DOCSLIB.ORG

RWANDAFUL the Hague

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
RWANDAFUL the Hague ISSUE Also speaking at the opening session was Arancha Gonzalez, Executive Di- Monthly rector of the International Trade Centre. She explained that Africa remains RWANDARWANDAFULFUL Roundup of the continent with the greatest promise. “Sub-Saharan Africa is the world’s Rwanda’s second fastest-growing continent in economic terms, with GDP rising by an Stories average of 6% per year,” she said. 3838 TheThe HagueHague Ms Aranchez said that Sub-Saharan Africa’s demographics held great prom- August & September 2014 ise with young Africans’ entrepreneurial spirit and technology and innova- tion on the rise. Africa has become the second most attractive investment destination in the world and the continent’s rapid urbanisation, expanding middle class and increasing household expenditures are creating millions of President Kagame opens World Export consumers. Africa is already taking its place as the market of the future and local SMEs Development Forum in Rwanda can seize the opportunity to increase local value addition and begin selling to markets in the region. She noted that SMEs will play a large role in cre- ating the 500 million jobs needed by the year 2030 to meet the demand of the growing global working age population. Ms Gonzalez also announced the launch of ITC’s e-learning SME Trade Academy, which is now accessible to all from the ITC website. “The e- learning platform puts ITC’s expertise in the hands of entrepreneurs who want to tap into potential trade opportunities through practical online training and export related courses coupled with mentoring,” she said. Rwanda Development Board Chief Executive Officer, Francis Gatare, said that Rwanda shares the same vision as the ITC – that a vibrant private sec- Developing countries will need to significantly change their mindsets for their economies to transform. Speaking tor is the only way trade-led growth and development can be achieved. during the opening session of the World Export Development Forum in Kigali on 16 September, the President of Rwanda, Paul Kagame, said that it was important for SMEs in developing countries to shift their mindsets in three key areas: believing that they can do it, not giving up and seeing competition as an opportunity rather than a problem. To achieve economic transformation, developing nations will have to believe in themselves, exercise hard word and resilience and develop the productive capacities of citizens, and their economies. “Our path to prosperity may be harder and slower than it was for others, but there is no country that is so isolated and disadvantaged that it cannot find some competitive edge in the global economy,” President Kagame said. “However, to find the right trade niche requires not only hard work, but also resilience in the face of setbacks and disappointments. If the path were easy or obvious, it would have been discovered already.” President Kagame added that to overcome geographical and other disadvantages, we must benchmark ourselves EMBASSY OF THE against the best in the world, not just against similar economies. He said that the government’s role remains find- REPUBLIC OF RWANDA The Hague ing ways to help people learn the lessons of competition faster and share them quickly. Pointing out that real www.netherlands.embassy.gov.rw wealth is in the mind and not on the ground, the President noted that building a competitive, modern economy [email protected] requires smart investments in human capital, and productive knowledge. Rwanda remains the most competitive economy in the region President Kagame visits Gikomero residents in Gasabo District Rwanda maintained its position as the most competitive economy in the East Afri- President Kagame met on 9 September over 25,000 residents of Gikomero sector and neighbouring sec- can region and third in Africa, according to a new Global Competitiveness Index tors in Gasabo District. He told the gathering at a community stadium in Munini cell to continue the hard report. work so as to achieve self-reliance. According to the 2014-15 World Economic Forum annual report released this week, Rwanda ranks 62nd globally with aggregate 4.3 out of seven. It is one of the four African economies in the top 75 most competitive countries out of 144 surveyed, the others being Mauritius (39th), South Africa (56th) and Botswana (74th). According to the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning Clever Gatete, Rwanda deserved the position because the country has maintained its impressive growth rate. "Our aim is to rank on top position and accelerate our country’ s growth. We are not resting; we are aiming higher for better and sustainable results that will benefit each and every Rwandan citizen," he noted. The report ranks Rwanda 18th with best structured institutions globally. On aver- age, Rwanda’s macroeconomic environment scored 4.6 aggregates out of a possible In his speech President Kagame called on residents to aspire for high productivity in every income- seven, while health and primary education registered 5.5 aggregates. Competitive- generating activities they do. He also asked the residents to work in cooperatives because it is the easi- ness was also recorded in financial markets (4.30), technological readiness (3.1), est way to access finance and markets. “The government will provide necessary infrastructures and business sophistication (3.80), and innovation (3.5). working environment but it’s the duty of people to use those facilities for their