Bryce Street (see Figure 46). Foster (2000) provides a thorough synthesis of information relating to the pa, but such detail is beyond the scope of this assessment, and only a brief report on the pa is provided here. Kirikiriroa and two other pa on the eastern bank (Opoia Pa S14/41 and Miropiko Pa) were populated by the people of Ngati Wairere and related hapu – Ngati Hanui, Ngati Parekrangi, Ngati Waikai, and Ngati Koura. Foster (2000:8) states that ‘the pa was

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 62

heavily populated and thriving when the European traders and missionaries arrived during the 1830s’. The pa was constructed to protect the people who farmed the lands now in Hamilton City, to protect them from marauding war parties. The landscape around Kirikiriroa pa has been heavily modified, changes which began after European settlement in the 19th century. The changes have obscured former ridges, gullies and swamp land, urupa (Te Toka a Ahurei), landing sites (taunga waka), and a spring, ‘Te Puru O Hinemoa’ (Foster 2000:9). Few archaeological remains are found that relate to the pa, with early city development destroying many features before they were recorded or mapped. There are likely to be remains still present beneath some buildings and roads, however. The Pa was a fully fortified Pa Whakairo (Pa with carved palisades); it was half oval in shape, and incorporated ditches and palisade fences (Foster 2000). Ngati Wairere people lived at Kirikiriroa pa until 1864 when an impending battle with British troops led the pa to be abandoned, and the British took it over as a garrison. Kirikiriroa Pa is located outside of the 500m perimeter around the development property (when the coordinates recorded on the NZAA ArchSite database are applied), but it is likely that the development property was within the wider area of the Pa prior to European settlement. Kirikiriroa Pa is scheduled on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 (A18; Schedule 8B: Group 1 Archaeological and Cultural). S14/40 Midden/oven site and S14/258 Gardening site Only two other sites relating to Maori settlement are recorded within 500m of the development property. S14/40, located on the east side of the river, was recorded as an oven within what was a Maori cultivation ground until 1906, and the oven was located 9ft below the surface. The site has been destroyed. S14/258 is a Maori gardening and storage site, dating from c.1700-1864. The site was recorded during excavations at the former Hamilton Club on Grantham Street (Phillips 2014). S14/40 is scheduled on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 (Putitikitiki A113; Schedule 8C: Group 2 Archaeological and Cultural). Military sites – S14/57, S14/72 and S14/191 Site S14/57 is recorded as an Armed Constabulary Magazine built in 1877. The site record form (SRF) states that the evidence gathered details only the later magazine. This is considered to be the location of Hamilton West Redoubt, and while there is no current archaeological evidence for the redoubt it has been recorded on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 as Hamilton West Military Redoubt – Pukerangiora (A108; Schedule 8C: Group 2 Archaeological and Cultural). Site S14/72 is a military Redoubt (Moules Redoubt) and the site of Tara-ahi pa, which was investigated by Simmons (2008; 2009), and it is also recorded on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 as Hamilton West Military Redoubt – Te Tara-ahi Pa (A119; Schedule 8C: Group 2 Archaeological and Cultural). Site S14/191 is a possible camp site for soldiers (1864+), Volunteer Hall (1881+) and Drill Hall (1926+), which was investigated by Simmons (n.d) (NZAA SRF).

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 63

Figure 46. Archaeological sites recorded on the NZAA ArchSite database in relation to the development property (red outline). Those sites located within 500m of the development property are listed in Table 1 (source: NZAA Archsite)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 64

Table 2. List of archaeological sites located within 500m of the Project area, with district plan schedule number also listed, where relevant (source: NZAA ArchSite database; Hamilton City Council District Plan)

NZAA HCC Site Type Description NZTM NZTM Ref District Easting Northing Plan No.

S14/473 n/a Historic – Site of a 19th century 1801150 5815287 Domestic domestic residence, domestic artefacts recorded S14/167 n/a Shipwreck Gunboat hulk – former 1801356 5815172 paddle steamer ‘Rangiriri’ S14/258 n/a Maori Maori gardening and 1801379 5814996 Horticulture storage site dating from 1700-1864 S14/259 n/a Historic - Foundations and posthole 1801379 5815003 Domestic alignments of houses and commercial enterprises, with associated rubbish pits S14/482 n/a Transport/ Remains of the Hamilton 1801496 5814975 communication Punt which connected the east and west sides of the early town prior to the bridge.

S14/191 n/a Military Possible camp site for 1801257 5814872 soldiers (1864+), Volunteer Hall (1881+) and Drill Hall (1926+). S14/57 A108 Military Hamilton West Military 1801157 5814772 Redoubt – Pukerangiora S14/220 Transport/com Union Bridge – foundations 1801608 5814867 munication S14/40 A113 Midden/Oven Putitikitiki - Oven – site 1801657 5814973 now destroyed S14/72 A119 Military Te Tara-ahi Pa (later 1801736 5814905 Moules Redoubt) S14/41 A19 Pa Opoia Pa - destroyed 1801155 5815672

S14/220 Union Bridge and S14/282 Hamilton punt Site S14/220 relates to the foundations of Union Bridge, and the NZAA SRF indicates that kauri timber piles remain below rock piles on the south side of Bridge Street (Traffic Bridge). Site S14/482 is the remains of the Hamilton Punt which connected the east and west sides of the early town prior to the bridge. Currently limited to three visible piles (2018), but more evidence may be present below the river gravels and into the river bed (NZAA SRF).

