• - - -...... Christian Letters To A Post-Christian World The Rise of Biblical Criticism in America, 1800-1870: The New Eng land Scholars Christian Worship and Church Education The Tent of God: A Journey Through the Old Testament Bible For Children Isaiah 40-66 A Guide to the Prophets The King and the Kingdom The Creative Theology of P. T. Forsyth In Quest of a Ministry Evo lutionary Ph ilosophies and Contemporary Theology The Righteousness of the Kingdom American Catholics and Vietnam Openings for Marxist-Christian Dialogue Communication- Learning for Churchmen A Dictionary of Christian Theology The Art of Teaching Christianity The Sovereignity of Grace Preaching and Teaching in the Earliest Church Modern Architecture and Christian Celebration No Orthodoxy But The Truth What's New In Religion? The Early Church Latin American Church Growth Sunday: The History of the Day of Rest and Worship in the Earliest Cen ­ turies of the Christian Church The Future of Theology A Short History of Christian Doctrine Christian Letters To A Post-Christian crashing and rather ill-natured bore - and W oriel, by Dorothy L. Sayers, Edited by this in the Name of One who assuredly Roderick Jellema, Grand Rapids : Wm. never bored a soul in those thirty-three years during which He passed through the world B. Eerdmans Publ. Co., 1969. Pp. 236. li ke a flame." $6.95. On Christian ma turi ty and the related Dorothy L. Sayers once described herself problem of the acceptance of evi l she de­ as "engaged in my diabolica l occupati on of cl ares, in 1words strongly reminiscent of T. S. going to and fro in the world and walking Eliot's The Famil;' Re1111io11, that it is "use­ up and down in it." She was very much a less to try to escape either from the bad part of twentieth century Western cu lture. past or into the good past," that the only Yet the essays in this col lection have been way to db l w ith the past is "to accept the appropriately desc ribed in the editor's in­ whole past and, by accepti ng it, to change troduction as essays w.ritten from an his­ its meaning." torical center that few of us ca n stand in, As she moves in this volume from theol­ that center being "somewhere half-way be­ ogy to biblica l scholarship, to ethics, and on tween the Middle Ages anti the sun." to aes thetics and literary criticism , Dorothy Dorothy Sayers lived, of co urse, in many Sayers continues to speak with concreteness worlds and is known for her li terary accom­ and wit, whether in jesting imitation of Co­ plishments in each. The co ll ege crowd re­ nan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, ironic com­ members bet as translator of the Penguin mentary on the "Euthanas ian Creed" and edi ti on of Dante's Divine Comedy. Drama "Unholy D ays" of the church ca lendar, or buffs know her as one who experimented sc holarl y inquiry into Platonic, Aristotolian, from time to time with what she termed anCI Christian aestheti cs. EacH section sounds "neo-medieva l religious drama." Literary the note that Western culture has lost its historians recall her volumes on Dante as allure and is di si ntegrating, that contem­ well as her essays on the Middle Ages, the po.raqr man has wrongly abandoned the les­ RenaissanceJ the llaust legend, all egory, and sons of the past, and that the church has contemporary men of letters. The clergy too misplaced its values ( "Is she .ready to found • know her as a Christian apologist in the Welfare Societies to deal with financi al im­ .. manner of C. S. Lewis and T. S. Eliot- with morality as she does with sexual immoral­ whom she was frequently link.ed as fri end ity?" ). and lay theologian. And she is pe·rhaps best But the author is no pess1m1st, for she -- remembered in the world of detective fiction repeatedly affirms her belief that we can re­ as the creator of Sir Peter Wimsey. pair the damages anCI regain our lost va lues. : This well-edited and admirably organized Nor is she a thorough-going traditionalist co ll ection of essays acquaints the reader with but rather one who agrees with Oharles Wil­ eac h of the author's many "worlds." In one liams that the years cannot be turned back, section entitled "The Shattering Dogmas of that we ca nnot "return to primal innocence the Christian Tradition" she berates those by simply removing our aprons of fig . - of us who have so efficiently "pared the leaves." claws of the Lion of Judah" and explained In summary, this collection of essays is away the mysteries of the resurrection that quite remarkable, both for the editor's at­ the dogma of Christ's divinity has become tempt to demonstrate the interrelatedness of a pious commonpl ace ana his sacrifice is no Miss Sayer's varied interests and for the longer "a terrifying drama of which God author's lucid analysis of the problems of is both the victim and the hero." Such neg­ the sixties. A few of the essays, particularly lect of traditional theology, she conten ds, those dealing with ar.tistic theory, may be a is di sastrous, for it takes the excitement out bit too theoretical or erudite to hold the at­ of Christianity and presents to the world tention of some readers. But to anyone in­ "the typical Christian in the likeness of a terested in theology, ethics, aesthetics, or 24 ---. . - -: .._ ------·- -- -- . - ~--==- -·· -. -- -- literary criticism, these essays wi ll speak with omi nous threa t to orthodoxy that eventually eloquence, a unique literary style, consistent led it to a variety of grass-roots withdrawal good humor, and penetrating insight- not of that, in fear, simply ignored the entirety of new problems or of new solutions to old the liberal onslaught. Consequently, a man problems- but of the timeless concerns of like Moses Stuart of Andover Seminary, the this, the " Post-Christian World." onl y real propont nt of the critica l attitude Nancy Sonneveldt among co nservatives, suffered great personal and intellectual loneliness because he was The Rise of Biblical Criticism in shunned not onl y by his liberal foes, but by America, 1800-1870: The N ew Eng­ his apprehensive conservative brethren as land· Scholars, by Jerry Wayne Brown, well. Whereas Stuart fought his light for Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univer­ the most part single- handed ly and alone, the sity Press, 1969. Pp. 212. $10.00 . Jibe(al side enj oyed a com parative abundance of schol ars for their cause; in fact, they The title of Mr. Brown's book is largely could afford defections from their ranks indicative of the scope of its concern. As without severely impairing their effort. In the author explains in his introduction, the relation to the complex problems experienced stutly involves the New England scholars at Andover, their task in cu ltivating new exclusively because "it was only in New yo ung sc holars was a terribly sim ple one : England that critical biblical studies made fi nd a bright young man among the grad­ a considerabl e., impaot during the period" uates of H arvard Coll ege and send him to (p. 8 ). Similarly, his selection of a span of Germany to study for the doctorate with seventy years for consideration does not the seminal minds of the higher criticism. ~.j merely entail the historica l scholar's difficult Among those bright young men who did and sometimes arbitrary attempt at isolating desert and fai Jed to repay the investment one movement or thought tendency from an­ placed in them were such no1eworthies of other but, rather, Brown's periodization ac­ politics and historical study as Edward ~• .- I curately corresponds to historical and intel­ Everett and George Bancroft. T heir mentor, lectual reality. For American theology, it Andrews Norton of Harva rd, of whom seems, underwent two distinct and quite un­ Brown gives a rather unflattering portrait, connected waves of eager interest in the emerged the dean of liberal studies and the problems of biblical credibility. A seconl:l mi litant p1·o tl~ cateur of much of the antag­ movement arose in the last decade of the oni sm between the two factions. All in all, nineteenth century, but it took no cognizance one has the fee ling that in this nineteenth of or inspiration from the prior period on century controversy over the usefulness of which Mr. Brown focuses. critica l biblical studies a pattern of liberal In spite of the seemingly his hly special­ inquiry and conservative reaction is estab­ ized nature of Mr. Brown's subj ect, the read­ lished, or more likely repeated, that has er soon rea li zes that it is actually something more or less typified for the worse the ex­ of a touchstone-as it was in itself almost peri ence of American Protestantism up to an impetus - for the broader theo logical the present day. trends of nineteenth-century theology and the Aptly enough, Mr. Brown emp loys the intellectual history of the early half of the metaphor of two armies engaged in battle I"' century. An antiquated deism, an emerging as the main descriptive and structural device rati onalistic Unitari anism, and an energeti c of his book; consequentl y, chapter headings transcendentalism all referred to the methods such as these are found: "Training the Gen­ of biblica l criticism prevalent in Germany erals," "Arming the Orthodox," "Liberal in a hopeful attempt to simplify and purify Entrenchment," "The Foreign Invasion, " and the doctrinally-laden, and they felt distorted, "The Enemy Within." This American theo­ co mplex ion of orthodox Calvinism; co llec­ logica l and intell ectual "war" drew its in­ t·ively, this very noti ceable liberal enthusiasm spira tion from Germany, but with scholars ior unrestrained biblica l study posed an as Stuart, Edward Robinson Theodore Par- - l 25 - !' .. -- ~- - Ill ---...... ------. . ~--. ker, and Josiah Gibbs, it assumed an in­ Christian worship in the Christian education tegrity and importance of its own, thus fur­ program; rather her concer.n is with the ther dignifying America, after the example Christian education that occurs in church of Edwards and Emerson, in the hi story of worship. Thus this book is written not Christian theology. With painstaking and f imply nor primarily for the Director of meticulously thorough scholarship Mr. Brown Christian Education (who will nonetheless renders an entertaining acco unt of a theo­ fi nd a great deal of immediate relevance for logica l movement with a combination of his work ) but for the minister who is re­ careful analysis o( the numerous theological sponsible to lead in worship. H e educates innovati ons and retrea ts, and a sympatheti c by conducting worship, as does the church appreciation of the men and experience worshipping. 