own development. It is very easy for business to prosper when people join hands and resources. We should target to become The Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 assesses the competitiveness of self reliant because we cannot keep on surviving on donors’ mercy,” said president Kagame landscape of 144 economies, providing insight into the drivers of their productivity and prosperity. The report series remains the most comprehensive assessment of During his visit President Kagame reminded leaders to think about the people they are serving first. The national competitiveness worldwide. It is, therefore, crucial to address these struc- visit was also marked by a Q&A session where many residents asked various questions but also many tural challenges to ensure more sustainable and inclusive growth. More than ever, who thanked the leadership for key development programs that have changed their lives like Gira Inka cooperative leadership among business, government and civil society is needed to among many others. re-establish sustainable growth and raise living standards throughout the world. Gahima Celestin is a resident of Karambi cell in Gikomero. He received a cow from the Gira Inka program and since then he has not only improved his families wellbeing but has also gave its 2 calves with his neighbors. He now gets enough milk for his family and sells some to cover other needs. He added that he also benefited from VUP program and later received training in modern agricultural schemes that he used to plant his own banana plantation and now supplies key restaurants in the capital. Facts about Gasabo district Population: 16.740 residents Gikomero: Is the origin of Rwanda Cells : 5 cells Villages 20 villages Agriculture: Banana, Beans, Maize and Greens. East Africa Tourist Visa launched in the Netherlands by the Ambassadors of Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda Tourists visiting the East African countries of Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda find it easy and cheaper after the three countries created one seamless tourist destination with the launch of the East African single joint visa. The launch was celebrated at the Carlton Ambassador Hotel in The Hague on Thursday 11 September 2014 organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Rwanda, the Embassy of the Republic of Uganda and the Embassy of the Republic of Kenya. Rwandan Ambassador H.E. Jean Pierre Karabaranga, Ugandan Ambassador H.E. Mirjam Blaak-Sow and Kenyan Ambassador H.E. Rose Makena Muchiri officially unveiled the East African Tourist Visa, attended by more than 250 guests. The new cross-border visa simplifies travel arrangements for holidaymakers, as well as creates a new brand for the whole region and open up opportunities for joint marketing campaigns. Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda are famed for their wildlife, which will, through the introduction of a joint visa, boost regional travel, adding value to the tourism products of the three countries and highlighting the diversity of East Africa. The introduction of the single tourist visa is a result of a joint initiative and decision made by the Heads of State of the respective countries. More information about the East Africa Tourist Visa on the website of the Embassy: http://www.netherlands.embassy.gov.rw/index.php?id=255 Explore opportunities in Rwanda at AfricaWorks on 16 & 17 October The application form for the East Africa Tourist Visa can be downloaded here: The Netherlands African Business Council (NABC) and the African Studies Centre (ASC) will be or- http://www.netherlands.embassy.gov.rw/uploads/media/ ganizing the second edition of the Africa Works! conference on 16 and 17 October at the Holiday EAST_TOURIST_AFRICA_VISA_FINAL_01.pdf Inn in Leiden, the Netherlands. The aim of Africa Works! is to strengthen the dialogue between the private and public sector, NGOs and knowledge institutions to form partnerships on the African continent. To apply the East Africa Tourist Visa online, go to: http://www.migration.gov.rw/index.php?id=233 Ambassador Karabaranga from the Rwandan Embassy in The Hague and Ambassador Cuelenaere from the Dutch Embassy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ycop Links: the Next Generation Compilation of Issues 51-105 a Youth Community of Practice (Ycop) Publication
    YCoP Links: The Next Generation Compilation of Issues 51-105 A Youth Community of Practice (YCoP) Publication Educational Quality Out of School Youth Learning Improvement Program 3 Earning YCoP Links: The Next Generation Compilation of Issues 51-105 A Youth Community of Practice (YCoP) Publication Produced as part of the USAID Youth Community of Practice (YCoP) by Education Development Center, Inc. under EQUIP3 Leader Agreement No. GDG-A-00-03-00006-00 Compiled by Suzanne Kratzig and Ann Hershkowitz Production and Interactive Indexing by Erin O’Brien Photo Credits: Fabrizio Cocchiano (cover photo and page 92) and EDC employees June 2012 EQUIP3 Consortium: Education Development Center, Inc. FHI 360 (formerly Academy for Educational Development) Catholic Relief Services International Council on National Youth Policy International Youth Foundation National Youth Employment Coalition National Youth Leadership Council Opportunities Industrialization Centers International Partners of the Americas Plan International Childreach Sesame Workshop Street Kids International World Learning TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. ii HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT ............................................................................................................................... iii LINKS LISTINGS ..........................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the Genocide in Rwanda