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 65

S14/259 and S14/473 Historic domestic Site S14/259 consisted of foundations and posthole alignments of houses and commercial enterprises, with associated rubbish pits, and was investigated during works at the former Hamilton Club on Grantham Street (Phillips 2014). Site S14/473 consisted of fragmentary remains of historic domestic residence. Mainly a yard area formed of roughly laid brick and concrete embedded with 19th century artefacts. Numerous historic and 20th century artefacts were found down the bank of the river, and a horizontal steam boiler, possibly of early 20th date was also uncovered (NZAA SRF). S14/167 Shipwreck Site S14/167 is the remains of SS Rangiriri, a Gunboat Hulk, removed to the river edge and under preservation.

Other Historic Heritage Sites Sites that are not recorded archaeological sites, but which are scheduled on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 (Figure 47) and/or are listed on the Heritage New Zealand List are discussed below. Those sites located within the Project area are discussed in detail, and sites of relevance outside of the project area are also included to assess the wider heritage landscape/cityscape within which the historic heritage sites are placed. Former Hamilton Hotel 170-186 Victoria Street, Hamilton (H36) The hotel is the key building on the subject property, and the historical background relating to its construction in the 1920s and use has previously been discussed. The building is scheduled on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 (H36, Schedule 8A: Built Heritage (structures, buildings and associated sites), Category A, and is considered to be of highly significant heritage value locally and has outstanding or high significance (under categories a,b,c and f; see Appendix A). The building is also listed on the New Zealand Heritage List (Category II, List No. 4203). The HCC Built Heritage Inventory Form provides full details on the building and scheduling criteria. Some of the key points are as follows: ‘As with a number of buildings constructed during the interwar period, the style of the Hotel draws on Classical models and precedents and combines these in unique or inventive ways, in what has been described as a Free Classical style’. And also: ‘The design of the building is well-articulated, incorporating a number of finely designed Classical details. Its scale within the streetscape and manner in which it forms and defines the urban edge and corner make a significant contribution the built form within this part of Victoria Street and Marlborough Place in central Hamilton.’ The former Hamilton Hotel is also assessed in relation to the surrounding heritage landscape/cityscape (see also Table 3):

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 66

‘The former Hamilton Hotel forms part of a significant group of historic buildings near the intersection of Victoria Street, Marlborough Place and Hood Street in Central Hamilton which contribute to the distinctive character of this area. This group contains a varied range of building types, all of one and two storeys in scale and built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It includes the former Post Office (H35) and the Hamilton Hotel (H36), the former BNZ (H5), the Barton and Ross Building (H 34), Howdens Jewellers (H71) Harkers Building (H90), Paul’s Book Arcade (H72) and Alexandra Buildings (H73), as well as buildings in Hood Street including Hamilton Buildings (H89), Petals Flower Shop or Kaiapoi House (H18), the former Waikato Hospital and Charitable Aid Society Building (H82) the Former Grand Central Hotel (H19).’

Table 3. List of additional scheduled buildings located on Victoria Street, Hamilton (source: HCC)

Hamilton City Description Council Schedule No. H34 Barton & Ross Building, 131-141 Victoria Street, modified 1928 H36 Former Hamilton Hotel, 170- 186 Victoria Street built 1923 H37 Wesley Chambers, 237 Victoria Street, built 1924 H41 Cadman’s Garage, 596 Victoria Street, built 1928 H42 Public Trust Building, 610 Victoria Street, built 1925 H43 Former New Zealand Dairy Co-operative Company Building, 661 Victoria Street, 1920 H72 Pauls’ Book Arcade, 211 Victoria Street, built c. 1920s H92 Grocotts Building, 213-217 Victoria Street, built in 1924 H95 Dalton’s Building, at the corner of Ward and Victoria Street, remodelled in 1924 H96 Kings Building, 456 Victoria Street, built in 1924 H99 Oxford Chambers, 530 Victoria Street, built in 1924

In summary, the building is the third hotel that was built on the site, and it played an important role in the ever-evolving city of Hamilton: ‘The Hamilton Hotel has played an important role in the life of the growing city, providing visitor accommodation and hospitality as well as a venue for meetings. The hotel’s most famous guests were Queen Elizabeth and Prince Phillip in 1953. It is one of Hamilton’s earliest hotel buildings and its design by Savage and Morran in Free-Classical style makes an important contribution to the sense of place in central Hamilton. It forms part of a significant group of late 19th and early 20th century buildings remaining at the south end of Victoria Street in Hamilton.’

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 67

A full specialist assessment by conservation architects has been commissioned (Archifact in prep).

Figure 47. Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 planning map, indicating the scheduled sites location within the development property (red outline), and other built heritage sites along Victoria Street. Heritage trees – green dots; A-ranked built heritage item – red dot; B-ranked built heritage item – yellow dot (source: HCC GIS viewer)

Hua O Te Atua Urupa This urupa has been scheduled (A123, Schedule 8C: Group 2 Archaeological and Cultural Sites) based on research completed by Foster (2000) and details provided by tangata whenua (Figure 47). Foster (2000:9) states ‘to the south of Garden Place a second urupa named Hua O Te Atua was located close to the riverbank, in the vicinity of the western end of Collingwood Street. The first hotel for Hamilton City - the Commercial

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 68

Hotel - was built in part over this Urupa.’163 However, an additional reference in Foster’s report states that the Commercial Hotel was on the Corner of Collingwood and Victoria Streets (Foster 2000:29), which differs to the location of the Hamilton Hotel. There is some discrepancy here, therefore, regarding the location of the urupa based on Foster’s report. However, as mentioned in the Historical Background, in 1889 some human bones reportedly relating to three individuals were found during earthworks for Harper’s Store, located on former Allotment 52 (198 Victoria Street), which bordered the Hamilton Hotel which at that time only occupied Allotment 53 (as it was not until 1899 that it was purchased by L.D. Nathan and the land became part of the hotel property). Therefore, it does seem clear that part of the land within the development area was part of an urupa based on documentary evidence. Heritage trees There are also five scheduled heritage trees are located within the development property (Figure 47; Table 4). These trees have been fully assessed separately by Arbolab Consultancy Services (Redfern 2018).

