Total System Performance of GBAS-Based Automatic Landings

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Total System Performance of GBAS-Based Automatic Landings TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Fakultät für Maschinenwesen Lehrstuhl für Flugsystemdynamik Total System Performance of GBAS-based Automatic Landings Dipl.-Tech. Math. Univ. Michael Felux Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Oskar J. Haidn Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Florian Holzapfel 2. Prof. Jiyun Lee, Ph.D. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Die Dissertation wurde am 21.02.2018 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Maschinenwesen am 25.07.2018 angenommen. TU München Michael Felux Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank Florian Holzapfel for his continuous support and his very motivating way of supervising this thesis. Even though I was not working at the Institute of Flight System Dy- namics at the TUM, he was always available for discussions about my work and progress and kept supporting my efforts. It was a great pleasure working with him! Next, I would like to thank Jiyun Lee for her very helpful co-supervision of this work. Despite the long distance between Munich and Daejeon, she kept giving very helpful advice concerning my re- search and supported me in an excellent way throughout the work. I conducted the research and produced this thesis while working at the German Aerospace Center’s Institute of Communications and Navigation. I would like to thank the head of the Institute Prof. Gün- ther, as well as the head of the Navigation Department, Prof. Meurer, for the opportunity to do the research presented in this thesis and their continuous support of my work. I furthermore want to thank my colleagues Simona Circiu, Gertjan Looye, Fabian Morschek, Thomas Dautermann, Thomas Lud- wig, Hayung Becker, Robert Geister and Markus Rippl, for their direct help, guidance and support to this work and all my other colleagues at DLR for all the fruitful discussions and inspiration and great time at work. Finally, I want to thank my whole family, especially of course my parents as well as my wife Gosia for their continuous support over all the years! KURZFASSUNG Diese Arbeit untersucht automatische Landungen von Flugzeugen, basierend auf Navigationssignalen von globalen Satellitennavigationssystemen (GNSS), welche durch ein bodengestütztes Augmentie- rungssystem (GBAS) korrigiert werden. Durch die Betrachtung von verfügbaren Informationen, in Verbindung mit einer realistischeren Modellierung werden Verbesserungsvorschläge für GBAS ge- macht, welche das Potential haben die Verfügbarkeit des Dienstes zu erhöhen. Zunächst werden hierfür das Instrumentenlandesystem (ILS) als derzeitiges Standard-System für die Führung von Luftfahrzeugen im Landeanflug und das GBAS als künftiges Führungssystem beschrie- ben und auf die Genauigkeit der Anflugführung im Flugversuch hin verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass GBAS ein deutlich weniger störanfälligeres, weniger verrauschtes und präziseres Führungssignal zur Verfügung stellt, als dasjenige des ILS. Als nächstes wird die Ableitung von Anforderungen an ein Landesystem für Flugzeuge diskutiert. Die erlaubte Gesamtunsicherheit im Hinblick auf den Aufsetzpunkt des Flugzeugs ist dabei aufzuteilen auf einen Anteil des Autopiloten und einen Anteil des Navigationssystems. Dieser Prozess wird kritisch begutachtet und Verbesserungen vorgeschlagen, wo es möglich ist konservative Annahmen durch in Echtzeit verfügbare Informationen zu ersetzen. So können die Anforderungen an die GBAS Monitore reduziert und damit die Verfügbarkeit des Dienstes erhöht werden. Als nächstes folgt eine Untersuchung der Verteilung der Aufsetzpunkte bei automatischen Landungen. Diese Untersuchungen werden exemplarisch anhand eines Simulationsmodells durchgeführt. Die Er- gebnisse zeigen, dass eine Modellierung des Aufsetzverhaltens als Normalverteilung nicht gut geeig- net ist. Entweder ist eine konservative Abschätzung vorzunehmen, um das Risiko außerhalb des er- laubten Bereiches auf der Bahn aufzusetzen nicht zu unterschätzen. Alternativ wird die Modellierung mittels einer Johnson-Verteilung untersucht, welche eine deutlich realistischere und weniger konserva- tive Beschreibung des Aufsetzverhaltens zulässt. Schließlich wird noch der Einfluss des Navigationssystems auf den Gesamtfehler untersucht. Die größten potentiellen Fehler in differentieller Navigation können durch ionosphärische Störungen ent- stehen. Dieses Phänomen wird deshalb näher beschrieben und im Anschluss ein verbessertes Monito- ring im Bodensystem entwickelt. Dieses basiert auf einem zusätzlichen Empfänger für das Monitoring und berücksichtigt die aktuelle Satellitengeometrie. Schließlich wird für