    Gender and the Genocide in Rwanda This book examines the mobilization, role, and trajectory of women rescuers and perpetrators during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. While much has been written about the victimization of women during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, very little has been said about women who rescued targeted victims or perpetrated crimes against humanity. This book explores and analyzes the role played by women who exercised agency as rescuers and as per- petrators during the genocide in Rwanda. As women, they took actions and deci- sions within the context of a deeply entrenched patriarchal system that limited their choices. This work examines two diverging paths of women’s agency during this period: to rescue from genocide or to perpetrate genocide. It seeks to answer three questions: First, how were certain Rwandan women mobilized to parti- cipate in genocide, and by whom? Second, what were the specific actions of women during this period of violence and upheaval? Finally, what were the tra- jectories of women rescuers and perpetrators after the genocide? Comparing and contrasting how women rescuers and perpetrators were mobilized, the actions they undertook, and their post- genocide trajectories, and concluding with a broader discussion of the long- term impact of ignoring these women, this book develops a more nuanced and holistic view of women’s agency and the genocide in Rwanda. This book will be of interest to students of gender studies, genocide studies, African politics and critical security studies. Sara E. Brown is a Fellow at the USC Shoah Foundation – The Institute for Visual History and Education, and has a PhD in Comparative Genocide Studies from Clark University, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Violence, and the Narrative of Genocide: the Dangers of a Third-Term in Rwanda
    African Studies Quarterly | Volume 17, Issue 1 | March 2017 At Issue: Ethnicity, Violence, and the Narrative of Genocide: The Dangers of a Third-Term in Rwanda RYAN GOEHRUNG Abstract: Rwanda’s upcoming August 2017 presidential election provides a unique opportunity for the international community to reflect upon the past and contemplate the future of a nation that has struggled with intense ethnic factionalism for much of its history. In particular, incumbent President Paul Kagame’s bid for a third-term is cause to consider the merits and dangers of his continued rule. While Kagame is often hailed for his role in ending the 1994 civil war and ushering in an era of stability and economic growth, in recent years his regime has faced widespread criticism for rampant human rights abuses, repression of civil liberties, growing income inequality, clandestine involvement in regional conflicts, and suppression of political opposition. Despite strong evidence for many of these allegations, to date Kagame and his ideologues have escaped any major international censure by virtue of his brash indignation toward any indictments and his willingness to utilize the memory of genocide to deflect criticism. However, closer analysis of the Kagame government reveals that in many ways it is recreating the economic, social, and political conditions that have in the past led to the proliferation of ethnic tensions and heralded outbreaks of violence. Therefore, it is a critical juncture for the international community to consider intervention prior to the 2017 elections to compel more substantive democratization characterized by ethnic power-sharing in order to forestall any potential resurgences of violence and ensure that Rwanda continues on its path towards reconciliation and stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Genocide-In-Rwanda-R
    The information in this publication is believed to be correct at the time of manufacture. Whilst care has been taken to ensure that the information is accurate, the publisher can accept no responsibility for any errors or omissions or for changes to the details given. Views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the thesis committee, the University of North Dakota Honors Program, or any subsequent publisher. 2 Genocide in Rwanda: Recurrence Risk Model Using Two Early Warning Models by Clarinda Rae Solberg A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Dakota Honors Program Committee In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For Graduation As a Scholar in the Honors Program Grand Forks, North Dakota 2 April 2012 2 | P a g e 3 ABSTRACT While very little attention has been paid to the possibility of another genocide in Rwanda, prior genocide is an important risk factor for recurrence. Yet a lack of in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis on this likelihood is leaving a gaping hole in the field of genocide prevention. Scholars and non-governmental organizations have failed to provide a full-scale scrutiny of today’s Rwanda while at the same time admitting it is a country at risk for possible large scale conflict and criticizing the international community’s failure to act in 1994. This research fills a significant hole in the current literature by analyzing the existing conditions for conflict recurrence in Rwanda using two never before contrasted early warning models and placing them side by side for a more complete risk assessment profile.