Table 4. Details of the Scheduled trees (Schedule 9D: Significant Trees, Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017) located within the development property

ID# (as per Common Botanical Address/legal RNZIH Category planning Name Name description score maps) T16 Map Hamilton Stand Marlborough 45B Hotel [Sapper Riverside Moore- Planting Jones]164 Place Lot 1 DPS 32477 16.1 Nolfolk pine Araucaria Hamilton 1728 1 heterophylla Hotel, 170 Victoria St 16.2 Nolfolk pine Araucaria Hamilton 1728 1 heterophylla Hotel, 170 Victoria St 16.3 Bunya bunya Araucaria Hamilton 6912 1 bidwillii Hotel, 170 Victoria St 16.4 Southern Magnolia Hamilton 512 2 Magnolia grandiflora Hotel, 170 Victoria St 16.5 Southern Magnolia Hamilton 864 2 Magnolia grandiflora Hotel, 170 Victoria St

163 It is assumed that the reference here to ‘western end of Collingwood Street’ is a mistake, as this would place the urupa well away from the 164 Note that Marlborough Place is now known as Sapper Moore-Jones Place. October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 69

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The development property is located on the western bank of the Waikato River, within central Hamilton (Figure 48). The property slopes down to the river from Victoria Street, and has been heavily benched and modified in the course of its history. There is still a remnant garden area which is overgrown and full of exotic tree and shrub species. The underlying geology is that of the Upper Pleistocene Hinuera Formation (Piako Sub- group) of unconsolidated alluvium with the Walton Subgroup (Hamilton Ash Formation, Kauroa Ash Formation, Karapiro Formation, and Puketoka Formation) at great depths (Kear and Schofield 1978).

Figure 48. General topography: Top – taken on the corner of Victoria Street and Sapper Moore- Jones Place. The arrow points to the trees in the garden; Bottom – the rear garden of the development property (red arrow) and visible drop with the river level indicated by the blue arrow, taken from outside the Hamilton Museum

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 70

FIELD ASSESSMENT

Field Survey Results A site walkover with limited subsurface testing was undertaken on 20 June 2018 by Sarah Phear, Steve Wilcock (Property Manager, Momentum) and iwi representatives from Te Haa o te Whenua o Kirikiriroa (THaWK) led by Rawiri Bidois. Conditions were overcast but fine. The majority of the property is urban with tar sealed/asphalt surfaces, buildings and a concreted driveway, and the Victoria Street Frontage consists of restaurants and retail shops (Figure 48 to Figure 50). The building to the rear of 170 Victoria Street is rented accommodation and so too is the large house located on former Allotment 52 (Figure 50), which has undergone extensive modifications, particularly on the interior (Steve Wilcox, Property Manager pers. comm). However, part of the property is still a garden, although the majority of the garden was highly overgrown at the time of survey (Figure 51 ). The largest part of the garden is located downslope in the south-eastern corner in an area that was reportedly extensively terraced and landscaped in modern times, with glimpses of modern brickwork observable in places (Figure 51, Figure 52 and Figure 53). This is the area where Hua O Te Atua urupa is recorded on the HCC schedule. It is clear that extensive landscape modification has taken place here, despite the overgrown nature of the vegetation. This area was also inspected for signs of the former spring reported in the 19th century which led to construction of a bathhouse (Figure 54) and then a concrete waterfall, and other modifications reported in historical sources. However, visibility was poor due to the overgrown vegetation. The lawn area was of variable height around the modernised cottage (Figure 55) and the eastern extent on the edge of the slope was probed to look for shell midden, but no midden was encountered (Figure 56). No archaeological features were observed. The largescale modification of the landscape suggested by the documentary research and the history of the site was, however, quite clear during the site visit.

Figure 49. Driveway to the house at the rear of the property, with the tarsealed car park area located behind the wooden fence, and the residential accommodation (and former café) located behind the

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 71

former Hamilton Hotel. Scheduled tree T16.5 (magnolia) is indicated by the red arrow and T16.4 (magnolia) by the blue arrow. Facing south

Figure 50. Driveway with a turning area outside the converted cottage (orange building); additional residences located behind the Victoria Street shop frontages on the former Allotment 52 indicated by the arrow. Facing west

Figure 51. Overgrown garden area with brick pillars indicated by the red arrows. Scheduled tree T16.2 is indicated by the blue arrow (facing east)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 72

Figure 52. View looking to the north back up the slope to the converted cottage, with the long grass and weeds evident. The arrows point to the location of a decorative brick wall with a small brick pillar also indicated

Figure 53. Terracing just visible beneath the overgrown grass. The tree is the bunya bunya tree scheduled on the HCC district plan (T16.3)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 73

Figure 54. Possible location of the former spring and 19th century bathhouse (arrow). Facing northeast

Figure 55. Lawn and paved area forming the north-western boundary of the development property. Left – facing the Waikato river, with musa (banana) palms visible. Right - note the retaining walls in the background (arrow) indicating the ground level difference between the rear buildings at 198 Victoria Street and the cottage area (on the former Allotment 52)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 74

Figure 56.The north-western edge of the property. This area was probed. Note the bunya bunya tree visible in the background (facing southeast)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 75

