From the Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society

Society Pages from 2001, Vol. 119

© The Society and the Author(s) TRANSACTIONS

of the

BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

for

2001

EDITED BY JOHN JURˇ ICA

VOLUME 119

ISBN 0 900197 55 2 ISSN 0068–1032 Contents

PAGE Abstracts of Papers ...... 7 From Bristol and Gloucestershire to Greece and Turkey. By P.M. Warren (Presidential Address, 2000) ...... 9 The Landscape Archaeology of the Lydney Level, Gloucestershire: natural and human transformations over the last two millennia. By J.R.L. Allen ...... 27 A Bronze-Age Burnt Mound at Sandy Lane, Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire: exca- vations in 1971. By Mark Leah and Christopher Young ...... 59 An Archaeological Assessment of Hailey Wood Camp, Sapperton, Gloucestershire: a Roman temple complex in the Cotswolds? By Thomas Moore ...... 83 Excavations at Greyfriars, Gloucester, in 1967 and 1974–5. By I.M. Ferris ...... 95 Aristocratic Poachers in the Forest of Dean: their methods, their quarry and their companions. By Jean Birrell ...... 147 Martin Benson, Bishop of Gloucester. By John Fendley ...... 155

NOTES A Romano-British Brooch from Pope’s Hill, Gloucestershire. By Julie Reynolds ... 177 A Medieval Lamp from Peter Street, Bristol. By Eric Boore ...... 179 The Question of Hannah Moore’s Membership of the French Academy Resolved. By G.C. Boon and M.J. Crossley Evans ...... 182

Archaeological Review No. 25. Edited by Jan Wills ...... 185 Gloucestershire Record Office: Summary List of Documents received 2000–2001 ... 211

Reviews. Edited by Nicholas Herbert Henry Hurst (ed.), The Coloniae of Roman Britain: Papers of a Conference at Gloucester, 1997 (John Rhodes) ...... 221 Peter Leach and contributors, Great Witcombe Roman Villa: a report on excavations 1960–73 (Tim Copeland) ...... 222 John Rogan (ed.), Bristol Cathedral: History and Architecture (Peter Fleming) ...... 223 David Large, The Municipal Government of Bristol 1851–1901; and Martin Gorsky, Patterns of Philanthropy: Charity and Society in Nineteenth-Century Bristol (Spencer Jordan) ...... 224

Recent Publications. Edited by Steven Blake ...... 228 Society Notes. Edited by Steven Blake ...... 236 Accounts ...... 242 Committee for Archaeology in Gloucestershire. Report by Julien Parsons ...... 245 Obituary (Graham Webster) ...... 247 Index. Compiled by Susan Vaughan ...... 249 Authors of Papers

J.R.L. ALLEN, F.S.A., F.R.S., is Professor Emeritus and a visiting professor in the University of Reading’s department of archaeology. His interests include the sedimentology and geoarchae- ology of estuarine environments and embanked coastal marshlands and his published writing many contributions to the Transactions. JEAN BIRRELL, M.A., is an honorary fellow of the Institute for Advanced Research in the Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Birmingham and has published several articles on hunting in the medieval forest. G.C. BOON, B.A., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S., F.R.N.S., a former president of the Cambrian Archaeol- ogical Association and of this Society, was editor of these Transactions from 1990 until his death in 1994. ERIC BOORE, B.Ed., is a part-time, free-lance archaeologist. His main interest is church archaeology, particularly post-medieval burial vaults

M.J. CROSSLEY EVANS, J.P., B.A., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.G.S., a member of the Council of this Society, has been on the staff of the University of Bristol from 1984 and was awarded an M.B.E. in 2001 for his services to higher education.

JOHN FENDLEY graduated in 1949 in the Oxford school of natural sciences and had a career, as a public official, in the administration of academic research. He has recently edited Bishop Benson’s survey of the diocese of Gloucester for the Society.

I.M. FERRIS, B.A., M.I.F.A., is a director of Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit and a research fellow in the University’s department of ancient history and archaeology.

MARK LEAH, B.A., M.I.F.A., formerly a project manager for Cotswold Archaeological Trust, has been an archaeological officer for Cheshire County Council since 1999.

THOMAS MOORE, B.A., M.A., who has worked for the Cotswold Archaeological Trust, is a research student at the University of Durham, where he is studying Iron-Age settlement patterns in the Cotswolds and the Severn region.

JULIE REYNOLDS, B.A., is the curatorial officer at the Roman Legionary Museum in Caerleon.