    [Show full text]
  • Depressive Symptoms in Youth Heads of Household in Rwanda Correlates and Implications for Intervention
    ARTICLE Depressive Symptoms in Youth Heads of Household in Rwanda Correlates and Implications for Intervention Neil W. Boris, MD; Lisanne A. Brown, PhD; Tonya R. Thurman, PhD; Janet C. Rice, PhD; Leslie M. Snider, MD, MPH; Joseph Ntaganira, PhD; Laetitia N. Nyirazinyoye, MPH Objective: To examine the level of depressive symp- depressive symptoms that exceeded the clinical cutoff were toms and their predictors in youth from one region of associated with having 3 basic household assets or fewer, Rwanda who function as heads of household (ie, those such as a mattress and a spare set of clothes (odds ratio responsible for caring for other children) and care for [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-2.70), eat- younger orphans. ing less than 1 meal per day (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.09- 2.60), reporting fair health (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.76- Design: Cross-sectional survey 2.29) or poor health (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.17-4.64), endorsing high levels of grief (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.73- Setting: Four adjoining districts in Gigonkoro, an im- 4.13), having at least 1 parent die in the genocide as op- poverished rural province in southwestern Rwanda. posed to all other causes of parental death (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.10-3.04), and not having a close friend (OR, 1.91; Participants: Trained interviewers met with the eldest 95% CI, 1.17-3.12). There was an interaction between member of each household (n=539) in which a youth marginalization from the community and alcohol use; 24 years old or younger was caring for 1 child or more.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Education for Youth in Rwanda: a Case Study of Methods, Effectiveness, and Response at the Kimisagara One Stop Youth Center Leslie Massicotte SIT Study Abroad
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2013 Sexual Education for Youth in Rwanda: A Case Study of Methods, Effectiveness, and Response at the Kimisagara One Stop Youth Center Leslie Massicotte SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Community Health and Preventive Medicine Commons, and the Public Health Education and Promotion Commons Recommended Citation Massicotte, Leslie, "Sexual Education for Youth in Rwanda: A Case Study of Methods, Effectiveness, and Response at the Kimisagara One Stop Youth Center" (2013). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1624. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1624 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sexual Education for Youth in Rwanda: A Case Study of Methods, Effectiveness, and Response at the Kimisagara One Stop Youth Center Leslie Massicotte SIT Rwanda: Post-Genocide Restoration and Peacebuilding Academic Advisor: Daniel Lumonya Spring 2013 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the entire staff at Maison des Jeunes for allowing me to spend a few weeks at their center, participating in and observing the very important work that they do. Special thanks to the center’s peer educators, Janet and Andre, who let me share their office, to the VCT Coordinator, Seraphine, and to Gisele, one of the center’s three counselors.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdfs/R/Rwanda/Rwanda993.Pdf>
    Citation for published version: Purdekova, A 2016, '"Mundane Sights" of Power: A History of Social Monitoring and its Subversion in Rwanda', African Studies Review, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 59-86. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.32 DOI: 10.1017/asr.2016.32 Publication date: 2016 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication This article has been published in African Studies Review https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.32. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © African Studies Association 2016 University of Bath Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 “Mundane Sights of Power: The History of Social Monitoring and its Subversion in Rwanda” Andrea Purdeková Abstract. By tracing Rwandan state’s “mundane sights” – everyday forms of presence and monitoring – the paper sheds light on the historical development and striking continuities in ‘interactive surveillance’ across a century of turbulent political change. The paper considers three emblematic surveillance technologies— the nyumbakumi institution, the identity card, and umuganda works (and public activities more broadly)— which, despite their implication in genocide, were retained, reworked and even bolstered after the conflict ended.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth in Rwanda and Burundi