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary of Results The results of the historical and archaeological backgrounds and field survey can be summarised as follows:  Hamilton has a long and diverse history which is inherently linked to the Waikato River, and is particularly characterised by the good soils used for horticultural activities by Maori as well as settlement in the central city area, with Kirikiriroa Pa featuring prominently in this history.  The history includes warfare, abandonment and opportunism related to the Land Wars in the mid-19th century; and large scale modification of the landscape as the town expanded and changed with military and civilian European settlement and construction of a town centre.  A range of activities related to both Maori and European settlement are represented by recorded archaeological sites within 500m of the development property, indicative of the diverse history and archaeology of the area.  Victoria Street was an early street within the centre of Hamilton, and Allotment 53 was one of the early sites developed, with the Hamilton Hotel playing an important role in settler life from its inception.  The development site has a long history, being located in an area used by Maori in relation to Kirikiriroa Pa and possibly earlier times; and being the site of the first Hamilton Hotel in 1865, which included various stables, cottages, gardens and a bathhouse. A second hotel was built in 1899 following a fire that destroyed the first hotel and cottage; and a third hotel was constructed in 1923 following another devasting fire. The development property was also the site of numerous buildings and businesses from the mid-19th century on the Victoria Street frontage.  There are no recorded archaeological sites within the development property.  There is one Schedule 8A Category A recorded built heritage site (Hamilton Hotel H36); one Schedule 8C Group 2 cultural site (Hua O Te Atua Urupa A123); and 5 heritage trees (Schedule 9D) located within the development property.  Human remains were found in former Allotment 52 (198 Victoria Street) in 1889, but there are no known records of human remains being found within Allotment 53 (170 Victoria Street). Nevertheless, an urupa is recorded within the development property.  There has been loss of land through flooding in 1876; a large amount of landscape modification related to re-building the hotel after the fires; as well as landscaping/terracing, gardening and other related activities. All these activities affect the archaeological potential of the development property.  No archaeological remains were located during the field survey. However, the garden area was largely overgrown restricting assessment. The field visit did confirm, however, that the majority of the development property has been heavily modified.

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 76

Maori Cultural Values This is an assessment of effects on archaeological values and does not include an assessment of effects on Maori cultural values. Such assessments should only be made by the tangata whenua. Maori cultural concerns may encompass a wider range of values than those associated with archaeological sites. The historical association of the general area with the tangata whenua is evident from the known and former place names (such as Kirikiriroa Pa) and the well-known Maori history of the area. The initial site survey was undertaken with tangata whenua from THaWK and Cultural Impact Assessments have been commissioned for the project.

Survey Limitations It should be noted that archaeological survey techniques (based on visual inspection and minor sub-surface testing) cannot necessarily identify all sub-surface archaeological features or detect wahi tapu and other sites of traditional significance to Maori, especially where these have no physical remains. In this case the heavy vegetation restricted good ground inspection in the surviving garden areas of the property. Also, the nature of urban areas precludes subsurface testing.

Archaeological Value and Significance The archaeological value of sites relates mainly to their information potential, that is, the extent to which they can provide evidence relating to local, regional and national history using archaeological investigation techniques, and the research questions to which the site could contribute. The surviving extent, complexity and condition of sites are the main factors in their ability to provide information through archaeological investigation. For example, generally pa are more complex sites and have higher information potential than small midden (unless of early date). Archaeological value also includes contextual (heritage landscape) value. Archaeological sites may also have other historic heritage values including historical, architectural, technological, cultural, aesthetic, scientific, social, spiritual, traditional and amenity values. There are no recorded archaeological sites on the development property. However, the former Hamilton Hotel has been evaluated according to the relevant statutory criteria and has been scheduled for protection on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 (H36, Schedule 8A: Built Heritage (structures, buildings and associated sites), Category A, a,b,c and f). The building is also listed on the New Zealand Heritage List (Category II, List No. 4203). Also scheduled for protection on the Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 is Hua O Te Atua urupa (A123, Schedule 8C: Group 2 Archaeological and Cultural Sites). Human burials have high cultural significance. There is some archaeological potential on the development property despite the property being highly modified. The potential relates to the Maori history of the area and partial use as a urupa, as well as the European history from the mid-19th century relating to the

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 77

Hamilton Hotel and commercial developments on Victoria Street. The site therefore has the potential for archaeological sites and therefore archaeological values.

Effects of the Proposal The effects of the development on the heritage values of the Hamilton Hotel are outside the scope of this assessment, and have been assessed by a conservation architect in a separate report (see Archifact in prep.). However, the heritage building is to remain as part of the development and will form part of the new hotel, although the interior will be refurbished (Figure 57). Similarly, the heritage trees have been assessed independently by an Arborlab Consultancy Service (Redfern 2018) and the effects on their heritage values are not assessed here. The development property will need to undergo extensive modification in order to construct the hotel and theatre. The detailed earthworks plans are not yet available, so the exact details cannot be presented here. However, in general the works will consist of:  Demolition of existing buildings (Figure 58)  Removal of concrete and tarseal surfaces and associated aggregates/base course (Figure 58)  Earthworks to allow for the substage area and car park (see Figure 58)  Vegetation clearance  Screw piling works, particularly on the slope for the open decked courtyard (see Figure 60). Hua O Te Atua Urupa (A123) The design has considered the location of the scheduled urupa and the majority of the site will not undergo any earthworks, only vegetation clearance and piling works on the northern and southern edge of the urupa area to support part of the open courtyard deck and an access ramp (Figure 60). The courtyard deck has been redesigned to create a large void in the deck around an existing tree and therefore avoid a significant portion of the urupa. The design also uses screw piles for the least impact on the site and the foundation beams will be above ground to minimise impact. The eastern side of the scheduled urupa area is within a future proposed Upper River Promenade and a separate project. A small area extending approximately 2.5m only within the mapped boundary of the urupa will undergo cut earthworks for the sub-stage area. Design planning and review has taken into consideration the location of the urupa, and the design can not avoid the boundary completely. However, based on the assessment of potential, the area affected by the earthworks is largely within a low potential area (see Figure 62). While the overgrown vegetation prevented a detailed surface inspection of the garden and urupa area during field survey, it is clear from documentary sources and the topography itself that this area has been substantially modified since European ownership in the 19th century. The potential for any in situ koiwi in this area is therefore considered to be low. However, it is possible that small pockets of non-modified ground are present, so the potential for finding human bones cannot be ruled out. If present, any human skeletal remains, and associated burial furniture, would potentially be destroyed by earthworks October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 78