P.M. WARREN, M.A., Ph.D., Dr. (h.c.), F.B.A., F.S.A., President of this Society for 2000–01, is Professor Emeritus and a senior research fellow of the University of Bristol. His research subject is the Aegean Bronze Age, especially the Minoan civilization of Crete. He has equal interests in Cretan botany and in antiquarian travellers to the island. CHRISTOPHER YOUNG, M.A., D.Phil., F.S.A., is head of world heritage and international policy for English Heritage. Abstracts of Papers

P.M. Warren, ‘From Bristol and Gloucestershire to Greece and Turkey’ (pp. 9–26). For the millennial presidential address and to mark the 125th year of the Society Professor Warren reviewed the Society’s present achievements. He emphasised the strength of the current publications record and suggested that many of the objectives outlined by Sir William Guise in the first presidential address in 1876 had been fulfilled by the Society or by other bodies. On the theme of the Society’s overseas activities he discussed visits by Bristol and Gloucestershire people long before the Society was founded to the Aegean, the Near East and Turkey. He began with ill-fated merchant voyages in 1446 and 1457 and then concentrated on James Dallaway’s residence in Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1794–6 and his tour of Asia Minor (western Turkey), including references to Dallaway’s unpublished letters of that period.

J.R.L. Allen, ‘The Landscape Archaeology of the Lydney Level, Gloucestershire: natural and human transformations over the last two millennia’ (pp. 27–57). The Lydney Level is a small, detached outcrop of alluvium (mudflat, salt marsh) lying below the eastern flank of the Forest of Dean on the western side of the Severn Estuary. Over the last two millennia the outcrop roughly doubled in area as the result of episodic growth to the south- east, three abandoned shorelines remaining visible on the ground. Against this background of uneven natural change, an increasing proportion of the alluvial outcrop was enclosed behind banks and farmed but not settled. Six episodes of seabank construction, beginning apparently in the Roman period, can be recognised. In the largest land-claim, of medieval date, only c. 62 per cent of the enclosure was ever ploughed, in sharp contrast to the settled and much more fully cultivated, embanked alluvium on the eastern margins of the estuary. A later medieval episode of coastal erosion and retreat demanded the setting back of great lengths of seabank on the level. Subsequently, the coast readvanced, allowing further embanking, especially in the north- east of the outcrop. The tidal creeks of the level, reaching back across the agricultural landscape, were exploited for trade and communication and for ship building.

Mark Leah and Christopher Young, ‘A Bronze-Age Burnt Mound at Sandy Lane, Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire: excavations in 1971’ (pp. 59–82). Excavations at Sandy Lane, Charlton Kings, revealed remains of a burnt mound on the edge of a minor, infilled palaeochannel, which had been buried by colluvium and alluvium. Little environmental evidence survived, but the artefactual evidence, consisting of pottery, flintwork, and a spear mould, suggested a late Bronze-Age date for the site.

Thomas Moore, ‘An Archaeological Assessment of Hailey Wood Camp, Sapperton, Gloucester- shire: a Roman temple complex in the Cotswolds?’ (pp. 83–93). Geophysical and surface surveys at Hailey Wood Camp revealed a double-ditched enclosure of Roman date. Finds of late Iron-Age and Roman pottery, flint and building material were reco- vered. The surveys, together with previously reported finds from the site, suggest that it was a Roman temple comparable to others in and beyond Gloucestershire. The site may be a shrine established at or near a source of the river Thames. 8 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

I.M. Ferris, ‘Excavations at Greyfriars, Gloucester, in 1967 and 1974–5’ (pp. 95–146). Excavations in 1967 and 1974–5on the site of Gloucester’s medieval Franciscan friary concen- trated on examining the remains of the friary church below ground and associated burials. New light was thrown on the construction and plan of the original 13th-century church as well as on its so-called ‘Berkeley rebuild’ in the early 16th century; parts of the last church still stand on the site. Archaeological features pre-dating the friary, principally of the Roman period, were also encountered, and the examination of levels post-dating the friary helped to elucidate the later history of the site as a brewery in the 18th century.

Jean Birrell, ‘Aristocratic Poachers in the Forest of Dean: their methods, their quarry and their companions’ (pp. 147–54). The many poachers in the medieval Forest of Dean included a small number of barons and knights, and the court records of their exploits shed light not only on their hunting practices but also on the company they kept. Enthusiastic hunters, these men followed deer into the forest when hunting nearby, stole deer as they travelled through the forest or journeyed to the forest expressly to poach there. They used a range of methods to take red or fallow deer, and were ready to take young animals out of season if need be. Their companions ranged from brothers, sons and their squires to experienced poachers from far lower down the social scale, revealing relationships based on a shared passion for hunting.

John Fendley, ‘Martin Benson, Bishop of Gloucester’ (pp. 155–76). Martin Benson, who was bishop of Gloucester from 1735until his death in 1752,is remem- bered as one of the best of 18th-century bishops. He was devoted to his diocese and took a close interest in the affairs of its parishes. As a member of the House of Lords he showed a conscien- tious independence, which occasionally brought him into conflict with the Court. His death at the age of 62 was universally regretted.

Julie Reynolds, ‘A Romano-British Brooch from Pope’s Hill, Gloucestershire’ (pp. 177–9). An unusual Romano-British brooch has been found near Pope’s Hill in Gloucestershire. This note examines the parallels for particular features of the brooch and suggests a date range during which it may have been made.