    UNIteD StAteS INStItUte of Peace www.usip.org SPeCIAL RePoRt 2301 Constitution Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20037 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPO R T Marc Sommers and Peter Uvin This report compares the results of parallel research projects carried out among impoverished, nonelite youth in post- conflict Rwanda and Burundi. Arguing that the plight and priorities of nonelite youth should be of serious national and international concern, particularly in countries that have Youth in Rwanda unusually youthful populations that are overwhelmingly poor and undereducated, it finds striking differences between the groups, with a significantly bleaker picture for youth in Rwanda. and Burundi ABOUT THE AUTHO R S Contrasting Visions Marc Sommers is a 2011–12 fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and a visiting researcher with Boston University’s African Studies Center. He was a Jennings Randolph Senior Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace Summary in 2009–10. He is the author of Stuck: Rwandan Youth and the • Extensive research with nonelite youth in postwar Rwanda and Burundi revealed stark and Struggle for Adulthood (2011). startling contrasts between the lives of poor Rwandan and Burundian youth, particularly Peter Uvin is Henry J. Leir Professor of International concerning issues of masculinity, education, urban migration, and social mobility. Humanitarian Studies at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. He is the author of Life after • Severe manhood pressures and the threat of failure for male and female youth emerged as Violence: A People’s Story of Burundi (2009). the dominant research theme in Rwanda.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inter-Generational Perspective on Collective Memories and Constructed Identities in Post-Genocide Rwanda Heather Randall University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by ScholarWorks@UARK Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 13 Article 8 Fall 2012 Reconstructing History: An Inter-Generational Perspective on Collective Memories and Constructed Identities in Post-Genocide Rwanda Heather Randall University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry Part of the African History Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Randall, Heather (2012) "Reconstructing History: An Inter-Generational Perspective on Collective Memories and Constructed Identities in Post-Genocide Rwanda," Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 13 , Article 8. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry/vol13/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Inquiry: The nivU ersity of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Randall: Reconstructing History: An Inter-Generational Perspective on Coll ANTHROPOLOGY: Heather Randall RECONSTRUCTING HISTORY: AN INTER-GENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON COLLECTIVE MEMORIES AND CONSTRUCTED IDENTITIES IN POST- GENOCIDE RWANDA By Heather Randall Department of Anthropology Faculty Mentor: Dr. JoAnn D’Alisera Department of Anthropology Abstract In the 18 years since the Rwandan genocide, which left approximately 1,000,000 people dead in 100 days, much has changed for Rwandans. This paper will examine the history of the genocide, including the international response to the killings and developments in peace and reconciliation. This paper also examines anthropological data from college-age Rwandese, whose names have been fictionalized, and historical information from older generations who lived through the genocide.