and piling. Effects on any human remains should be minor if the recommendations set out below are applied. 19th Century Building Remains From the first Hamilton Hotel built in 1865 through to the early 20th century there is record of stables, a cottage/s and other structures in the ‘backyard’ and garden area of the development property. There has been a large amount of modification of the ground following the two fires and complete rebuilds of the hotel in 1898/99 and 1922/23, and it is likely that little remains of the original ground surface. A borehole (BH03) was placed in the driveway area during the preliminary geotechnical investigation (CMW Geosciences 2018). The borehole log records the top 20cm as consisting of ashphalt/tarseal above a crushed stone aggregate (c. 15cm thick), then straight onto a sand and gravel fill deposit up to 2m deep (see Appendix B), with the natural Hinuera Formation not present until 2m+. There was no evidence of a paleosol (or buried topsoil) between the fill deposit at Hinuera Formation. The borehole result suggests that the area of the carpark and driveway has been artificially levelled with c.1.5m of fill material added to create a level surface. The 1943 aerial photograph (Figure 38) still shows the garden at that time with no concrete visible. So, the concreting and asphalting has taken place in more recent times. As there was no evidence in the borehole for the former topsoil/gardening soil beneath the fill deposit, the area was likely benched/cleared, then fill added to create the level car park and driveway surface. As the slope increases towards Victoria Street, benching of the surface would be expected to extend deeper into the Hinuera Formation on the western side of the carpark. Therefore, there is low potential for any archaeological deposits or features to be located in this area (although deep features like wells could survive albeit in a heavily truncated condition). Gardens The gardens at the Hamilton Hotel have been mentioned several times as being of high quality: in the 1880s under the Gwynne ownership; in 1899 a renowned rose garden; and in the 1920s following the construction of the third hotel. Certainly, there is evidence of landscaping in the south-eastern corner where the urupa is recorded, and this is where a spring and bathhouse are said to have been located. Also, former Allotment 52 also had gardens, which may have been planted by Harper pre-1900. There is also evidence to suggest that the extent of the property facing the river has eroded somewhat, with reports of flooding damage in 1876 when the then owner Mr Gwynne reported that he had lost up to 40ft of land (see Historical Background). It is unclear, then, how much the landscaping and planting of the gardens has modified the landscape. The lawn area around the ‘orange cottage/house’ (originally built 1925) is flat like the majority of the lot, which suggests benching. However, a borehole (BH04) located on the lawn immediately northeast of the cottage (Figure 61) indicates a reasonably intact stratigraphic profile with a dark brown silt topsoil layer (c.30cm thick) overlaying a dark brown silt with sand inclusions (c.1.3m thick). This is recorded as Hinuera Formation. This suggests that the stratigraphy within former Allotment 52 may in fact be moderately intact, and thus there is reasonable potential for the survival of

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 79

archaeological deposits and features (e.g. pits, postholes, structural features, koiwi in primary or secondary deposition165) in this area. Summary Based on the preliminary investigations undertaken in the preparation of this report and the results of the foregoing assessment, a plan showing archaeological potential has been compiled (Figure 62). The proposed earthworks and piling works have the potential to adversely affect any archaeological remains that may be present on the site, with the effect on any human remains carrying higher significance than effects on 19th century structural remains and shell midden. However, it is considered that the overall effects of the development will be minor subject to the recommendations (see below). Any potential adverse effects on remains exposed during development should be mitigated through archaeological investigation and recording to recover information relating to the history of the site, and in the event of koiwi tangata being exposed, by uplifting and reburial of the remains in accordance with Maori tikanga under the guidance of tangata whenua. Positive heritage effects of the development include re-purposing the older Hamilton Hotel (which is now used for retail purposes) back into a hotel, and with this will come dissemination of the history to the wider community and new use of the structure. As it is considered likely that unrecorded subsurface archaeological sites relating to pre- European and 19th century European activities will be exposed during development (such as postholes, pits, rubbish pits, bottle dumps, and wells) it is therefore recommended that an Authority is applied for prior to the start of earthworks so that any remains exposed can be appropriately managed and potential delays can be avoided should sites be exposed.