Eric Boore, ‘A Medieval Lamp from Peter Street, Bristol’ (pp. 179–82). A medieval copper-alloy lamp found during excavations in Bristol in 1975and 1976 is similar to others found in Lincoln, London and Europe and to lamps depicted in post-medieval illus- trations. It is suggested that the Bristol lamp is a Sabbath Lamp contemporary with the 12th- to 13th-century building remains recorded in Peter Street and associated with the Jewish com- munity established in Bristol by the late 11th century. This community was attacked in anti- Semitic riots in 1266 and 1275before the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290.

G.C. Boon and M.J. Crossley Evans, ‘The Question of Hannah More’s Membership of the French Academy Resolved’ (pp. 182–3). This note looks at the evidence for Hannah More’s membership of the French Academy. Suggested in the edition of her correspondence by William Roberts in 1834, the claim, unchal- lenged by successive writers, is considered and refuted. Society Notes OFFICERS, 2001–2

President: PROFESSOR C.C. DYER BA PhD FRHistS

Vice Presidents: DR. C.J. AESCHLIMANN BA JD;MRS. E.A. CHRISTMAS MA MLitt PhD; J.P. SOMERVILLE MA

Past Presidents: DR. JOSEPH BETTEY MA FSA;CHRISTOPHER BISHOP MA ARIBA; PROFESSOR KEITH BRANIGAN BA PhD FSA;CANON B.G. CARNE BCom FSA; PROFESSOR B.W. CUNLIFFE CBE MA PhD FBA FSA; P.L. DICKINSON; PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER R. ELRINGTON MA FSA FRHistS;BRIAN C. FRITH MBE; DAVID LARGE MA BLitt; E.G. PRICE JP FSA;DR. WARWICK J. RODWELL DLitt DLC FSA FRHistS; BRIAN S. SMITH MA FSA FRHistS;NICHOLAS THOMAS MA FSA FMA; PROFESSOR DAVID G. VAISEY MA FSA FRHistS; CANON D.G. WALKER DPhilFSA FRHistS ;PROFESSOR P.M. WARREN MA PhD FSA

Chairman of Council: Vice-Chairman of Council: PROFESSOR A.M. D’I. OAKESHOTT MA MEd PhD DR. M.J. CROSSLEY EVANS MBE BA PhD JP FSA FGS

Hon. General Secretary: Hon. Treasurer: DAVID J.H. SMITH MA FSA H.G.M. LEIGHTON MA FSA 22 Beaumont Road, Gloucester GL2 OEJ Hassage Manor, Faulkland, Nr. Bath BA3 5XG

Hon. Editor Transactions: Hon. General Editor Record Series: JOHN JURˇ ICA BA PhD PROFESSOR C.R. ELRINGTON MA FSA FRHistS Gloucestershire Record Office, Alvin Street, 34 Lloyd-Baker Street, Gloucester GL1 3DW London WC1X 9AB

Hon. Reviews Editor: NICHOLAS HERBERT BA PhD Gloucestershire Record Office, Alvin Street, Gloucester GL1 3DW

Hon. Membership and Subscription Secretary: MRS.E.VAUGHAN 5 Castle Close, Flax Bourton, BristolBS48 3RG

Hon. Secretary for Bristol: Hon. Meetings Secretary: Hon. Secretary for Gloucestershire: R.H. JONES BA MIFA D.H. BARTLETT FRICS MRS. E.A. CHRISTMAS BA MLitt PhD

Hon. Librarian: Independent Examiners: S. BAILEY BA MA MESSRS.WADDINGTONS

Trustees of the Society: H.G.M. LEIGHTON;KENNETH M. TOMLINSON;PROFESSOR P.M. WARREN