    [Show full text]
  • Agrifood Youth Employment and Engagement Study (Agyees)
    AGRIFOOD YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND ENGAGEMENT STUDY Agrifood Youth Employment and Engagement Study 1 Acknowledgments Support for AgYees was provided by The MasterCard Foundation and is gratefully acknowledged by the authors. The authors also thank Regis Nisengwe for excellent research assistance, and Olivier Hirwa and Anna Andrew Temu for facilitating stakeholder interviews in Rwanda and Tanzania, respectively. In addition, the authors would like to recognize DeAndra Beck for her strong leadership of AgYees; Skye McDonald, Lisa Hinds and Karin Dillon for their generous and excellent management support; and Rachel Warner for creative graphic design and assistance with report production. © 2016 Michigan State University Agrifood Youth Employment and Engagement Study AGRIFOOD YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND ENGAGEMENT STUDY (AGYEES) by Andrea Allen, Julie Howard, M. Kondo, Amy Jamison, Thomas Jayne, J. Snyder, David Tschirley, and Kwame Felix Yeboah* JUNE 2016 All authors are at Michigan State University. Allen is Associate Director, Center for Advanced Study of International Development. Howard is Senior Adviser to the Associate Provost and Dean, International Studies and Programs. Kondo and Snyder are Ph.D candidates and Graduate Research Assistants in the Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics. Jamison is Assistant Director, Center for Gender in Global Context. Jayne is University Foundation Professor, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics. Tschirley is Professor, International Development, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics and Co-Director, Food Security Group. Yeboah is Assistant Professor, International Development, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics Agrifood Youth Employment and Engagement Study i ii Agrifood Youth Employment and Engagement Study AGRIFOOD YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND ENGAGEMENT STUDY (AGYEES) TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Outcast Majority and Postwar Development: Youth Exclusion and the Pressure for Success
    14 The Outcast Majority and Postwar Development: Youth Exclusion and the Pressure for Success Marc Sommers Youth and the Status Quo stability is unfounded. Most female and male youth, it turns out, are peaceful, including in times of war. Across today’s developing world, unprecedentedly This chapter explains why the approach to youth large youth populations are evident alongside a exclusion isn’t working, and what can be done to second predominant phenomenon: profound and transform it. The chapter draws mainly from the persistent exclusion of youth. Rare is the case where national governments, or their international case of war and postwar Africa, where the distance development partners, introduce a viable solution between youth and governments and international to address these dual challenges. Much too often, development agencies tends to be pronounced, and colossal cohorts of youthful citizens are considered where inaccurate stereotypes about young people security threats, to be counteracted with a mix pervade. The changes that are required necessarily of state repression and employment programs move governments and international development for a tiny fraction of the youth population. The agencies out of their comfort zone. The reason is approach is unintentionally counterproductive simple: the extensive exclusion of youth underscores and heavily gendered. It is also often based on how the status quo doesn’t work. The proposed assumptions drawn from suspect evidence. The solutions of governments and development popular conception of demographic youth bulge agencies promise to be inadequate or misguided, populations as threats to social cohesion and largely because their target group — excluded youth 3 4 • Marc Sommers majorities — usually has no say in the initiatives or social disturbance (Goldstone 2002; Mesquida that governments and agencies implement.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing Rwandan Identity in the Diaspora: Remembering the Green Hills in Cold Canada
    CONSTRUCTING RWANDAN IDENTITY IN THE DIASPORA: REMEMBERING THE GREEN HILLS IN COLD CANADA ANNA AINSWORTH A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO OCTOBER, 2015 ©ANNA AINSWORTH 2015 Abstract This study investigated the processes of identity formation among those who identified as Rwandan and lived in the Greater Toronto Area. The study was conducted using in-depth qualitative interviews and ethnographic participant observation. It argues that those who identified as Rwandan in the GTA were subject to powerful discourses of simultaneous belonging and non-belonging in both the Canadian and the Rwandan state. The extreme violence of the Rwandan genocide ruptured the bonds of belonging that had tied those who identified as Rwandan to each other and to the Rwandan state. Since 1994, the new Rwandan state had developed a powerful mythico-history that proposed that all those who are identified as Hutu are perpetual perpetrators and all those who are identified as Tutsi are perpetual victims, even as it had denied that the identities of Hutu and Tutsi continued to exist. The re-telling and re-enacting of this mythico-history became the condition of belonging to the newly created diaspora and the Rwandan state. Simultaneously, ambivalent welcome and racialization that those who identified as Rwandan faced in Canada, and, specifically, the GTA, generated an anxiety and an awareness that they could only partially belong in the new homeland. Thus, the exclusion of the Canadian state generated a desire for the imagined homeland and enabled the Rwandan state to create a diaspora.
    [Show full text]