165 Primary deposition would be an intact burial; secondary deposition is bone reburial in a different location to primary burial. October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 80

Figure 57. Elevation – Sapper Moore Jones Place (Southeast), indicating the existing Heritage Hotel which has been incorporated into the design (source: Jasmax)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 81

Figure 58. Demolition Plan, with the existing buildings to be demolished hatched (source: Jasmax)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 82

Figure 59. Transverse section through Victoria Street with the carpark and substage areas indicated by the arrows (source: Jasmax)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 83

Figure 60. Plan of development with the location of the Hua O Te Atua Urupa indicated in red. The courtyard deck (hatched areas) will cover the northern side of the urupa area, the Upper River Promenade the eastern side of the urupa area and a ramp to the deck the southern side of the urupa area. The extent of the urupa does partially extend within the expected earthworks footprint (source: Jasmax and HCC GIS viewer) October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 84

Figure 61. Plan illustrating the location of subsurface testing for the geotechnical investigation. Boreholes 3 and 4 are indicated by the arrows (source: CMW Geosciences 2018)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 85

Figure 62. Demolition plan indicating the area of archaeological potential. Human remains are possible in the bounds of the urupa, and both 19th century and other features relating to Maori activities have the potential to be located across the site particularly in the area shaded pink (source: base plan Jasmax)

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 86

Resource Management Act 1991 Requirements Section 6 of the RMA recognises as matters of national importance: ‘the relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, waahi tapu, and other taonga’ (S6(e)); and ‘the protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development’ (S6(f)). All persons exercising functions and powers under the RMA are required under Section 6 to recognise and provide for these matters of national importance when ‘managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources’. There is a duty to avoid, remedy, or mitigate any adverse effects on the environment arising from an activity (S17), including historic heritage. Historic heritage is defined (S2) as ‘those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and cultures, deriving from any of the following qualities: (i) archaeological; (ii) architectural; (iii) cultural; (iv) historic; (v) scientific; (vi) technological’. Historic heritage includes: ‘(i) historic sites, structures, places, and areas; (ii) archaeological sites; (iii) sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu; (iv) surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources’. Regional, district and local plans contain sections that help to identify, protect and manage archaeological and other heritage sites. The plans are prepared under the rules of the RMA. The Hamilton City Operative District Plan 2017 is relevant to the proposed activity. The property contains three items scheduled on the district plan, two of which (H36 and the heritage trees 16.1-16.5) have been assessed in other specialist reports. Hua O Te Atua Urupa (A123, Schedule 8C: Group 2 Archaeological and Cultural Site) will be adversely affected, although mitigation in the form of piling rather than cut earthworks has been incorporated into the design. This assessment has also established that the proposed activity has potential to affect unidentified subsurface archaeological remains that may be exposed and affected by the development. If resource consent is granted it is recommended that a condition requiring archaeological monitoring of earthworks by a qualified archaeologist is included so that any subsurface remains can be identified. It is also recommended that an advice note regarding the provisions of the HNZPTA is included, as an Authority under that Act will be required for any modification and investigation of archaeological remains.

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 87

Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements In addition to any requirements under the RMA, the HNZPTA protects all archaeological sites whether recorded or not, and they may not be damaged or destroyed unless an Authority to modify an archaeological site has been issued by Heritage NZ (Section 42). An archaeological site is defined by the HNZPTA Section 6 as follows: ‘archaeological site means, subject to section 42(3), – (a) any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure) that – (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900; and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and (b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1)’166 Authorities to modify archaeological sites can be applied for either in respect to archaeological sites within a specified area of land (Section 44(a)), or to modify a specific archaeological site where the effects will be no more than minor (Section 44(b)), or for the purpose of conducting a scientific investigation (Section 44(c)). Applications that relate to sites of Maori interest require consultation with (and in the case of scientific investigations the consent of) the appropriate iwi or hapu and are subject to the recommendations of the Maori Heritage Council of Heritage NZ. In addition, an application may be made to carry out an exploratory investigation of any site or locality under Section 56, to confirm the presence, extent and nature of a site or suspected site. While no known archaeological sites will be affected by the proposed works, it is considered likely that unidentified subsurface archaeological remains may be exposed during development. To avoid any delays should unidentified subsurface features be exposed by the proposed works, consideration could be given to applying for an authority under Section 44(a) of the HNZPTA to cover all works undertaken for this project, as a precaution. This should be obtained before any earthworks are carried out. The conditions of the authority are likely to include archaeological monitoring of preliminary earthworks, and procedures for recording any archaeological evidence before it is modified or destroyed. This approach would have the advantage of allowing any archaeology uncovered during the development of the property to be dealt with immediately, avoiding delays while an Authority is applied for and processed. Under Section 65 of the Act, Heritage NZ has the power to list significant historic places and areas, wahi tupuna, wahi tapu and wahi tapu areas on the New Zealand Heritage List. The purpose of listing is to inform members of the public and landowners about the values of significant places and to assist in their protection under the RMA. Heritage NZ would be considered an affected party in relation to any consent application affecting an

166 Under Section 42(3) an Authority is not required to permit work on a pre-1900 building unless the building is to be demolished. Under Section 43(1) a place post-dating 1900 (including the site of a wreck that occurred after 1900) that could provide ‘significant evidence relating to the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand’ can be declared by Heritage NZ to be an archaeological site. October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 88

item on the List. The former Hamilton Hotel is recorded on the List (Category II, List No. 4203). While the building is largely to remain intact, it will be affected by the development.

Conclusions The Waikato Regional Theatre development is located right in the heart of central Hamilton on the banks of the Waikato River, in an area rich in history. From its use by pre-European Maori and its links to Kirikiriroa Pa, to its adaptation to house one of the earliest hotels in the town, and successive hotel constructions and development of the gardens, to the present day use as retail and residential accommodation, the site has seen a great deal of change and landscape modification. The large-scale nature of the Theatre and hotel development will add another layer of modification to the site, with some heritage elements retained (the former Hamilton Hotel), demolition of other existing buildings and earthworks to prepare the site for construction. While there are no recorded archaeological sites on the property, the scheduled urupa on the site and historical records indicate that koiwi may be present in areas not already highly modified, and there may also be 19th century structural remains related to the property during that time. In the event that koiwi tangata are uncovered, the conditions of any Heritage NZ Authority must be followed. Any adverse effects on archaeological values could be reduced subject to implementation of the recommendations set out below.