The Society is a Registered Charity (No. 202014) SOCIETY NOTES 237

REPORT OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING FOR 2001 The 125th AnnualGeneralMeeting was heldin the Wheatstone HallofGloucesterMuseum on Saturday 24 March 2001. About seventy-five members were present; eight apologies for absence had been received. Professor Peter Warren, President for 2000–1, opened the Meeting at 2.25 p.m. Before the formalbusiness he presented a bouquet to Mrs Vera Austin in recog- nition of her long service to the Society, especially in organising the distribution of Society publications. The Honorary GeneralSecretary presented the report of Councilfor 2000 which was duly adopted. The Honorary Treasurer presented the accounts, already approved in draft by Council and independently examined by the Society’s examiners. They were approved by the Meeting. In the absence due to illness of the Chairman of the Committee for Archaeology in Gloucester- shire the Honorary GeneralSecretary presented highlightsfrom the Committee’s report for 2000. The President congratulated Miss Mary Bliss, nominated by Council as President for 2002– 3, and Dr. Martin Crossley Evans, the Vice-Chairman, on their award of M.B.E.s in the New Year’s honours list. The President proposed the election of Professor Christopher Dyer of Birmingham Univer- sity as President for 2001–2; among his many distinctions he had been Ford Lecturer for 2001. He was elected by acclamation and took the chair. The Meeting elected the officers and mem- bers of Counciland its committees and the independent examiners for 2001–2 as nominated on the agenda. After the business meeting Professor Warren delivered an address in which he commented on the state of the Society as it entered the new millennium and discussed the work as a traveller in, and scholar of, Asia Minor of James Dallaway, better known in Gloucestershire as the first editor of Ralph Bigland’s Historical, Monumental, and Genealogical Collections Relative to the County of Gloucester. Members then adjourned to enjoy the excellent tea provided by Mrs. Susan Bishop and her helpers.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 2000 This is the report of Councilfor the 125th year of the Bristoland GloucestershireArchaeolog- icalSociety. At 31 December 2000 the totalmembership of the Society was 871. This comprised 620 ordinary members, 50 associate members, 77 life members and 4 honorary members. One hundred and twenty universities and institutions are subscribing members of the Society, an increase of seven over last year. Two hundred and fifty-three ordinary members and seventy- seven institutions subscribe to the Gloucestershire Record Series, an increase of eleven in total over last year. Since the last Annual General Meeting the Society has lost one of its oldest members in Mr. Tom Burrough who joined the Society in 1949. A former colleague of Miss Ralph at Bristol City Council, he was for many years after his retirement an adviser on listed building consent applications. He was President of this Society for 1971 and 1972. The deaths of 10 other mem- bers have been notified: F.J. Chamberlayne (1989), D. Stratton Davis (1947), P.M. Gordon (1989), R.B. Kilby (1976), Miss F.M. Parsons (1970), F.C. Perrot (1977), R.P. Smith (1983), A.D. Stoyel (1994), W. J. Sturdy (1960) and Rex Willis (1997). Councilmet four times during the year under the chairmanship of Professor Oakeshott, with Dr. Crossley Evans as vice-chairman. Mrs. Jill Barlow has again prepared the agendas and taken and typed the minutes of three of the four committees and of Councilthroughout the year. 238 SOCIETY NOTES