'thi s book will sensitize the which lived behind them. leader and the church to he educational Roy M . Anker v mpact of worship. This book may be disappoi nting to some Christian Warship and Ch11rch Ed- who will expect to find certain litur11.ical 11cation, by Iris V. Cully, Philadelphia : practices maintained, defended, or promoted Westminster Press, 1967. Pp. 187. for their educationaU worth. ff his is not the 4.50. posture taken by Mrs. Cully who ather ex­ plores the learnings of varieties of worship. Iris V . Cully, whose v a~ie d experi ences Llturgical decisions may be made by the in Ghristi an education have incluC!ed in­ student of this book, but the book w ill not volvement with many of the American Prot­ determine his theo logy of worship. ather, estant chur.Ghes (among which was member­ on the bas is of hi s own theo logy of worship, ship at confirmati on in the Reformed Church the reader will discover what his liturgical in America), can be expected to write a praGt ices teac h his church. If the reader book which utilizes the breadth of her per­ makes any changes, it will not be because sonal experience. Moreover, her disciplined the book has convi ncingly presented another mind, exercised not only by her previous way of worship, but rather because the book publications, but also by her present vocation has helped him understand the learnings as Associate Professor of Christian Educa­ which his way of worship, knowingly or tion at Yale Divinity School, leads one to not, have produced. anticipate responsible treatment of the sub­ Nor does the book argue for teaching ject. In neither expectation is this text dis­ through worshipping. Such a distortion appointing. J'his book ranges widely in the wo uld fo Gus the service upon the learner, liturgical resources 0£ American P otestant­ rather than the God who is to be wor­ ism, yet organizes the material into cohesive shipped. Nonetheless, the alert reader will and integral treatment of her chosen subject. likely di scover that clarity and continuity in Christian IP01·ship and Church Education worship are educational as well as liturgical is not a "How to Conduct Worship in Your values. Church Education Program'' kind of book. I found this book very suggestive a many No models for liturgy, no orders of worship, points. Were I responsible for conducting are to be found within it. Only a few pages worship regularly, I would use the book are devoted to "Church School Worship." frequently to judge, to test, to challenge my Although the author says little directly to work as pastor-teacher of the church. negate such worship, the high standards she Hugh A. Koops sets for meaningful worship and the many inherent difficulties found in trying to meet The Tent of God: A foumey Thro11gh these criteria within most ex isting church the Old T estament, by Marianne Ra­ schools easily press one to conclude that dius, Grand Rapids : Wm. B. Eerdmans othe opportunities fo r worship are the more Publ. Co., 1968. Pp. 368. $5 .95. preferable. Mrs. Cully is not basically concerned with In this well-written and well-bound vol- 26 ume the Old Testament is portrayell as a sented with the realism of walking one's journey-all the way from the garden which own city sti:.eets. It is this kind of con­ God planted to the manger where God's creteness that characterizes the entire book. Son was born. For the Old Testament is At the same time there is a sense of rev­ not merely a collection of sto.ries bur an erence that one is dealing with God and his account of God's people traveling a .route gospel. mapped out by him. The title of the book Scores of simple illustrations done by cq mes from the fact that the children of Piet Klaasse, fo under of a Center of Ghild Israel li ved in tents and that God ordered Art, help the child to a better understanding . a tent made for himself too. In the center T he scene at the cross is no lovely green of their camp was "the tent of God." hill, but precisely the detail the New Testa­ T he v lu me is slanted towards young ment presents. One could spend consider­ people as the author speaks to them in lan­ able time with a child on this single illus­ guage whi ch they can understand. It is tration to understand better th at God be­ suitable for fami ly deVOtlonal use as well ca me man. as personal reaC!ing . The author is a daugh­ The book also contains a number of ter of Catherine Vos, author of the Child's children's songs and plays. T hese are no Story Bible, and of Geerhardus Vos, for ditties. The words stay close to the text and forty years professor of biblical theology at truth of Scripture. In addition, there are a Princeton Theological Seminary. Author and number of plays. T he plays are not, as is publisher are to be complimented on the quite often the American way, oversimplified attractive production. morality stories. The play is a vehicle for M. E. Osterhaven getting across the biblical message. You will find in this book a quality of

Bible For Children1 Volume II, New writing and art that puts it at the top in Testament, by J. L. Klink, Philadel­ its field. phia: The W estminster Press, 1969. Lambert ]. Ponstein Pp. 320. $4.95 . Isaiah 40-66, by Glaus Westermann, It isn' t easy to fi nd a Bible for children Philadelphia : The Westminster Press, that escapes the temptation to romanticism, L969. Pp. xv-429. $8.5 0. or keeps the characters in an honest setting. lfbis one does. Dr. J. L. Klink, a minister The Preacher once sa id, "Of making many for twenty years, bas left her position to books there is no end" and he uttered these write free-lance religious educational ma ­ words in a spirit of weariness. No doubt terial. Volume II on the New ifestament­ be had read books that had little to recom­ Volume I covers the Old Testament-was mend them. Any new commentary on Isaiah originally done in Dutch and comes to us wou ld fit the Preacher's dictum, but the in a translation by Patricia Crampton. reading and studying of this commentary by The stories contain excellent background Westermann will not result in "a weariness material for a better understanding of the of the flesh" but in a deli ghtful understand­ 1uessage. Let me i.ve an example. The ing of fhe great messages of Israel's great description of Jesus in the temple at the prophets. a e of twelve introduces the child to a real­ The author divides hi s commentary into istic picture of the place of worship. The two parts: Part one comp.rises the )VO.rks of ca ttle stal Is, the shoes and baggage guarded p eutero-Isaiab, 40-55 (pp. 3-292 ) ; part two, by the temple police, the secularism of the ascribed to Trito-Isaiab, covers 56-66, (pp. money changers, the various parts of the 295-429). Each part has introductory mat­ temple, the great wall separating Jew from ters which dea l with the historica l back­ Gentile, the lepers and blind as a separated ground, the personality of the prophets, and i:i rouR , the si nging of the pilgrims, the the main motifs of their messages. Deutero­ cloisters, the treasury, it's all there and pre- Isaiah addressed the despairing people of 27 Israel in Babylonian exile to whom he prom­ D avid's royal line, which was then much in ised 1hat God was abou to act in terms of evidenc in Babylon (cf. II Kgs. 25:27 30), sa lvation and .restoration of his people to and selects a Gentil e prjnce to set the cov­ their homeland. T he language of the Psalter enant geople free. From the moment when was used which implies tha t Israel without the Cyr_us oracle was spoken Israel ceased her temple and sacrifices olfe;ed her worship to be a people with politica l power (p. 161) . to Jahweh in the language of the Psa lms. he change from politica l to spiritual, or That language became the vocabulary of fhe from an earthly kingdom to a heavenl y king­ p rophet. T rito-lsaiah spoke to people who dom did not take glace at the time of Christ apparently lived under conditions described for it happened at the co ming o~ Cyru s and by the prophet h!aggai, which would be du r­ in tbe use God made of him in delivering ing the peri od of r_es tor_a tion before the hi s people. temple had been ebuil t, 537-512 1 B.C. (pp. T he Servant of Jahweh in Deutero-Isaiah 295f. ) . has become th most impontant subj ect of T he relationship of this prophet of the tb is book in bibl ical studies. Since so much exil e to the Isaiah in Jerusalem is described has been written about the Servant one in the c.o mmentary as that of comfort and hould not expect to fi nd somefhing ne.w or conso lati on to that of doom and judgment. novel here. And the author has no intention God(s jud ment had run its co urse upon of adding another theory on the identity of Israel, "She has reoe ived double from the the Servant. In fact, he warns against going Lord's hand for all her sins" (Isa. 40:2 ) ; beyond the limits imposed by the prophet now the time has arrived for the salvation in hi s writing about the Servant. Exegesis of God. Israel's despair is to be Ghanged must not be controll ed by the question : into new joy. Professo r W estermann sees in "Who is the servant of God ?" In the texts this one of the major motifs which declares themselves there seems to be a holy mys tery that Israel's GodJ Jahweh, is Lo.rd of his­ about the identity of the Servant. Instead tory both in his judgment and in his re­ the author proposes that study should con­ demption. e.e m itself with " What do the tex ts make Under thi s lordship of history the prophet known about what tra nspires, or is to trans­ attacks idolatry and the worship of other pire, befween God, the servant, and those gods. Scorn and sarcas m are poured upon to whom his task pertains?" (p. 93) . those who make an idol which is an object The passages known as the Servant Songs as help less as the one who makes it. H ow­ are given a fully biblica ll y oriented exposi­ ever, the main po lemic against idolatry is tion. T hat js to say, the author draws on tbat neither the idol nor the gods have any O ld I iestament resources to elucidate the un­ contrn l over his tony. T he author of the derstanding of wor.ds and phrases and he co mmentary ill uminates this point in the also brings them into New Testament setting fa ll of Babylon whose gods neither know as they haye bea ring on Jesus Christ. The the future nor are able to preserve those commentary excels, in my judgment, in the who worship them. use of biblica l materi al for the enrichment The author makes much of the ' 10 .racl e of understanding the passages describing the Goncerning Cyrus'' to enhance and elucidate purpose and ministny of the Servant. the theme of Jahweh, Lord of History (pp. If one wants detailed textual p,roblems 1.)2-162 ) . To be sure, Jabweh is Loi:d of di scussed, he w ill not .fi nd them here. To creation and nature, yet he is primaril y Lord be sure, a few are given, only nine for the of histoi:y as he selects Cyrus, the Pers ian textual ly diffi c.ult fo urth servant song, Isa. monarch, to release Israel from her cap­ 52: 13-53 :12. Y et the author gi.. es fi f. teen tivity. Cyrus is ca ll ed Jahweh's anointed, pages of exegesis to this very important sec­ i.e., mess iah, for that pagan general shall tion o~ the prophet. accomplish God's redemptive purpose. The pu, pose of this co mm enta ry is to Of special significa nce to me is the 1mke clear the meaning of the sacred W ord. author's comment that here Jahweb bypasses Professor W estermann has achieved that