zukünftige Zweifrequenz- Dienste noch ein Monitoring im Bordsystem entwickelt und diskutiert. Dieses verwendet Informatio- nen, sowohl über die aktuelle Satellitenkonstellation, als auch über die Leistungsfähigkeit des Autopi- loten und benötigt deshalb deutlich weniger konservative Annahmen als ein gegenwärtiges GBAS. i ABSTRACT In this work, automatic landings of aircraft based on signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), augmented by a Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS), are investigated. By taking into account available knowledge that is currently not used and a more realistic modelling of the auto- land performance several suggestions for improving GBAS are made. After a short discussion of the Instrument Landing System (ILS) and GBAS a motivation for the use of GBAS is given by comparing the performance of both guidance systems in flight trials. The results show that GBAS is much less susceptible to disturbances and provides more precise and smoother guidance. The next chapter continues with a description and a discussion of the derivation of navigation re- quirements for GBAS from the definition of a safe landing. The total error budged has to be split be- tween the autopilot and the navigation system. A critical review of the derivation process proposes adjustments by taking into account available knowledge about the satellite geometry in order to reduce the monitoring requirements and thus increase system availability. This discussion is followed by an investigation of the autoland performance based on one example autopilot implementation. The results show that the currently used way to model the touchdown per- formance by a Gaussian distribution is not well suited. Either very conservative inflation is necessary or the tail probability of landing outside the required touchdown zone may be significantly underesti- mated. It is therefore suggested to model the touchdown performance by a Johnson distribution, better fitting to the obtained results. Finally, the contribution of the navigation system to the total system error is discussed. As the main concern in differential navigation techniques, such as GBAS, results from ionospheric disturbances these phenomena are discussed more in detail. For the GBAS ground system an improved ionospheric monitor is proposed, based on adding an additional reference receiver for monitoring purposes. Fur- thermore, an ionospheric monitor for future dual-frequency GBAS modes is developed. Such a moni- tor is necessary if positioning is to be done based on single frequency modes, which seems to be a very likely way forward. Shifting this monitoring task to the airborne system has the advantage that all knowledge about current navigation performance and autopilot performance for that specific aircraft type can be exploited, facilitating the ionospheric monitoring task significantly. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Kurzfassung i Abstract ii Table of contents iii 1 Introduction and Overview of Contributions 1 1.1 Background of the work 1 1.2 Current state of the art 2 1.3 Objectives of this work 4 1.4 Outline and Overview of the contributions 4 2 Approach Classifications and Guidance Systems 7 2.1 The Instrument Landing System 9 2.2 The Ground Based Augmentation System 11 2.2.1 GNSS position estimation and potential influences 12 2.2.2 GBAS Ground System 13 2.2.3 GBAS Airborne System 21 2.3 Comparison of GBAS and ILS Guidance 30 2.3.1 Potential 30 2.3.2 Performance in flight trials 30 3 Requirements 35 3.1 Airworthiness and Operational Requirements 37 3.1.1 Nominal Case 39 3.1.2 Limit Case 39 3.1.3 Malfunction Case 39 3.2 Aircraft FTE Requirements 40 3.2.1 Nominal case FTE constraints 41 3.2.2 Limit case FTE constraints 42 3.2.3 Malfunction case FTE constraints 44 3.3 Aircraft NSE Requirements 48 3.3.1 Other Aircraft NAV Sensors 48 3.3.2 GBAS NSE Requirements 49 3.4 Discussion of requirements and possible relaxations 55 3.4.1 Glide Path Angle 55 3.4.2 Relation between pseudorange and position domain 56 3.4.3 FTE contribution and nominal touchdown point 56 4 FTE Contribution - Autopilot Systems for Automatic Landings 58 4.1 Approach Phases and Autopilot Modes 59 4.2 Controller architecture 60 4.3 Determination of Aircraft’s FTE 62 4.4 Exemplary FTE Analysis 64 4.4.1 Wind influence 66 4.4.2 Aircraft mass and center of gravity location 80 4.5 Exemplary leveraging of knowledge by restricting parameters 82 4.6 Application to NSE/FTE trade-off 84 5 NSE Contribution and Ionospheric Gradient Monitoring 88 5.1 Nominal NSE 90 5.2 Non-Nominal NSE 90 5.3 Ionospheric Threat Models and Necessity for an Ionospheric Gradient Monitor 91 5.3.1 The ionospheric threat model parameters 93 5.3.2 CONUS ionospheric threat model 94 5.3.3 German
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