Mr. John Rhodes has completed his first year as chairman of the Excavations and Buildings Committee. The Blackfriars redevelopment in Gloucester remains a concern of the committee but such are the labyrinthine processes of major planning applications that little progress was made during the year. Mr. Rhodes has kept the situation under close review. The committee is seeking volunteers to fill the gap left by Christopher Bishop in advising on listed building con- sent applications. Another concern of the committee has been the considerable backlog of unpublished excavations, some dating back over 3 decades. Council is urging the appropriate bodies to make progress towards publication and has offered its help. The Committee for Archaeology in Gloucestershire (C.A.G.) addresses many of the Society’s concerns in this field on its behalf. As usual, highlights of the C.A.G. annual report (see below, pp. 245–6) will be presented shortly. Neil Holbrook’s first year as chairman has been productive. Councilthanks him and JulienParsons who retires as secretary due to pressure of other commit- ments. His place has been taken by Martin Ecclestone. The most significant publication for local archaeology during the year was not produced by the Society. Councilcongratulatesour former President Mr. Eddie Price on his report on the excavations at Frocester and applauds the achievement of his editorial team from our sister organisation The Gloucester and District Archaeological Research Group. The Report is beauti- fully presented and is a worthy monument to many decades of work. The Society contributed £11,000 towards the cost of publication. This comprised Captain Gracie’s legacy of £1,000 held for this purpose since 1978; £5,000 from the residualfunds of the Western ArchaeologicalTrust contributed by the British Archaeological Research Trust some five years ago, a grant negotiated by the late George Boon; and compound interest on these sums calculated by the Treasurer at £3,619. The Society donated a further £1,381 from its own funds. The Society’s own publications programme had a distinguished year. The Transactions was again edited by Dr. John Jurˇica to the high standard we have now come to take as our due. Volume 13 in the Gloucestershire Record Series—Mr. John Fendley’s edition of Bishop Benson’s Survey of the Diocese of Gloucester, 1735–1750—was launched last October at a small reception hosted by the Bishop of Gloucester. In addition, Dr. Joe Bettey is to be warmly congratulated on producing the memorial volume to Miss Ralph: Historic Churches and Church Life in Bristol. It is a remarkable achievement to bring to publication a volume of such quality in less than 12 months. Extra copies have been printed for sale to non-members, an aspect of the Society’s activities which continues to generate useful income. Sales of publications by Miss Bath yielded £2,700 last year. Council formally thanks Mrs. Vera Austin for co-ordinating the voluntary distribution of the Society’s publications which has saved the Society many thousands of pounds in postage. She retires as distribution co-ordinator this year. The present system was set up nearly 20 years ago by Miss Pam Webster whom Mrs. Austin succeeded. Councilis alsogratefulto Mrs. Mary Campbellfororganising distribution in the Bristolarea. None of this wouldwork if we did not have members willing to deliver books in their own areas and a reliable register of members. Councilagain thanks Mrs. ElizabethVaughan for her efficient management of the membership database. Councilis conscious of the continuing need to draw the Society’s activities to the attention of a wider public. To this end the website was completely redesigned last year and the new site was brought into operation in the autumn. It has already generated enquiries from potential new members. The site was created by a small working party led by Council chairman Professor Oakeshott and including the General Secretary, Mrs. Barlow and Mr. John Loosley. Council was fortunate to secure the services of Dr. Ray Wilson, not at present a member of this Society, SOCIETY NOTES 239 to act as technicaladviser and to manage the complicatedprocess of creating the site and regis- tering the domain name. Mr. Loosley now manages the site for the Society; further details are published in the current issue of the Newsletter. Also with the aim of raising awareness of its activities the Society has purchased portable screens for use at local history and archaeology days. The display should be ready in late spring. Councilis gratefulto the CotswoldArchaeologicalTrustfor agreeing to lendits technical expertise to mount the exhibition. The meetings and localsecretarieshave had another successfulyear. The meetings arranged by Mr. David Bartlett (with the able assistance of his wife Sarah) are of a consistently high standard. More about the overseas meetings can be found in this year’s Transactions (118, pp. 263–6). Attendance at Bristol lectures is holding up well. For her long and distinguished service as Gloucestershire Secretary Council proposes Dr. Evelyn Christmas for election later today as a Vice-President. The Society’s library has benefited from donations of books from the libraries of the late Major Peter Birchall and Mrs Elizabeth Vowles; Mrs. Vowles also bequeathed £100 to the Society which will be used to buy books for the library. Dr. Christopher Aeschlimann’s con- tinued generosity in finding and purchasing books to fillgapsin runs of serialpublicationshas been of major benefit to the Society during the year. Mr. Bryant Bayliffe’s work in refurbishing the bindings of books has saved the Society significant sums. Despite concerns last summer about low use of the library recent figures show an upturn both in visits and in borrowings. A further increase is likely now that the Library catalogue is available on the Internet via a link from the Society’s website. Council thanks the Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education’s archivist, Mr. Stephen Bailey, who is also the Society’s Librarian, for his courteous and efficient management of our library. Council also thanks Mr. John Howe, chairman of the Library Committee, for his work for the Society and for arranging for the use of rooms in the college for other functions. The committee which deals with the most important issues is Finance and General Purposes, capably chaired for many years by Professor Peter Warren. Its principal responsibility is to oversee the management of the Society’s assets. Without adequate resources the Society could not support its ambitious programme of publication and provide its high level of services to members. Councilis gratefulto Professor Warren for his longservice as chairman of this com- mittee and to the Treasurer for his assiduous and fruitfulhusbandry of the Society’s funds for more than 30 years. Councilbelievesthat as we enter the 21st century the Society is in good heart and that it continues to fulfil the main aims of its founders expressed in the first presidential address 125 years ago. DAVID SMITH Honorary GeneralSecretary 24 March 2001

MEETINGS FOR 2000 Lectures in Bristol ‘Perceiving Bristol’s Archaeology’, by Mr. Jonathan Brett ‘Conderton Camp, Bredon Hill: excavation of a small Iron-Age hillfort, 1958–9’, by Mr. Nicholas Thomas ‘Recent Work at Wood Hall Moated Manor, North Yorkshire’, by Mr. S.J.H. Tomson 240 SOCIETY NOTES

‘Three thousand years suppress’d or What they didn’t want you to know about Weston-super- Mare’, by Mr. Vince Russett ‘‘‘An Unhappy Civil War’’: the experience of ordinary people in Gloucestershire, Somerset and Wiltshire’, by Dr. John Wroughton ‘Romantic Vision and Roman Remains: Turner at ‘‘Caligula’s Palace’’ at Baiae’, by Mr. Michael Liversidge

Lectures in Gloucester ‘Piecing together the past at Kingscote’, by Jane Timby ‘Colonel Massey, Defender of Gloucester: his early and later life’, by Mr. Russell Howes ‘The Birdlip Mirror and its Relatives: bronze mirrors in Iron-Age Britain’, by Mr. Richard Savage ‘Gloucestershire Gold and Silversmiths’, by Mr. A.J.H. Sale ‘Barns in Gloucestershire up to 1900’, by Dr. J.E.C. Peters

Field Meetings 15 AprilWarwickshire, visiting Halford,Beaudesert, Wootton Wawen and Coughton Court 10 May Wells 28 May–4 June Italy, based at Ferrara and visiting Este, Bologna, Modena, Pomposa and Ravenna 9–13 July North Essex and South Suffolk, based at Colchester and visiting Sutton Hoo, Bradwell-on-Sea, Cressing Temple, Orford, Castle Hedingham, Polstead, Otley Hall and Waltham Abbey 23 September Oxfordshire, visiting Minster Lovell, North Leigh Roman Villa, Aynho Park and the Rollright Stones