28 purpose. Prom the information gathered is concerned about instruction and inspira­ From the message of the prophet which tion. He does both well. were very relevant to the people of hi s day This book was really written for young we can be inspired to make the prophet's people, but older ones, who are not first of message meaningful for our day. all concerned about the ivo.ry tower of schol­ Lester ]. Kuyper arship, ca n learn a gteat deal from its reading. A G11ide to the Prophets, by Stephen Barclay gives us an interesting acco unt of F. Winward, Richmond: John Knox what he ca ll s the human kingdom as pre­ Press, 1969. Pp. 255. $5.00. sented in the O ld Testament and in that little known hi story between the two Testa­ This is a relatively brief, but scholarly, ments. Of course, he sees the hand of God study of the Old Testament books of the in it all. prophets. The author is a British minister After tbe ecounting of that adventure the in the l3aptist communion, and apparently a author goes on to tell us of the wrong ancl prolific writer of biblical exposition. the right conceptions of the Kingdom. The After a general introduction to the proph­ emphasis is on what Jesus meant by that ets, their times, and the nature of prophecy, realm. the prophets are considered in chronological The last part of the book deals with Christ order: Amos, hlbsea, Micah, Isaiah, Zeph­ ~ h e King. We read of Christ's birth, death aniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and sacrifice, resurrec tion, victory, and the Second Isaiah, Haggai, Zec hariah, Third final triumph. In simple language he speaks Isaiah, Obadiah, Malachi, Joel, Jonah and of the te/oJ, the end, or goal that God has Seoond Zechariah. In each ohapter there is in mind. He draws it all from the Scrip­ a presentation of the historical setting, a tures, the best so urce. biographical sketoh of the prophet whenever Barclayls illustrations, some of them not suoh is available, a statement of the point new, and his use of poetry enrich the telling of view of the prophet, and a summary of of the story that can never grow old. his basic message. Ministers and teachers should consider the Eaoh chapter is brief, but well written use of this book for the enlightening of and filled with food for thought, at least for youthful minds and heads. It will serve one who has been away from the theological also as a splendid review for those whose seminary for some years. The general aim views may have become a bit tarnished. of the author is obviously to point out the Bastian Kruithof relevance of the ancient prophet's message to modern society, and in this he succeeds The Creative Theolog~1 of P. T. For­ ve(y well. The theological tone is relatively syth, Edited by Samuel J. Mikolaski, conservative. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ. 11his reviewer has found the reading of Co. , 1969. Pp. 264. $6.95. this book to be interesting and profitable, and will want to refer to it again whenever This book is a co ll ection of readings from he preaches from one of the prophets. the various works of Peter Taylor Forsyth, William H. Bos the Free Chu rc h Engli sh theologian of a generation ago ( l848- 19 2J. ). l!'he edi_tor is The King and the Kingdom, by Wil­ Professor of Tiheo logy at New Orleans Bap­ liam Barclay, Philadelphia: Westmin­ tist Theo logical Semin ary. ster Press, 1968. Pp. 211. $2.45. Forsyth was evidently a theologian who was most concerned with the doctrine of William Barclay has the abi lity to make the atonement and its relation to a vital profound things simple. Writing w hioh does Christi an experi ence, as contrasted with mere not communicate is monologue . In all his formal religious assent. This is evident from books this Scottish preacher and professor some of his generali.zations, such as, 29 What we need is not the dechurching Dr. Love was always a great letter writer of Christi anity, but the Christi anizing and he conoludes his efforts in this direction of the Church .... What is needed is no mere change of view, but a change with publicly printed letters to former stu­ and a deepening in the type of personal dents, although the names and representa­ religion, amounting in cases to a new tions are somewhat uarded so as to protect conversion. the identity of the person invo lved. All in It is the wi ll s of men, and not th eir views, that are the great obstacle to the all, I found the brief volume to be of limited gospel, and the things mosf tractable ... . interest. Ror a living and modern theol gy our With reference to the Hiltner volume, the chief need js a living and positive faith. paGe quickens. Hiltner is fed up! He writes With this approach, chapters are assembl ed without footno '.e.s or bibliography and the under the ti tles of The Theological Task, sentences sound as though they have be n Revel!:r tion, God, Christ, Creation, he )IV 01·k created by a man who has suffered silence of Christ, The Chris/Mn Life, The Church, long enoug h. His anxiety is caused by the and Et em al Li/ e. The content throughout continuing stream of negative charges against chall enges the deepest thought o the reader the ministry that he feels are without founda­ in the rethinking of the doctrine elf the tion. Me says, "I am through with this well­ atonement. intentioned but misdirected kind of oblique There are, however, two criticisms i o be repentance. Whatever its faults, the ministry made relative to literary style. The editor in virtually all our churches is more able, warns in the introduction that Forsyth's better educated, more sensitive to the actual "style of writing will trouble some." It situations of need . . . than ever before" does, for it lacks clarity. T hi s fault is some­ (p. 8). what compounded by the fac that the book What he sees in the curxent situation is is a compilation of paragraphs on the sub­ not so much "crisis," Blizzard's "macera­ ject of a given chapter, but selected from tion," or " breakdown," but· "ferment." He various works and p laced contiguously with­ Jikes the word "ferment' - because for him it out any transitional naterial ; the result is a suggests the proGess invo lved in wine-mak­ lack of fluency or smoothness that makes ing. T here .is a k iros to wine-making and the reading quite difficult. now is the time to move beyond the guerilla The book is worth reading as a serious \Varfare cri ticisms to an understanding of the study project, but not to be attempted as "complex unity of the ministry" (p. 16) . supplementary reading for relaxation. The way he seeks to arrive a the unity of William H. Bos the ministry is the use of a cartoon-like pi - In Qu.est of a Ministry, by Julian tu re. Hiltner goes on to the drawing of these Price Love, Richmond, Virginia: John cartoon pictures as they illustrate the various Knox Press, 1969. Pp. 136. $2.45. unct(ons of ministry. He e-xamines the Ferm ent in Zhe Ministry, by Seward functions ofi pr eac hin ~ administering, teach­ Hiltner, Na.sn 'Ile, Tennessee: Abing­ ing, shepherding, evangeli zing, celebrating, di sciplining, and theologizi ng and forOis a don Press, 1969. Pp. 222. $4.95. ca rtoon-like picture of each of them. The first of these two books on ministry The net result is that he fi nds certarn is the woxk of the beloved teacher who characteristics in each of the nine figui:_es. writes to his students. Dr. Love. looks back For example, the fi gures all contain the over a half century of theologi,pl education Bible or the cross and so indicate the unique­ and refl ects over so me of the personal ex­ ness of the task. Each also contains at least perience that he has had wi.th students dur­ one minister but the minister is never alone. ing' that time. The minister is also shown to be accepting Althoug h of 'mmense benefit to those who leadership in every figure. were his students, the book has questionable All of this is good. But one comes away value to others outside that circle. In effect, from the book with the disappointment that 30 there isn' t one pi cture to sum up the total. Genuine va lue mu st be placed upon this : The difficult task of gathering this all into world and its processes, both at the level of one fi gure such as Niebuhr's "pastoral-d irec­ nature and at the level of History. To con­ to>" has not yet been done. But then that trast "secul ar" and "sacred" is fa lse to the may be what Miltner means by "ferment." biblica l understan ing which sees this world For the minister who is confused over the as a divine di sclosure even though it is fact that he isn't what those before iim marred by evil and sin . Tihe church's at­ have been and is tired of being macerated, tempt to preoccupy herself increasingly with distrusted, or misunderstood, this book will the "spiritual" has led to a perversion of provide some real insight into who he is and secularity. God, who is love, may yet be what he should be doing. But the title he thought of as so involved with his cteated puts on his study door will have to wait orders of nature and history that is own for another book. li fe is enriched through the experience of H erman ]. Ridder. bis creatures. Secu lar society is within this divine experi ence sustained by hi s p.resence Evolutionary Philosophies and Con­ and open to his activity. temporary Theology, Eric C. Rust, Phil­ .Pr. Ru st differentiates between an organi adelphia : Westminster Press, 1969. Pp. model• and a personal model. In the oi:ganic 25 6. $6.50. mod' I individuals are but parts of a whole which is God. This is the model used by This book is an overview and a cnt1que Whitehead and the process thinkers . T eil­ of philosophies from Hegel to Hartshorne. hard De Chardin employs the personal Pa~t one has three chapters on the general model. For him God is not an inclusive theme of taking process and time seriously. organic whole, but a personal being whose Part two consists of four chapters on the transcendence is as significant as his im­ th (!me of Rrocess in Christian philosophizing. e,nanence. There is an over-againstness, as The central idea in part one is borrowed well as a creative presence in the personal from Alfred North Whitehead, and in part model. two, fwm 1'eilhard De Chardin. The author I am not convinced that Dr. Rust sheds claims that time and be<;om ing must be new light on the problem of God's trans­ taken seriously. "The widespread acce tance cendence and immanence. The book does of evo\utio nary development and the concern call attention to the need for greater appre­ with man's historica l existence require that ciation of the orders of nature and history. th Christian faith come to terfl{_s with what It is for this reason that I recommended it is increasingly bein substantiated about to the readers of the Review. man's historical origins." W . Vander Lugt The dominant force in our modern cul­ ture is not any particular