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 89

RECOMMENDATIONS

 There should be no major constraints on the proposed Waikato Regional Theatre development on archaeological grounds, as no known archaeological sites will be affected, and the possibility that archaeological remains may be present can be appropriately mitigated through the provisions of the HNZPTA.  If feasible, the overgrown vegetation in the south-eastern corner should be cleared and an additional site survey undertaken (which includes subsurface testing) to establish the stratigraphy in this area and gain further understanding of the level of modification.  Because it is likely that subsurface archaeological features will be exposed during development, an Authority should be applied for under Section 44(a) of the HNZPTA as a precaution prior to the start of earthworks. This would establish appropriate procedures for the management of any archaeological remains discovered, reducing the potential for delays during the development process.  Preliminary earthworks in both low and moderate areas of potential (see Figure 62) should be monitored by an archaeologist to establish whether any sites are present.  Any archaeological remains affected by the development should be avoided if possible, or investigated, recorded and sampled in accordance with the conditions of an Authority issued by Heritage NZ.  In the event of koiwi tangata (human remains) being uncovered, work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the remains and the tangata whenua, Heritage NZ, NZ Police and Council should be contacted so that appropriate arrangements can be made.  Continued consultation with tangata whenua should be carried out through the Cultural Values assessment process.  Consideration should be given to installing interpretative panels/design features that reflect the history of the site and any archaeological remains recovered during the project.

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 90

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archifact in prep. XXXX 2018. Campbell, M, 2012. Cambridge Section of the Waikato Expressway: Archaeological desktop study. CFG Heritage report to the New Zealand Transport Agency and New Zealand Historic Places Trust. CMW Geosciences. 2018. Waikato Regional Theatre Victoria Street, Hamilton. Geotechnical Factual Report. Prepared for CharcoalBlue Ltd. Cowan, J. 1955. The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I: 1845–1864. Wellington: Government Printer. Firth, Raymond 1972. Economics of the New Zealand Maori. Government Printer, Wellington. (2nd ed.) Foster, R. 2000. Central City Riverside Archaeological and Cultural Assessment. Opus International Consultants Limited and Cultural Interface Solutions Report to Hamilton City Council. Gibbons, P.J. 1977. Astride the River: A History of Hamilton. Christchurch: Whitcoulls for the Hamilton City Council. Gumbley, W. and T.F.G. Higham. 1999. Archaeological Investigation of a Prehistoric Garden (S14/203), Horotiu, Waikato: at the Te Rapa Dairy Factory 1997-1999. Report prepared for NZHPT authority no. 1998/97 and Anchor Products Limited. Gumbley, W. and A. Hoffmann. 2013. The Archaeology of Pre-European Maori Horticulture at Horotiu: The Investigations of S14/194 and S14/195. Report prepared for NZ Transport Authority under NZHPT authority no 2011/193. Gumbley, W. and T.F.G. Higham. 2000. Archaeological Investigation of Prehistoric Garden Complexes Affected by R1 and N1 Arterial Routes, Chartwell, Hamilton. Report prepared NZHPT authority no 1998/82. Hamilton City Council, Operative Hamilton District Plan 2017, Volume 2, Appendix 8: Historic Heritage. Heritage NZ. 2006. Writing Archaeological Assessments. Archaeological Guidelines Series No. 2. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga (now Heritage NZ). Hoffman, A. 2011. Archaeological ssessment: 21 Grantham Street, Hamilton City – Hamilton Club Site, Allotments 414-419 & 425-430 Town of Hamilton West. Report prepared for Project Grantham Ltd. Hoffman, A. 2013. Archaeological Investigation of S14/221 (Modified Soils). Horotiu, Waikato: Final Report. Report for Northgate Industrial Park Ltd and NZHPT (authority 2010/259). Kear, O. and Schofield, J.L. 1978: Geology of the Ngaruawahia Subdivision. N. Z. Geological survey Bulletin 88. 168p. Latta, A.M. 1980. Meeting of the Waters: The Story of Ngaruawahia. Ngaruawahia: Ngaruawahia Lions Club. McClymont, W.G. 1940. The Exploration of New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. New Zealand Archaeological Association ArchSite Database, accessed at http://www.archsite.org.nz. New Zealand Heritage List, accessed at http://www.historic.org.nz New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 2006. Maori Peoples of New Zealand, Nga Iwi O Aotearoa. Auckland: David Bateman Ltd. ‘Nga Tapuwae O Hotumauea’ Maori Landmarks on Riverside Reserves.’ April 2003. Management Plan prepared by Hamilton City Council in partnership with Nga Mana Toopu O Kirikiriroa Limited (NaMTOK), Resource and Cultural Consultants. Phillips, C. 2014. Archaeological Excavations (Historic Places Authority 2012/243) of Historic Buildings (S14/259) & Maori Gardening (S14/258) at 21 Grantham Street, Hamilton. Report for Project Grantham Ltd. Prickett, N. 2016. Fortifications of the New Zealand Wars. Paper for the Department of Conservation, Wellington.

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 91

Redfern, J. 2018. Assessment of Environmental Effects – Arboriculture. Arborlab Consultancy Services Ltd. Simmons, A. 2008. Archaeological Monitoring of Earthworks at Riverton Estate. Prepared for Yuan Cheng International Investments Ltd. Simmons, A. 2009. Report on Excavation of Moule’s Hamilton East Redoubt and Other Deposits S14/172: NZHPT Authority 2007/246. Report prepared for Quadcon Ltd. Simmons, A. 2010. Report on Archaeological Work Carried Out on Part of S14/39 Kirikiriroa Pa in Association with Araldon Holdings Construction Projects, Hamilton. Prepared for Roydon Hooker, Araldon Holdings Ltd. Stokes, E. and M. Begg (editors). 1997. Te Hononga ki te Whenua; Belonging to the Land; People and Places in the Waikato Region. University of Waikato, Hamilton.