NEW MEMBERS MAY 2000–APRIL 2001 Adams, G.M., BA, CertEd, 44 Albemarle Gate, Cheltenham GL50 4PJ Blackham, Mrs. J.M., Flat 19, Seawalls, Seawalls Road, Sneyd Park, Bristol BS9 1PG Blackham, P.L., Flat 19, Seawalls, Seawalls Road, Sneyd Park, Bristol BS9 1PG Bourns, Mrs. G.V.V., MBE, 5 Downfield Road, Clifton, Bristol BS8 2TG Broadway, J., BA, PhD, 87 Brookfield Road, Hucclecote, Gloucester GL3 3HH Burns, Miss J., 72 Seymour Road, Staplehill, Bristol BS16 4TD Burton, R.F., The Parlour Bookshop, 30 Wantage Road, Didcot OX11 0BT Clarke, Mrs. J., 3 Cheyne Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol BS9 2DH Croft, Mrs. M., 60 Oakfield Road, Bristol BS8 2BG Davies, Mrs. J.D., Russell Lodge, Parkend, Lydney GL15 4HS Evans, Ms J., MA, 11 Onslow Road, Newent GL18 1TL Fraser, S.J., Woodside, 306 London Road, Cheltenham GL52 6YF Gibson, G., 101 Duke Road, Chiswick, London W4 2BW Gould, T., 12 Waterloo Way, Bredon, Tewkesbury GL20 7NA SOCIETY NOTES 241

Green, Mrs. A., 33 Pottersfield Road, Woodmancote, Cheltenham GL52 9PY Harlow, J., Hardings Cottage, Swan Lane, Winterbourne, Bristol BS36 1RJ Iles, J., ARIBA, FFB, Whiteoaks, Manor Road, Abbots Leigh, North Somerset BS8 3RT Miller, E.H., MA, 20 Collum End Rise, Leckhampton, Cheltenham GL53 0PB Moore, T.H., BA, MA, Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE Morris, T.K., 7 Wells Street, Ashton, Bristol BS3 2ED Navas, J., BSc, PhD, 17 Cooks Close, Bradley Stoke, Bristol BS32 0BA Oakes, Mrs. S., 8 Newstead Road, Barnwood, Gloucester GL4 3TQ Parker, Mrs. D., BA, 10 Montrose Avenue, Redland, Bristol BS6 6EQ Powell, J.H., 8 Grange Park, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS9 4BP Pringle, K.R., FRICS, FRGS, 24 Waverley Lane, Farnham, Surrey GU9 8BQ Ramsey, K., BA, MA, 121 Upper BristolRoad, Weston-super-Mare BS22 9AW Richards, J., MA, PhD, 22 Le Sor Hill, Peterston-super-Ely, Cardiff CF5 6LW Rogers, Mrs. C.L., MA, 53 Langham Road, Cambridge CB1 3SD Rowe, P.R., Montorguiel, 13 Chestnut Road, Kingswood, Bristol BS15 4TT Sadler, Mrs. J.E., 14 Long Ashton Road, Long Ashton, North Somerset BS41 9LD Shearer, T.M., BA, Bencombe Gables, Uley GL11 5BT Thompson, S., MA, Lower Court, Staverton, GL51 0TW Thornton, Miss R., BA, 53 Shirehampton Road, Stoke Bishop, BristolBS9 2DW Williams, P., 52 Beverley Road, Horfield, Bristol BS7 0JN Witts, F.E.B., The Dingle, Upper Slaughter, Cheltenham GL54 2JA

NEW SUBSCRIBING INSTITUTION Dean Heritage Museum Trust, Camp Hill, Cinderford GL14 2UB Accounts

RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ACCOUNTS Year Ended 31 December, 2000

General Records Meetings Publications Total Total Fund Section Account Fund 1999 RECEIPTS ££££ £ £ Membership Subscriptions 11,539 7,569 3,970 — — 12,175 Meetings Receipts 29,983 — — 29,983 — 34,202 Investment Income & Interest 13,925 6,377 — 264 7,284 13,683 Sales of Publications 3,183 535 2,648 — — 3,180 Income 58,630 14,481 6,618 30,247 7,284 63,240 Miscellaneous Receipts Tax Repayment 2,563 2,563 — — — 4,191 Sales of duplicate books 98 98 — — — 422 Grants towards Publications 1,152 1,152 — — — 1,132 Legacies ———— — 350 Total Income 62,443 18,294 6,618 30,247 7,284 69,335 Redemption of Investment ———— —10,344 Total Receipts for Year 62,443 18,294 6,618 30,247 7,284 79,679