brand of philos­ The Righteousness of the Kingdom, ophy, but science. Our culture sin~e the by Walter Rausahenbusch (edited by days of the Renaissance is credited with Max l. Stackhouse), Nash ville: Ab­ great adyances in the understanding of na­ ingdon Press, 1968. Pp. 320. $5.95. ture. For this reason, Christian thought must pay more attention to the data pro­ This volume is a previously unpublished vided by contemporary scientific investiga­ and very early manuscript of W alter Rau­ tion . The dehumani zing and depersonalizing schenbusch, a notable American minister and aspects of contemporary culture are, in part, professor who is frequently called "the at least, to be traced to the fact that Chris­ father of the social gospel." It was written tian thought is ambivalent in its attitude seventy-fiv e years ago when Rauschenbusch toward nature and history. Secular society was serving a small immigrant church in is in a very real sense the logical result of the slums of N ew Y.ork City. Max Stack­ the Christian emphasis that God ptonouoced house found the bits and pieces of the man­ his creation of the natural world good. uscript a few years ago aud prepared it for 31 publica ti on. He prefa ces the wo k with a Amerioan Catholics and-Vietnam, ed­ lengthy historica l tr atment 6f Rauschen­ ited by Thomas . Quigley, Grand Rap­ busch, whi ch incl udes a ca reful eva luati on ids: Wm. B. Ee dmans Publ. Co., 1968. of Rauschenbusch's significance for hi s own times and ours. Since E.a usc henbusoh has Pp. 97 . $4.5 0. come j nto a ki nd of reviva l in recent years, If any Protestant still thinks Roman Cath­ it is helpful to have Stackhouse' s statement. olic thinking is " monolithic" at every sig­ T he editor mig ht have done something more ni fica nt po111t, he might well read this book. with Ra usc henbusch's development or evo­ Its Ghapters are written by more than a lution from w hat this volume represents dozen Ca tholi c writers among whom are him to be in his thinking to w hat he became editors, Pt·iests , and soholars. T hey are all by 1917 when he published his very im­ opposed to the war in Vietnam in one way poLtan A riheolbgy f'tr the Social Gos/)(:/. or other, so tha the titl e of the volume is T hough Rauschenbusch is already highly somewhat mislead ing . Except that the views critica of the traditional rotestant and of other Ca thoJics do come to mention £rom Ca tholi c chui:ches and much of their theo­ time to ti meo , if nly to reveal their complete logical apparatus in the book befo re us it unacceptability. be point is that there is seems to this reviewer that he nevertheless a consider,1ble variety of Catholi c opinion retained fa r more of the traditional " evan­ current on the war and a w ide spectrum of geli cal" scheme of ideas than is in evidence cwcial iss ues related to it. T he large ran&e in the Q917 volume. Stackhouse devotes of opinion among Ca holies today on strictly littl or no attention to this significant shift theo logical matters does not come to men­ in a tt ~tud e. But this might have been too ti on here. 4faken together, however, they large a task fo r an introductory essay. repr,esent an impos ing displ ay of the freedom Rauschenbusch wrote simply and to the of expression now practiced among Cath­ point. Many of his ideas are still refreshing olics, not onl y in America, but around the to read, and stimul ating and challenging to wodd. anyo ne of traditional mold who is willing to let his own ideas and dogmas be subj ected Many of the writers in this vo lume say to sharp criticism. Many conservati ves have pretty much the same things. They are simply shrugged him off as being unworthy against the war ; it is imm ora l ~ and we of serious attentio n. But he has a way of ought to get out of it as quickly as possible. reminding one, as be does many times in T his repetitiousness is allowable, since this this book, that there just mi ght be another is not a case of a group of writers putting way of looking at a text or an idea than the a book together, with a nice division of the one cherished by the reader. Even if one is subj ect ma tter. A massive attack against unwi l)ing to go all the way with Rauschen­ traditional Catholic attitudes and procedures busch, the latler can be highly instructive . res ults, as a tired impatience with muoh of W e refer mainly to what are often called the way the church goes about things rises the "social implications" of the Christian to the surface. Eccles iastical officials receive message. Rauschenbusch remain s hi g hly sug­ most bl ame, for they are the ones who, blind gestive fo r us at a good many points, as themse lves, lead the other blind. Some of we contempl ate the relation today between the contributors call for a renewed church the biblica l message and the tragic needs of and Christian faith which will exercise a a terribly bruised sooiety . We won't want true spiritual and moral leadership in behalf to go as fa r as he does in his applications of the nation. on many social questions, but we shall at Like much of the critical writing about least know we have been in the presence of the Vietnam war today, this book shares the a man possessed of an intense loyalty to bl ame of being eloquent in complaint but Chris t who wanted to do something every voiceless in providing a solution. It is in­ day about it. deed striking that in many circl es the mo.re Elton M . Eenigenburg outraged the critic is , the more moral he 32 seems. If one keeps bis peace because be common g ·o und in the concept of freedom knows no oure, be seems bard, unfeeling, held by Christians and .Ma rxists, and arg ues perhaps barbaric. Paul 'Ramsey, among Prot­ that the "revoluti ons for freedom' ' wi thin estant ethicists, tries ro provide a reasoned and outside the church are ~movi n g toward plan for bringing the V ietnam thing to an , n "integra tion" based on both immanent end. In thi s be is ttuly moxa l, whether bi s and transcendent freedom. "The freedom of plan can be worked or not. In this volume God comes to earth " Moltma nn remin ds us, there is none of that, though there is a ca ll "not ... through the struggle for power­ for negotiati on (not ye t begun wHen this but through love and so lidarity wiJh the book was written) . It is good, ne'lertbeless, powerl ess," an d that consequentl y, "Chris­ to get thi s expression of Ca tholi fee ling anCI tians can onl y demonstrate this freedom by thinking. u-sing their own freedom for the actual lib­ Elton M. Eenigenburg era ti on of man from his real misery. . To Openings f or M arxist-Christian Dia­ beli eve is no private hobby, but hope for logue, ed. lfhomas W. Ogletree, N ash­ the whole, for society for mankind, fo r the ville: Abingdon Press, 1968. Pp. 174. ea rth." How, one \.Vonders, ca n th is hope be reali zed without a "struggle for power.,?) $3.75. Charles C. West attempts to desoribe "Act T hi s volume contains the 1968 Alden­ and Being in ChFisti an ana Marxist Per­ Tutbill Leotures, given at the Chicago iliheo­ spective." 'His main purpost is to examine logical Sem inary. In hi s i ntroduction, Pro­ the principal co unterforce against di alogue, fessor Ogletree has provided a cl ear, brief which is that dialogue is today "set ·within summary of the "developments within both a social movement whose direcfi on is not Marxism and Christi anity that ha'le led to toward reconcil iation but toward conflict;" a situation of dialogue." Be shows how namely, the movement of "revolt" or "rev­ both Christiani ty and Marxism have recently olution.'' Invoking Camus, W est proceeds moved away from stereotyped rejections of to examine "the role of Christi anity and each other to a more open, if wary, dialogue. Marxism in revo lution" with particular at­ Beginning with the Am erica n stereo type tention to "the way in which obj ective reality of Gommunism, Sidney Lens in his lecture is responded to" in the thought of Marx, "The Changing Character of Communism," Engels, and recent Marxists. Marx1s ontol­ argues that our old view of communism as ogy, W est ma intains, was humani st, bis a military dictatorship bent on world dom­ epjstemoJogy pragmati st. Lenin, however, ination will no longer do. By trao ing the corrupted the open p ragmatism of Marx into sooial and historical changes in communism dogmatism which led to the paradox of from Leninism through Stalinism to its pres­ Stalinism, a self-destructi ve position. Recent ent fo rms, Lens shows that it has through Marxist philosophers have attempted to re­ a creative capacity for change not only en­ cover Marx's "original dialectic of theory dured but fl ourished. Contempornry com­ and practiGe as a method fo r peraeiving and munism in its various forms, he claims, is acting on truth." Since the contemporary now socially and economi ca lly more stable revolutionary is one who seeks change in than ever before; it is here to stay, and we accordance with that dialectic and who chal­ can neither rely on military power as the lenges the es tab I ished or:der, and since the definitive answer to its chall enge nor expect trend among revolutionis ts is away from be­ internal schisms to destroy it. W e must re­ li ef in "obj eGtive" and "redemptive" reality, think the terms of the encounter with com­ this "revolutionary consciousness" remains munism, and that implies a willingness to outside the "reconGiling influence 0£ the ad mit its changing character as a basis fo r Christian-Marxist dialogue," and indeed re­ the dialogue. gards it with suspioion, upholding guerilla Jurgen Moltmann's lecture (translated by war and violent confli ct as more dec isive .M . Douglas Meeks) attempts to show the than id e ol og i ~a lly - b ase d politica l activ ity. 33 (West notes here the relevance of this view Communication Learning for to our own urban ghettos.) He concludes Churchmen, B. F. Jackson, editor, Ab­ with three comments on the Christian-Marx­ ingdon Press, 1968. Pp. 297. $5.95. ist interaction: 1) that the Marxist doctrine This is the first volume in a new series of the conditional status of human knowl­ entitled Communication fo,. Chu,.chmen. In edge closely parallels the biblical view of the third section on the use of print as a revelation ; 2) that "the call to revolt against resource fo( learning, the author-editor in­ old structures is founded on a prior relation cludes this series in a list of specialized to reality,' which Christians refer to as God; reference works. The series is not yet com­ and finally, 3) that relative yet serious ideol­ plete, and its inclusion appears both pre­ ogizing comm its the Ghristian to dialogue matu(e and presumptuous. But the editor's with other men whose vision of reality is [> resumption is well founded. This series, different from his. noticeably pragmatic in oFientation, is a very helpful instrument for the harried pastor Paul Lehm ann attempts to describe in his -- questioning his role in communicating the lecture "Christian Theology