Archives New Zealand: Crown Grants, 5GW/33 & 86 Deeds Index, 3W/104 Deeds Registers, W1/551 & 847, W2/202 & 760, W3/142 & 693, D13/224, R27/324, R31/733, R40/704, R41/875, R53/163

Births, Deaths and Marriages: BDM 1883/2382

Hamilton City Council: Hamilton District Plan GIS Viewer Built Heritage Inventory Record Form H36, Former Hamilton Hotel

Heritage New Zealand: P Hayman & Co. Warehouse (Former), List No. 4576, summary of construction professionals, Heritage New Zealand website accessed via: http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/4576 Hamilton Hotel (Former), List No. 4203, Heritage New Zealand website accessed via: http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/4203

Land Information New Zealand: SA91/27

Legislation: The New Zealand Settlements Act, 1863

Newspapers: Auckland Star, 22 April 1872, 24 November 1879, 26 May 1883, 12 March 1889, 28 August 1889, 28 May 1897, 9 November 1897, 18 July 1898, 2 June 1900, 29 December 1905, 15 May 1923, 16 September 1924 Daily Southern Cross, 22 February 1865, 1 March 1865, 10 March 1865, 18 April 1867, 12 March 1869, 24 April 1869, 10 September 1869, 10 December 1869, 19 February 1870, 11 March 1870, 15 April 1870, 4 November 1870, 26 November 1873, 16 May 1874, 15 July 1876 Evening Star, 19 May 1915 New Zealand Herald, 1 February 1868, 20 January 1872, 19 March 1875, 20 December 1882, 18 June 1883, 8 December 1883, 28 October 1885, 24 January 1893, 6 February 1893, 18 July 1898, 26 July 1909, 4 April 1922, 18 November 1924, 8 August 1929, 25 August 1934 Observer, 11 September 1897, 5 January 1907 The Star, 17 April 1894

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 92

Timaru Herald, 19 May 1915 Waikato Argus, 2 September 1897, 2 October 1897, 19 July 1898, 21 July 1898, 30 July 1898, 8 October 1898, 13 October 1898, 15 October 1898, 22 December 1898, 25 February 1899, 4 March 1899, 7 March 1899, 9 March 1899, 29 May 1899, 12 December 1901, 11 July 1903, 16 August 1906, 27 December 1907, 20 August 1908, 24 July 1909, 28 March 1913, 30 August 1913 Waikato Times, 15 October 1872, 21 January 1873, 23 September 1873, 5 March 1874, 20 August 1874, 3 December 1874, 5 December 1874, 18 February 1875, 9 October 1875, 17 February 1876, 30 March 1876, 15 July 1876, 6 February 1877, 20 February 1877, 29 July 1879, 13 December 1879, 6 November 1880, 19 March 1881, 5 January 1882, 15 September 1883, 29 December 1883, 14 May 1885, 19 September 1885, 20 August 1889, 30 October 1903, 9 January 1915, 5 May 1915, 13 May 1915, 1 May 1918, 21 July 1919, 19 August 1920, 4 May 1921, 1 December 2012, 15 September 2014

New Zealand Archaeological Association: Site records S14/31, S14/39, S14/45, S14/57

Websites: Nancy Swarbrick, 'Waikato places - Hamilton', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/waikato-places/page-7 'Mātakitaki Pā', URL: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/matakitaki-pa (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 3-Sep-2013. Neil Begg, 'Kent, John Rodolphus', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 30-Oct-2012, URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1k10/kent-john-rodolphus 'ASHWELL, Benjamin Yates', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966.Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Apr-09, URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/ashwell-benjamin-yates Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collections accessed via: http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/97 'Sapper Moore-Jones memorial, Hamilton', URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/sapper-moore- jones-memorial, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 17-Feb-2017.

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 93

APPENDIX A: SITE RECORD FORMS

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 94

APPENDIX B: HAMILTON CITY COUNCIL ADP

8-2 Accidental Discovery Protocol (ADP): Archaeological Sites, Archaeological Areas, Historic Areas or Waahi Tapu Where, during earthworks on any site, any archaeological feature, artefact or human remains are accidentally discovered or are suspected to have been discovered, the following protocol shall be followed: i. All work on the site will cease immediately. The contractor/works supervisor will shut down all equipment and activity. ii. The area shall be secured and the consent holder or proponent and Hamilton City Council must be advised of the discovery. iii. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga must be notified by the consent holder or proponent so that the appropriate consent procedure can be initiated. iv. The consent holder or proponent must consult with a representative of the appropriate iwi to determine what further actions are appropriate to safeguard the site of its contents.

In the case where human remains have accidentally been discovered or are suspected to have been discovered, the following will also be required: v. The area must be immediately secured by the contractor in a way which ensure human remains are not further disturbed. The consent holder or proponent must be advised of the steps taken. vi. The Police shall be notified of the suspected human remains as soon as practicably possible after the remains have been disturbed. The consent holder or proponent shall notify the appropriate iwi and Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga and Hamilton City Council within 12 hours of the suspected human remains being disturbed, or otherwise as soon as practically possible. vii. Excavation of the site shall not resume until the Police, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga and the relevant iwi have each given the necessary approvals for excavation to proceed.

Note If any land use activity (such as earthworks, fencing or landscaping is likely to modify, damage or destroy any archaeological site (whether recorded or unrecorded) an "authority" consent from Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga must also be obtained for the work to lawfully proceed.

October 2018 Waikato Regional Theatre- Heritage Assessment 95