PAYMENTS Publications: Transactions 6,836 6,836 — — — 6,726 Record Series 3,352 — 3,352 — — 4,052 Future Publications 78 78 — — — — Newsletter 1,438 1,438 — — — 1,524 Library 1,489 1,489 — — — 1,217 Grants 11,248 11,248 — — — 55 Meetings Expenses 30,624 — — 30,624 — 34,522 55,065 21,089 3,352 30,624 — 48,096 Administration 2,913 2,913 — — — 3,233 Equipment 668 668 — — — — Purchase of investment 30,000 30,000 — — — — Total Payments for Year 86,646 54,670 3,352 30,624 — 51,329

NET RECEIPTS/ (PAYMENTS) (26,203) (36,376) 3,266 (377) 7,284 28,350 Inter-Fund Transfers — 4,756 2,428 100 (7,284) — Cash Funds at 31.12.99 109,466 89,987 5,773 13,706 — 81,116 CASH FUNDS at 31.12.00 83,263 58,367 11,467 13,429 — 109,466 ACCOUNTS 243

STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES 31 December 2000

Total General Records Meetings Publications Total Funds Fund Section Accounts Fund 1999 CASH FUNDS ££££ £ £ at 31.12.00 83,263 58,367 11,467 13,429 — 109,466 LIABILITIES Immediate 338 338 — — — 338 Future Publications and Library Costs 29,000 24,000 5,000 — — 31,000 29,338 24,338 5,000 — — 31,338 NON-MONETARY ASSETS Quoted Investments at Market Value 314,594 87,109 — — 227,485 289,910

INVESTMENTS

Market Market Value Value Cost 31.12.00 31.12.99 £££ General Fund £10,300 Treasury 8% Stock 2003 10,050 10,999 10,878 £524 Treasury 7% Stock 2002 545 540 534 8,676 Edinburgh Investment Trust Ordy. Shares 18,276 46,590 47,588 2,585 COIF Income Units 30,000 28,980 — 58,871 87,109 59,000

Publications Fund £20,976 Treasury 7% Stock 2002 21,828 21,575 21,362 31,000 Charishare Units 50,126 125,442 125,937 5,740 COIF Income Units 30,000 64,358 67,156 3,000 Edinburgh Investment Trust Ordy. Shares 5,640 16,110 16,455 107,594 227,485 230,910 Total 166,465 314,594 289,910

These Accounts were approved by Councilon 13 February 2001 and signed on its behalfby H.G.M. Leighton 244 ACCOUNTS

Notes on the Accounts for the Year ended 31 December 2000 1. These Accounts have been prepared on a Receipts and Payments basis and with the appended Statement of Assets and Liabilities comply with the requirements of the Charities Act 1993. 2. The Investments of the Society have been divided to identify those which comprise a fund for Publi- cations and those held on general account. The income of the Publications Fund has been distributed 2/3 to the GeneralFund and 1/3 to the Records Section as resolvedby the Councilof the Society, to contribute towards the cost of its publications. 3. The Society has the following non-monetary assets which have not been included in the accounts at a monetary value. (a) The Society’s Library created and held for the use of members. Restricted public access is also given. It has been built up over the last 100 years and monetary value in context of its use is impracticalto quantify. (b) The stock of the Society’s publications held to make up sets and supply back numbers. The monetary value of stock is small and impractical to quantify. 4. The Society has contributed £11,000 towards the cost of publication of the Report on the Roman settlement at Frocester and has been associated with the archaeology of this site for over 40 years. The contribution comprises: Grant from the CBA and a specific legacy from the late Capt. H.S. Gracie, F.S.A., £ together with notionalinterest thereon 9,619 Grant from the GeneralFunds of the Society 1,381 11,000 The Society also contributed £200 towards the explanatory notices on the site of the Woodchester Roman Pavement. Independent Examiner’s Report to the Council of the Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society I report on the accounts of the Society for the year ended 31st December 2000 which are set out on pages 242–3. Respective responsibilities of the Council (Trustees) and examiner As the charity’s trustees you are responsible for the preparation of the accounts; you consider that the audit requirement of section 43(2) of the Charities Act 1993 (the Act) does not apply. It is my responsibility to state, on the basis of procedures specified in the GeneralDirections given by the Charity Commissioners under section 43(7)(b) of the Act, whether particular matters have come to my attention. Basis of independent examiner’s report My examination was carried out in accordance with the GeneralDirections given by the Charity Com- missioners. An examination includes a review of the accounting records kept by the charity and a compari- son of the accounts presented with those records. It also includes consideration of any unusual items or disclosures in the accounts, and seeking explanations from you as trustees concerning any such matters. The procedures undertaken do not provide all the evidence that would be required in an audit, and conse- quently I do not express an audit opinion on the view given by the accounts. Independent examiner’s statement In connection with my examination, no matter has come to my attention: (1) which gives me reasonable cause to believe that in any material respect the requirements • to keep accounting records in accordance with section 41 of the Act; and • to prepare accounts which accord with the accounting records and to comply with the accounting requirements of the Act have not been met; or (2) to which, in my opinion, attention should be drawn in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached. R.W. SACKETT Chartered Accountant Bristol 21 March 2001 Committee for Archaeology in Gloucestershire

24th Annual Report for 2000

The Committee (C.A.G.) met three times during the year to discuss a wide range of matters relating to the archaeology of Gloucestershire. At the end of the year Christopher Bishop decided to end his along association with the Committee,which expresses its thanks to him for all his hard work over the years. As in previous years some of the Committee’s work has been focused on a working party set up to address a particular issue or concern.