in a Wo~ d in gospel when the media availab le to him Revolution." He argues in his first "con­ seem limited when compared with that used sidera ion" that theology must try, while in mass communications. avo iding the errors of apostasy ani:l idolatry, The general editor is aided by an editorial to unite celebration with analytic conceptual­ committee composed of Donald P. Ely, W il ­ ization into a theo logy for revolution. In his li am F. Fore, and Wal er Vernon. Since second "consideration," he concludes that N. the series, Communication f9r Churohmen, Marxism-Leninism, despite its historically­ covers a wide range of subjects the breadth revealed errors, is "still the bearer of the of concern can best be indicated by repro- revo.lutionary ferment of our time." Lenin's 8ucing the entire plan for the series: analysis of the state as "the locus and the f oms of the problem of power" r mains Volume I: applicable to the contemporary world. It Commu11icatio11-Leami11g fol' Chu1·chme11. is in connection with the state thus con­ Part One: "Communication for Church­ sidered, Lehmann argues in hi s final section men," by William F. Fore on "Messiani sm, Humanization, and the Part Two: "Learning and the Church," by Problem of Power," that "both Marxism and Howard M. Ham Christianity have come to grief," and it is Part Three: "Using Print as a Resource for on the problem of the state that each ideo l­ Learning," by B. F. Jackson, Jr. ogy can learn from the other. He sees in Part Four: "Using Audiovisual Resources," a messianic theo logy of history a usefu l con­ by James C. Campbell cept in the current dia logue, and the dia­ Volume II: logue itself as a bracing and corrective en­ Television-Radio-Film for Churchmen. counter for both ideologies whi ch may, if Part One: "Television," by Peter A. H. the dialogue continues, begin to move to­ Meggs gether toward the humani zation of the state. Part Two: "Radio," by Everett C. Parker Although occasionally obscure on a point Part Three: "Film," by John M. Cu lkin , and sometimes almost impenetrable in style, S.J . these lectures are all useful and important, Volume III: and the book is a va luabl e contribution to Audiovisual Facilities and Equipment for the developrng dialogue. Readers new to he Churchmen. subj ect will find in the book's provocati.ve Part One: "Sound in Your Church," by themes and rich bibliographical notes a stim­ James E. Alexander ulating introduction to the currenf Marxist­ Part Two: "Selections, Maintenance, and Christian dialogue. Use of Audiovisual Equip­ Francis Fike ment," by Edward A. George 34 • --- - Part T hree: " Bui lding and Rooms fo r Com­ nmnica tion by the ohurch m a secularized munication and Learning," by age. D onald P. Ely Part II, on "learning and th e Church," Volume IV: begins with a rather technical, yet very un­ Creative Comm1111ication Skills for Church­ derstandable, survey of learning theori es and men. their relevance fo r the church. Precise and pertinent, this is the best of its kind avail­ Pai:.t One: "Written Communica tion, " by abl e today. l ater chapters treat the condi­ Theodore Peterson ti ons which affect learning and the role of Part Two: "Oral Communica tion," by the teacher. D avid K. Berlo Part III, on "Using Print as a Resource Part hree: "Creation of Inexpensi.ve Re­ fo r earning," is not onl y filled with sug­ source Materials," by J ohn H ar­ gestions for the church school teacher, but rell should be scanned and consulted regularly Part Four: "Tape Recordings and Slides," by church libra rians, and Part IV, on "Using by James C. Ca mpbell Audiovisual Resources," is helpful for the ed ucational committee of every church, and This lis t, displaying the variety of con­ especially the new additions to the church cerns and authors, illustrates the en.cyclopedic school staff. nature of the seri es. It promises to be, not Should the remaining· volumes of this so much reading material for the easy chair, series live up to the promise of this first but library information to be consulted when volume, the series should be found in the needed. However, the text is ve y readable, churn h library. It will be consulted con­ the illustrations are always helpful and often stantly. And, whate er comfort or conster­ humorous, the content is suggestiveJ and the nation it may provide, the purchase price format illustra tive of good print-communica­ includes a one-dollar bill on the last page. tion. Hugh A. Koops The senes is organized to provide im­ mediate assistance in the educational pro­ A Dictionary of· Christian Theology, gram ot the church. It will be used to solve edited by Alan Richardson, Philadel­ problems, to find solutions, as well as sug­ phia: 11he Westminster Press, 1969. Pp. gest possibilities. N onetheless, the two in­ 364. Price $8.50. itial sections, Parts I and II of this first volume, are somewhat more general in in­ Every serious student of theology knows terest and application. Part I, on "Com­ he great value of dicti onaries, including a munication for Churchmen," deals with the good dictionary of theology. The volume definition, the process , the princi pies, and before us fulfills this latter need. The em­ the distortions of communication. The latter phasis in it is upon development of thought list includes intellectualization, astheticism, rather than upon biographical detail or the institutionalism , substitution of the Bible, or events of church history. One sees constant of Jesus Christ, for the complete gospel, reference to the interdependence of theology isolation from tradition, allegorization of the and philosophy in all theological endeavor, Bible, externalization, and the manipulation even that which professes to eschew philos­ of persons. A challen11 ing section on the ophy. theology of communication exposes the de­ The author acknowledges that liturgics pendence of the author upon H . Richard has been treated inadequately inasmuch as Niebuhr's The Meaning of I{dvelation. Un­ i.t would demand a separate volume. This doubtedly this theological perspective con­ is also true of the comparative study of re­ ti: ibutes to the pragmatic relevance breadth ligions. Nor has the editor sought to treat of concern, and openness to adventure that theology other than Christian. the volume exhibits. The section concludes An impressive range of contributors, ith an apology for the use of modern com- drawn from various Christian communions, 35 has written the articles, each a specialist in a class, and fo ll ow.up on teaching. The his field and in the articles ass igned. closing section l:lea ls with possible subjects Having spot.checked th vo lume and read and/or aids: Bible, Histoq~ . Theology, Mu· a number of the articles, many on some of sic, as well as teacher·training and "the the more important subjectsJ this reviewer is Christian Revo lution." impressed and recommends the vo lu me as an 'i[hir1:1, the aim is pragmatic The orller excell ent piece of work. Not the least of its itse lf suggests this, arranging material as a assets is its up· tO·dateness. The publisher, teacher works in preparation, teaching, and edi tor, and the latter's contributing co l· eva lu ation. But the entire text is practical, leagues have done us a service in making with direct relevance to the practici ng teach· ava ilable thi s aid to theological study. er's experience and needs. M. E. Osterhaven Fourth, the presentation is clear. Each ohapter begins with a brief statement listing The A rt of Teaching Christianit~, by the thesis of the chapter. Examples: "The Wayne R. Rood, Nashville: Abingdon art of teaching Christianity is the art of Press, 1968. Pp. 221. $2. 75 , Raperback. enabling dialogue." "Pupils are persons needing and seeking dialogue, " "Teachers During the summer of 195 5 Wayne Rood, are enabl ers in the search for dialogue." the author of this new and exciting little "Content is the objective element in dia· book, was inves tigating an indigenous re· logue: · "To teach the Bible is to expose ligious movement in the delta area of the learners to sacred events resulting from dia· Niger River in W est Africa. In his gear he logue between God and man." These state· had room for only two volumes, his Bible ments alone present a brie( exciting, and and the little book by Martin Buber, I and relevant model for Christian education. Thou. It was that summer's reading, along Other values can be mentioned. ap· with John Macmurray's \f'he Structul'e of preciated the chapters on teaching a classJ Religious Experience, which prompted the dealing with lecturing, storytelling, visual reflection culminating in this book. aids, discussion, group aotivities, dramatics Buber's personalism has certainly had its and worship. Each chapter includes a de. influence on Protestant theology, particularly soription of the method, the requirements through the work of Emil Brunner. Its in­ for its successful use, a list of its advantages fluence on Protestant educati on was certain and its dangers, and the variety of possibili· to follow and Randolph Miller- and David ties within eaoh procedure. Another valueJ Hunter have led the way. Wayne Rood somewhat unusual in Christi an education must be added to this development, and in texts, but rather t}lpical of this book, is the many ways his book represents a high.point excell ent co ll ection of pictures used to illus· in this process. The book possesses a variety trate each chapter. of values which make it easy to recommend. The minor disappointment I experienced First of all, the book was prepared for a in reading the book stems from the oyer· large distribution, written in a popular style, expectation on my part aroused by the sub· and published in paperback of good quality. title, "Enabling the Loving Revolution." Since the author first prepared these lectures What a tremendous idea for a revolutionary for presentation at a foreign university, with· age! But the fau lt is mine, not the book's. out access to library or files, the style is I expected too much from the book due to non.academic, and his reflection is not in· the sub.title, because I have not expected terrupted by documentation or foot.notes. enough from the ed ucational program of the Secondly, the arrangement is systematic. church. This book has forced me to think The opening section contains reflection on of my Sunday School class as a new cell the natu i:e of teaching, of @hristianity, and group engaged in revolutionary activity, to of teaching Christianity. This is followed by bring about the loving revolution! seGtions on preparing for teaching, teaching Hugh A. Koops 36 The Sovereignty of Gnwe: An ap­ of Christ' ' (p. 96). How then can one deny praisal of G. C. Berkouwer's View of that Barth takes seriously the reality of God's Dordt, by Cornelius Van Til, Nufley, revelation in history and time understood as tempo.ca l success ion of events. N . J.: Presbyterian and Reformed Pub­ Moreover, how can one challenge Barth's lishing Co., 1969. Pp. 110. $1.50. belief in the reality of the resurrection of The au thor's purpose is to show that the Obrist when Barth says that "if Jesus Christ late Berkouwer has departed from sound is not risen- bodily, visibly, audibly, per­ theoJogical moo,rings during the last two ceptibly, in the same corn1rete sense in which decades and lias begun to sail with Neo­ he di ed, as the texts themselves have it- if Orthodoxy. Karl Barth, as representative of he is not also ri sen, then our preaching and the latter, is singled out for consideration our fa ith are vain and futile ; we are still and Berkouwer and Barth are seen to be in our sins" (CD, IV/ l, p. 351). similarly faulty in theoJogica l foundafions, Yet Van Til wdtes, to quote but one of particul arly in their attitude toward Scripture many such statements, that Barth's "final op­ and the problem of faith and history. position is not against the natural theology Berkouwer's mild criticism of Dordt in its of Rome but against the finished revelation use of logic is the occasion that Van Ti! of God in history, in Christ and the Scrip­ seizes to criticize Berkouwer's basic posi­ tures" (p. 85). tions. In our judgment he has not proved The only way in which this reviewer can his case. A sample of the obscure criticism understand Van Til's criticism here and else­ is the following climactic statement: where is to see him drawing consequences Berkouwer does not so much as con­ from others' positions, often consequences side,r the fact that the schematism of which his opponents will not allow, and thought that he here employs in the in­ then attributing those positions to those per­ ter.est of a solution for the charge of sons and making judgments on the basis of determimsm and contradiction lodged against the foll owers of Do.r:dt, is based his consequential reasoning. This dangerous upon and presupposes the idea of the procedure can lead one- to attribute anything autonomous man and therefore operates to an opponent. with the Parmenidean ideal of a com­ M. E. Osterhaven plete identity of being and knowledge as its principle of unity and with the idea of complete contingency as its Preaching and Teaching in tbe Earli­ principle of diversity and that this est Church, by Robert C. Worley, West­ sohematism reduces all speeoh, whether in relation to the realm of the c1phe­ minster Press, Philadelphia, 1967. Pp. nomenal" or in relation to the realm 199. $5.95. of the "noumenal," to utter meaning­ lessness (p. 78). The author of this book is disturbed by Even more confusing is the criticism of the existing divorce between preaching and Barth, who on the one hand is said to be teaching. While pi:eaching continues re­ "as violent as is Kant in his rejeotion of flection upon biblical themes and the church's historic Christianity," (p. 48) and who is response to the gospel , too muoh teaching said to reject the idea that the states of follows the lead of public education in a humiliation and exaltation of Christ "do frustrating effort to transmit larger amounts not follow one another in time" (p. 47). of a multiplying mass of information. More­ Yet later the author shows clearly that Barth over, the growing institutionalization of the intends to teach "temporal succession and church has assigned specific roles to preach­ its meaning in connection with the death and ers and to teachers, tending "to increase the resurrection of Christ. After his death fol ­ separation between the purposes and prac­ low the forty days of his resurrection ap­ tices of preaching and teaching." pearances. These end with the ascension of The culprit who is blamed for this sorry Christ to hean!n. After that comes the time state of affairs is C. H . Dodd. Dodd's dis­ of the church. And fina lly there is the return tinction between kerugma and didache is 37 charged with justifying the existing separa­ the psycho logical and sociological forces act­ tion between preaching and teacher. There­ ing upon the church, in the New Testament fore the author refutes the distinction Dodd as well as in the present, would be fruitful, made with a variety of arguments. not only in explaining why the present sit­ The kinds of evidence used by Worley to uation exists, but also in creating new ...... refute Dod8 are these: a wor.d study of models for integrating the total life of the :..- "pzeaching" and "teaching" in the New church. Testament; a study of the speeches in Acts; Hugh A. Koops the intertestamental praGtice of the Jews; the questioned catechetica l model for teaching in Modern Architect11re and Christian the early church; and the development pf Celebration (No. 18, Ecumenica Stud­ preaching into teaching as assumed by Dodd, Worley concludes that Dodd has not estab­ ies in Worship), by Frederic Debuyst, lished his case, and that there are ar too Richmond: John Knox Press, 1968. Pp. many exceptions to es tablish proof. Rather 80. $1.95. than a neatly drawn distinction bet'\'ieen Debuyst approaches the problem of church preaching and teacher, defining different sub­ architecture from the two basic concerns of jects, intentions, contents, and audiences for celeb1·atio11 and hospitality. This is not to each, he argues for a pluriformity of prac­ imply that as a Roman Catholi_c he is un­ tice in the early church and a variety of concerned with the "Constitution on the theologies which precludes any simple sep­ Sacred Liturgy," quite the contrary, it is aration of preaching and teaching. just because he has thoroughly assimi lated Worley's critique of Dodd s hypothesis is it, and wishes to relate it to the "Constitu­ well-argued. He draws from a wide range tion on the Church and the World" that he of biblical scholars who have re~ul ady ques­ emphasizes celebration and hospitality. tioned the distination Dodd made. But his new "pluralistic model of teaching-preach­ A quotation from Bishop Bekkers of the ing" is not likely to replace the existential Netherlands sets the tone of the book : "a division between teaching and preaching. church is essentially 'a kind of great living­ His model lacks clarity and utility. His room, a place where the fai thful come to­ gether to meet the Lord and one ano\her argument for P.) uralism provides a base for 1 criticizing and narrowly conceived denom­ in the Lord' " (p. 9). If the church is the inational program of education, any simple place where Christians meet, the act of their "orthodoxy" in Christian education, and en­ so coming together is most fittingly accom­ courages wide experimentation in both plished in the Eucharist, and Debuyst's bril­ preaching and teaching. But the new model liant chapter on "The Idea of Celebration" does not do what models should do; it does in which he considers the impact of the not provide programmatic assistance. "feast" is one whiah deserves a wide hear­ I suggest that the weakness of this study ing. The feas t is J efin ed as "an ex ternal, is due to an exaggeration of the influence expressive, symbolic manifes tation whereby of Dodd's hypothesis upon the present stru_c­ we make ourselves more deeply conscious ture of the church's program. Perhaps of the importance of an event or of an idea Dodd' s hypothesis has been used to justify already important to us" (p. 12 ) . But the an existing divo,rce between preaching and impact of the feast is better communicated teaching. It has also been used to attack the in his charming illustration of a study done existing program of the church. But it is at Louvain where in testing children as to not the cause of the divorce between preach­ their preference for a birthday party with a ing and teachin9. That divorce calls for an­ mulhtude of presents but no feas t, or a other etiology, and D odd's hypo thesis is only feast with no presents, seventy percent of rationalization, not explanation, for the dif­ the children chose the feast. ference ( and the similarities) between As to where this feast of the Lord is to preaching and teaching. An exploration of take place, Debuyst's emphasis upon hos- 38 pita.lity di ctates the choice of the early clearly expressed in his churches, and the house-church as hi s hi storical model. In type of club or li vi ng room coz iness which contrast with the rigid monumentality of leaves God thoroughly domesticated. But the temple, "the house-church of the early having said all of this, let it not be over­ Chtisfians was a mi racle of freedom, per­ looked that Debuyst makes a point of sin­ sonali sm and hospitality" ( p. 21) . It is not gular importance: celebration and hospitality monumentality, or thin g~ with which De­ are cruci al to Christi an worship-especially buyst is concerned, but with personal rela­ in an age which is frenetically searching for tionships, with the "authentic intimacy something to ce lebrate, and where the im­ [which) comes not from things but from personality of urbani za tion provides a back­ the interrelationship of persons, from their ground against which Christian hospi tality, active brotherliness" (p. 34) . accep tance and love stand in bright contrast. To architecturally support these concerns Donald ]. Bruggink Debuyst looks to the modern house which provides "a hospi tality which welcomes and No O,-thodoxy But The Trttth, by protects without encl os ing, which gives in­ Donald G. Dawe, Philadelphia: The timacy without cutting one ojf from the Westminstet Press, 1969. Pp. 185. other peo~le present in the ho se" (p. 35 ) . $5.95. As an example he offers one of the final churnhes of the late Rudolf Schwarz, the The title to this book comes from John little "ecclesiastical-complex" church at Ober­ Toland, a famous deist who used it as a hausen, Germany, as well as three churches slogan. Toland's words are sa id to have by Marc D essauvage in Belgium (pp.