Archaeology and the Community As stated in last year’s report concern has been growing that,despite the enormous popularity of archaeology on television,participation in the activities of local archaeological societies has not increased. The Archaeology and the Community working group has discussed these issues and has set up a short course on landscape archaeology,aimed particularly at local history society members. The initial day-school will take place on Saturday 19 May 2001 with the aim of introducing the topic and providing information on resources. This will be followed by practical sessions on surveying at Minchinhampton Common and Tewkesbury town centre on the after- noons of 20 and 27 May. It is hoped the course will act as a catalyst for local projects which could seek funding from the Local Heritage Initiative scheme organised by the Countryside Agency.

Issues Discussed Among the host of other matters discussed in meetings in 2000 were the planned conference on the Dobunni,to be jointly organised with CBA South West; the deposition of finds in the county’s museums; the possibility of establishing flagship archaeological projects in the county which would gain a national profile; the Frocester publication; as well as the role of C.A.G. in South Gloucestershire and possible working with the Bristol and Avon Archaeological Society.

Gloucestershire Archaeology Day The theme of the 2000 Gloucestershire Archaeology Day was the use of new scientific tech- niques and methods in archaeology. The event was hosted by Cirencester College on Saturday 4 November. Fifty people attended the event,this despite the disruption caused by wide-scale flooding over large parts of the county. Those present were particularly complimentary on the quality of the speakers at the event. Professor Tim Darvill was the chair for the day. The first session included talks by Mark Bowden of English Heritage on aerial photography and survey and by Peter Barker of Sratascan on geophysical techniques. The second session featured Megan Brickley of Birmingham University talking about analysing human bone from archaeological 246 COMMITTEE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY sites and Roger Doonan of Bournemouth University explaining some methods of analysis for metalworking products. The final session included questions to Richard Sermon and Sean Cook of the Gloucester Archaeology Unit about the urban archaeological database for Gloucester, and Judy Mills of the Cotswold Museums Service spoke about a new public access project at Corinium Museum.

Archaeological Review for 2000 The annual review of archaeological work undertaken in the county is being prepared by Jan Wills and will be published in the Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society (above,pp. 185–210). Contributions are always welcome from archaeologists,societies or museums working in the county.

Finances At the end of the year Committee funds stood at £291.32. During the course of the year £250 income was raised through ticket sales for the Gloucestershire Archaeology Day. The year’s expenditure of £209.38 covered the printing of leaflets,venue costs and postage. JULIEN PARSONS Honorary Secretary Obituary

GRAHAM WEBSTER, F.S.A., O.B.E. 31 May 1913—21 May 2001

Graham Webster, described in an obituary in The Independent (26 May 2001) as ‘one of the last great polymaths of British Archaeology, in the true Victorian tradition of the word’, was a former President of this Society. His Presidential Address in 1983 (Trans. B.G.A.S. 101, 5–20) was a seminal discussion of the nature and function of the Roman ‘villa’ at Chedworth. In practice his association with Gloucestershire rests with another site, the ‘villa’ at Barnsley. There over many years he ledan excavation in the parklandattachedto the house known as Barnsley Park. Begun in 1961 as a joint enterprise of the extramural departments of Birmingham andBristol Universities, the excavation was plannedas a long-term anddetailedstudyof a Romano-British rural settlement incorporating a training scheme in both excavation andsuper- visory techniques. It was conductedannuallyin July until the site was closedin 1979 andits findings were published in three major contributions to these Transactions. The Barnsley exca- vation stimulatedfurther archaeological studyby others of the Bibury area. Webster, who hadoriginally trainedas an engineer, hadan early interest in the Roman army andits frontiers andhe became an expert on those subjects. He was also devotedtoRoman pottery and founded the Roman Pottery Studies Research Group. With his appointment in 1954 as a lecturer in the extramural department of Birmingham University he became the teacher of a generation of archaeologists. He remainedat the departmentuntil 1980 andhis teaching was influential throughout the West Midlands. Among the excavations he ran as training schools, the more well-known are those at the Roman city of Wroxeter, in Shropshire. His biography, Archaeologist at Large, was publishedby Batsfordin 1991. It includesa long bibliography of his writings, among which are his books on early Roman Britain andRomano-Celtic religion. J.J.