-38, cauJ? ht the spirit of the new theo logy emerg­ 55 -58). All are marked by a modest size ing in his tim ~ an attempt to find truth in and a "freedomv for c;elebra tion. religion as in science, through man's own This return to the house church is dic­ abilities rather than through conformity with tatea by "the emergence of some new em­ eco les ias ti ca l tradition. Elsewhere the book phases which in the early stages of the Litur­ is said to be "an aid to the inheritors of gical Movement were neglec ted : the primacy the liberal rotestant tradition." of interiority over exteriori tyL of the world The author's aim is twofold: to relate of persons over tha( of things, of the va lues some of the theological history of Western of hospitality over those of representation" Christendom from th sixteenth through the (p. 54). In short, the post-conciliar church ~g htee nth century, and to identify the is to bC-:.' . . . a new kind of church build­ · sources of strength and weakness in the ing, free of monumental overtones, trans­ newly emerging patterns of christology. parent to the Paschal mystery, open to a The survey takes one along the fonge of deeply human and humanizing hospitality" the church through such adversaries of or­ (p. 54). thodo xy as Castellio, Erasmus, the dei sts, In emphasizi ng celebration, the Protestant Semler, Paulus, Hume, and Kant. The theme wj ll notice that consideration given the cel­ running through the entire di scussion is ebra ion of the Word of God comprises less christology and the attempt is to understand than three pages ( 64-66). In emphasizing the new manner of looking at the teaching hospitality it should be noted that while of the church in its christological emphases. Europe has a surfeit of monumental church­ Although there were instances where this es , the United States can still use churches reviewer appreciated the argument, e.g., which architecturally Gonvey an emotional Semler's guarding against Doscetism (p. context of strength, majesty and austerity- 122), on the whole the discussion was un­ or the Bible also so represents God. In inspmng. There were also places where the United States architects must be espe­ statements could be challenged. An instance cially clear to distinguish between the type is a reference to "the intricate but closed of hospitality which D ebuyst would have systems of Protestant orthodoxy that denied 39 reason a role in apprehending revelation" never abrupt or clumsy. This history is (p. 58). This revi ewer, who has spent a made all the more enj oyable by Chadwick's number of years studying just those systems, abjlity to condense within a few lines an would like to know which the author has in i ncident of human interest which illumines mind. They all attribute to reason at l ast so;ne of the issues before the church (e.g., in instrumental function, but th ~ author's the acerbation of the D onatis Go ntroversy sweeping statement would seem to deny through such actions as that "of a difficult them any .ro le whatsoever. It seems to us lady named Lucilla who ... made a practice that there ate superjpr so urce books for the of producing, during the commemoration of hi story of theology in the period here cov­ the departed at the eucharist, the bone of a e.red to w hi ch one may go. martyr not recognized by the ecclesias tica M . E. Osterhaven authorities; . . lavish[ing} kisses on it so ostentatiously that she was rebuked by arch­ What's New In Religion? by Ken­ deacon Caecilian"- p. 123). neth.Jiamilton, Grand Rapids : William l 1he bulk of the \IO lume is given 1o the B. Eerdmans Pub!. Co., 1968. Pp. 176. great theo logians and theological controver­ Price $3 .9 5. sies of the age, which are all firmly placed within their historical context. Chadwick Kenneth Hamilton, who has become one does an excellent job, within the few gages of tne best interpreters of the theological allotted him, of giving a coherent account scene today, here evaluates the writings of of these principle controversies of the early majo spokesmen fot contemporary theology. church, although readers of the more ex­ 1lhe book begins with a down-to-earth haustive analyses of ]. N . D. Kelly are discussion of the "new" and the "pseudo­ bound to be disappointed by Chadwick's new" and then " the new and the old." In brevity. a discussion of new theological themes he This volume, like the others in the series, concludes that we witness a return to religion is primarily descviptive history, with no at­ today. He opines that one must be wary of tempt being made to relate it to contem­ chasing the newest wisp of theological porary issues ( although those responsible thought and shows the difference between for the worship habits of students are bound the use of the word " new" when used in to feel strong sympathies for the relevancy science .or Lechnology and in moral or spirit­ of the synod at Gangra in 340-4 1 which ual concerns. Newness jn the latter is no " expressed strong disapproval of monks who substitute for truth. entirely abandoned ch urch attendance" - p. Trhere is an e;xcellent discussion of Bon­ 179) . As such, it leaves to the teacher, or hoeffer, followed by a trea tment of "the sec­ to the reader, the task of raising the ques­ ul ar in faith and morals," and an exhilarat­ ti ons that make history of more than anti­ ing chapter entitled: "How to Regress by quarian interest. Wanting Only to Progress, and How to be T he volume is supplied with a good bib­ Contemporary by not Being Afraid 0£ the liography and an excellent index which Past." T he book and its author are highly makes it a valuable reference work for pas­ recommended to all readers of this quarterly. tor or student, as well as a pleasant and en­ M. E. Osterhaven joyabl e way to brush up on one's church history. The Early Ch11rch, by Henry Chad­ Donald ]. Bruggink w(ck, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub!. Co., 1968. Pp. 304. $6.95 . Latin .American Cht1rch G1·owth, by William R. Read, Victor M. Monter­ Like the other volumes of the Pelican roso, Harmon A. Johnson, Grand Rap­ History of the Church, this one is extremely well written. Despite the necessity of cover­ ids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub!. Co., 1969. ing a span of six centuries, the writing is Pp. 385. $8.95. 40 This latest and most extensive book in the book is much more enli htening, with honest series of Eerdman's seven church growth observations, barning questions, clear pvin­ publications contains an in-depth study of ciples, and possible guidelines for the future the growth o Protestantism in Latin Amer­ of the church in Latin America. Most of ica. Jt represents an energetic attempt to re­ the ideas and conclusions are not new to searnh and report the statistics, methodology, missionary thought and methodology, yet principles, and trends of church growth in they seem to have new validity beca use they the seventeen countries of continental Latin are well -C!ocumented and specifically illus­ America. Being Latin American missionaries trated. Chapter twenty-one on "Pentecos tal themselves, the three authors lend valuable Growth" is extremely well-done in this re­ "inside" knowledge and insight to the sur­ gard. vey . In cooperation with the School 0£ Although some readers might object to the World Mission and Institute of Church obvious importance placed on statistical and Growth at Fu ll er Theologica l Seminary, these numerical growth, and a few might disagree men have prepared a thorough view of the with the conservative approaches and metH­ work of evangelical missions and churches odology1 this contains essential information rom the northern border of Mexico to the and insight for all nationals and missionaries southern tip of Argentina. working in the mission of Christ in Latin The Latin American countries, while America. Or, for that matter, mach of the caught up in vast social changes and a rising material in this book might prove valuable revolutionary spirit, have proven themselves and valid for persons involved in the ad­ to be among the most open co untries in the vancement of the church of Christ in any world to the gospel message as it is being part of the world. spread by the evangelical churches. In some Finally, we are again awakened and re­ areas the rapid growth of these churches has minded of the fantastic opportunities for been amazing while in others the growth Christian mission in Latin America, and we has been quite slow and painful. A few are convicted by the fact that many of our denominations, such as the Pentecostals and churches are not seriously responding to the the -Seventh Day Adventists, have experienced clear cri es of our neighbors to the south for phenomenal numerical gains in the past two a witness to the love of Jesus Christ. In decades whil e other denominations, most ~his rega rd, many ministers and laymen in notable the mainline Protestant churches, the Reformed Church in America and other have had steady but slow increases. After ohurches may want to make reference to this a description of historical background and book in order to be a little closer to today's a statistical overview of evangelical growth most exciting field of churu h growth and in each Latin American country, this book Christian mission. proceeds to ask: Why do some churches Vernon Sterk grow rapidly while others do not ? What fac tors impede or aid in this development? S,unday : The History of the Dary of Have mission structures and 1nissionaries caused retardation or acce leration in the Rest and Worship in the Earliest Cen­ growth processes? How do ethnic structures, turies of the ChristiaJZ Church, by Willy social cJass, and cultural environment affect Rordorf, translated by A. A. K. Gra­ church planting? What relevance do Roman ham, Philadelphia: The Westminster Catholic historic roots and present-day re­ Press, 1968. Pp. 335. $8.50. surgence have for Latin American Evangel­ icals ? A problem faci g wide areas of the Chris­ The historical and statistical sections of ti an church today is the steady erosion of the book tend to be a bit heavy and wea ri ­ Sunday as a day of rest and worship. The some, but they do contain much valuabl e holy day has become a holiday whose chief and precise resource material with clear and interest for many is sports or other forms meaningful charts. The remainder of the of recreation. While in America, at least, 41 church membership is generally considered must reassume its true importance. Included desirable, church attendance on the lord's in the latter should be the weekly celebra­ Day is of less im o.i:tance and the consecra­ tion of the lord's Supper, as this was prac­ tion of the day as the Christian's Sabbath ticed in the early church. is all but forgotten. With super-markets and T he position taken in the book ·s reminiS"' shopping plazas open, crowds headed for the cent of the teaohinJ? of Albertus Pieters, one­ lakes and beaches, and a double-header on time professor at Western Seminary. So far in the ball parkJ who dares to cl aim that as Scripture and the history of the early Sunday still retains its unique significance church are concerned, the position is prob­ as the Day of the lord? ably right, even though it is difficult for Granted that Sunday practice, including those of us raised in a different Sunday tra­ that of many church people, has changed, dition to accept. The work is a model of what is the Christian position? Is there a histodcal scholarship including exhaustive Christian position? Wi Uy Rordorf does not research, judicious decision, and careful try to answer these questions. His is largely drawing of implications. But that is expect­ an historical treatment. He shows how the ed of a protege of Oscar Cullmann who is Christians of the first centuries used the day. now a professor of patristics and early church After an introducti_on concerning the seven history in his own right. day week of the Jews, Greeks and Romans, M. "E. Osterhaven and Christians, the treatment is divided into two parts, the first being devoted to the day The Future of Theology, by Fred­ of rest in which "the Sabbath problem" and erick Sontag, Philadelphia: The Wes­ "Sunday as Day of Rest" are treated, and the second devoted to the day of worship. minster Press, 1969. Pp. 155. $4.95 . In this second division the origin of the The subtitle of this volume is "A Philo­ Christian observance of Sunday is discussed sophical Basis for Contemporary Ptotestant followed by a study of the oldest forms of 'llhoL1ght." Professor Sontag, who is a pro­ the observance of Sunday, and the names for fessor of philosophy at P.omona College, Sunday and their significance. A concluding Claremont, California, is concerned to supply chapter entitled "Retrospect and Prospect" a philosophical foundation on which a con­ summarizes the whole and offers practical temporary Protestant theology can be based. suggestions. It goes without saying that the author is The author's thesis is that there is a sharp not at all satisfied with any of the present distinction between Sunday as a day for rest day options in theology, nor is he willing and a day for worship. Abandoning the to live and think by any of the theological Sabbath, early Christians worshipped on Sun­ traditions of the past. He, like so many day, first in the evening and later early in others today, is completely convinced that the day. They felt no need to observe the the modern day requires a new and modern day as a day of rest and it was not until theology. However, he does feel that the the time of Constantine ihat it became such. varieties of theology of the past and present The author feels that the church should are not to be snubbed. Many of them con­ recognize this artificial connection of Sunday tain considerable insight, wisdom, and an as a day for worship mid rest, imposed by important sense of direction which can be the state, and not buraen its members with utilized in the constructjon of a new theo­ legalistic sabbatarianism. Ye it is clear from logical point of view. his discussion in the last chapter that the 1lhe ,main premise of Dr. Sontag's book author is not happy about current disregard is that the solution to his problem is to be of Sunday as a day for worship. Unhindered Jound in a process of reconstruction in which access to church on Sunday must be 'guar­ the best kinds of philosophy are united with anteed under ill circumstances for everyone the best kinds of theology in the formation who desires it ," and congregational worship of not one, but a number, of theological 42 stances. That is, he is a luralist rn theol­ confront the Reformed Church in America ogy, as William James was in philosophy. today: our attitude toward our heritage, the It behooves us all , he feel s, to see that many question of the necessity of contemporary kinds of a pr9aches have a va lidity of their c nfessions, the extent to which non-theo­ - .. own. It is highl y presumptuous for one logical factors and popular piety determine school of theology to believe that i is the our theological stance, the nature of the only conceivable and valid point of view. uniJy of the church, and the significance of The variety he espouses would not neces- the ecumenical movement. ari ly be a variety of points of view of a At this crucial juncture in the history of somewhat similar kind. T hey might, in our denomination, when we have just re­ fa ct, be representative of quite different ap­ jected a plan fo i:_merger and are bad ly divid­ proaches, attitude~ and conclusions. ed on our attitude toward the Consultation All of this is "natural theology" at its on Church Union, the reading of Lohse blandest. It is man bu sy at work creating might be a most helpful tonic. It could con­ bis own god or gods, with an attendant tribut toward discussions that were more theological construction, completely confid ent theological than visceral, provide a sense of that he is ab le to bring the whole thing off. perspective, and in general go a long way Slight references are made to the Scriptures, toward restoring our denominational sanity. to the effect that they are important for the Lohse has very definite views on some of basis of such theology-making, but the ref­ these controversial issues, but he generally erences are only polite. No serious attempt fo llows hi s own advice, viz., to avoid the is made to indicate how the IJ3i ble can fi t extremes of a mere repristination of outworn realistically into such a scheme of things. I affirmations, on the one hand, and a thought­ is reall y astonishing how the author can less rejection of the inheritance of the past, show himself so convinced that man can be on the other. He also has wise words about correct in formulating his own god-concep­ the dangers of the one extreme of simply tions, e,ven though the variant theologies in accepting the scandalous divjsions of Chris­ this pluralism may come up with quite dif­ tianity and the other of denying the serious­ ferent ideas. Actually, the author throughout ness of the problem of truth for the sake of the volume talks very much about his proj­ a questionable compromise. Moreover, in ecu­ ect, and this in a repetitious manner, with­ menical endeavors, "romantic daydreams can out ever seriously layi ng down a program be quite as dangerous as denominational s(; Jf. of operation by which the project might con­ satisfaction and seclusion." It should be ap­ ceivably be brou~ht off. It is a very dis­ parent that neither faction in our churoh can appoi nting book, to say the least. use this book to club the other. But it Elton M. Eenigenburg could help us to focus on the real issues rather than fl ail dead horses. A Short History of Christian Doc­ Quite apart from its relevance to our par­ trine, by Bernhard Lohse, Philadelphia: ticular situation, however, this book is worth Fortress Press, 1966. Pp. xiv-304. reading for its stimulating trea tment of the $5.00. nature, development and place of dogma in the church. The English ~ itle is misleading For busy pastors a study of the history in this regard, for this is not a history of of doctrine might seem rather irrelevant. doctrine as such. a"he original title, Epochen This type of book usually is consigned to der Dogmengeschiohte (Epochs of the His­ seminary students and scholars. But nothing to.ry of Dogma ), indicates more accurately could be more wrong, particul arly in ref­ the nature of this volume, (However, the erence to this excellent analysis by Bernhard translation by F. Ernest Stoeffer is superb. Lohse, a recognized Luther scholar and pro­ 1lhe publisher is also to be commended for fessor of historioal theology at the Univer­ such a handsome binding and the reasonabl e sity of Hamburg. For in this book Lohse priae.) As a history of doctrine, it Jacks speaks directly to several basic issues which the balance and comprehensiveness of older works such as those by Seeberg, Loofs and perspective. Nor does Lohse do justi ce to Neve-Heick. Lohse considers at some length recent developments in Roman Catholic the­ the doctrines of the Trini ty, Christology, sin ology in his brief chapter, "Dogma within and grace, word and sacrament, and justifi­ Recent Catholicism." He is very positive, cati on, but other subjects such as authority, however, in hi s evaluation of the significance the atonement, and the church are not dealt of the Barmen Declaration ( 1934) of the with at all or very sketchily. But what is Confessing Church in Germany - and now treated is done well. The discussions are also one of the confessions of the United lucid and precise, the summaries often Presbyterian Church U.S.A. This he regards masterful. as "a dec isive step forward in the history I was particularly pleaseCI with his dis­ of Protestantism, a step which the Protestant cussion of the contributions of Tertullian, Church cannot undo or ignore without in­ seventeenth century orthodoxy and pieti sm­ viting retribution" (p. 21. Cf. pp. 230 f.). all of which oft en fare badly at the hands The main contribution of this book, as of historians and theo logians. Even more indicated above, is rather in the author's noteworthy is his fair and often sympathetic discussion of the true meaning and signifi­ treatment of Zwingli's and Calvin's under­ cance of dogma. He writes from the convic­ standing of the Lord's Supper. Rarely has ti on that "in the dogmas of the church we the Reformed standpoint received such posi­ have been given a heritage which must not tive treatment from a Lutheran! But alas! be negleGted and which should not merely the same appreciation is not manifest toward be conserved" (p. vii) . The introductory a fellow Lutheran, the great theologian of chapter is especially valuable in defining the the. German Reform ation, Philipp Melanch­ nature of dogma (where: the Roman Catholic, thon. Melanchthon has been a favorite whip­ liberal, and Barthian views are rejected) , ping boy of certain Lutherans far too long. showing the continuity in its development, It is di sa ppointing to see Lohse repeat the as well as pointing out its autho.rity and the old cliches. The reformer receives far better necessity of interpreting it. By 'dogma' Lohse treatment in a si milar recent work by a means primarily confessional writings, not Swedish Lutheran, Bengt Hagglund, in his dogmas in the Catholio sense. He has the .- I-Ijstory of Theology ( 1968). highes t regard for the classical and refor­ ... _. Although Lohse does justice to Calvin, he mation creeds and confessions, but he makes is obviously not at home with other signifi­ the important point that "these decisions of ~...... cant Reformed, not to mention Baptist and the past must be interpreted, i.e. , translated, if they are to be intelligib le in our day" (p. • ...... J ,Anglican, contributions to the development of dogma. In his discussion of Orthodoxy, 18). 'J.lh is Lohse himse lf does masterfully for instaoce, he completely ignores the Re­ throughout the following chapters. _. form ed sit'le of the development of the doc­ This is also the task se t before us. n our ...:. -- trine of the inspiration of Scripture. Similar­ concern with new structu res and the healing ly, he goes into consi.derabJ e detail in com­ of our wounds, we can ill afford this chal­ paring the development of the various lenge whi ch strikes at the very heart of our Lutheran aonfessions but again ignores their existence, namely, to r.eappropriate and re­ important Reformed counterparts such as the state our faith and heritage in such a way :::..- Second Helv1; tic.__Confession, the Heidelberg that we may be united for the great task of .- - Catechi sm, and seventeenth century Dutch the mi ssion of the church. For "a faith and Scottish co nfessional statements. Here which no longer knows how to confess, and .--· the author is narrowly Lutheran and needs whi ch can no longer express this confession - to be supplemented by Wilhelm Niesel's doctrinally, will lose its vigor and become Symboli cs, The Gospel and the l.hurches, weak" (p. 22 ) . which is written from a decidedly Reformed I. John Hesselink

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