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Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Centro Nacional de Pesquisa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento Fungos de Expressão Quarentenária para as Fruteiras de Clima Temperado no Brasil Editores Maria de Fátima Santos Marta Aguiar Sabo Mendes Ana Angélica Alves Felix Brasília, DF 2002 Exemplares desta publicação podem ser adquiridos na: Embrapa - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Serviço de Atendimento ao Cidadão Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte (Final) - Brasília, DF CEP 70770-900 - Caixa Postal 02372 PABX: (61) 448-4600 Fax: (61) 340-3624 http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br e.mail:[email protected] Comitê de Publicações da Unidade Presidente: José Manuel Cabral de Sousa Dias Secretária-Executiva: Miraci de Arruda Camara Pontual Membros: Antônio Costa Allem Marcos Rodrigues de Faria Marta Aguiar Sabo Mendes Sueli Correa Marques de Mello Vera Tavares Campos Carneiro Suplentes: Edson Junqueira Leite José Roberto de Alencar Moreira Supervisor Editorial: Miraci de Arruda Camara Pontual Revisor de texto: Miraci de Arruda Camara Pontual Normalização Bibliográfica: Maria Alice Bianchi Tratamento de Ilustrações: Alysson Messias da Silva Editoração Eletrônica: Alysson Messias da Silva Capa: Alysson Messia da Silva 1a edição 1a impressão (2002): tiragem 300 Todos os direitos reservados. A reprodução não autorizada desta publicação, no todo ou em parte, constitui violação dos direitos autorais (Lei no 9.610). Santos, Maria de Fátima. Fungos de Expressão Quarentenária para as Fruteiras de Clima Temperado no Brasil / Maria de Fátima Santos...[et al.]. - Brasília: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 2002. 192 p. - ISBN: 85-87697-18-8 1. Fruteiras - Clima Temperado - Doença - Fungo. I. Santos, Maria de Fátima. II. Série. 632.4 CDD21 © Embrapa 2002 Autores e Editores Maria de Fátima Santos Enga Agra, M.Sc Fitopatologista, Bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. E-mail: [email protected] Marta Aguiar Sabo Mendes Enga. Agra., M.Sc Fitopatologista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. E-mail: [email protected] Carlos Eduardo Nascimento dos Santos Eng. Florestal, Bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Ana Angélica Alves Felix Bióloga, Graduanda, Bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. E-mail: [email protected] Sumário Capítulo 1 - Fungos de Expressão Quarentenária para as Fruteiras de Clima Temperado no Brasil ................................... 7 Capítulo 2 - Filo Ascomycota .................................................... 15 Apiosporina morbosa (Schwein.) v. Arx ........................................ 15 Diaporthe tanakae Kobayashi & Sakuma ...................................... 18 Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz ....................................... 20 Monilinia fructigena (Aderhold & Ruhl.) Honey ex Dennis ................. 24 Monilinia mali (Takahashi) Whetzel .............................................. 28 Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. .................................................... 30 Nectria galligena Bresad ............................................................ 39 Potebniamyces pyri (B. & B.) Dennis ............................................ 44 Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Müll.-Thurg. ......................................... 39 Taphrina pruni Tul. ................................................................... 48 Valsa ceratosperma (Tode:Fr.) Maire ........................................... 50 Capítulo 3 - Filo Basidiomycota ................................................ 57 Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kile ........................................ 57 Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink ............................................ 60 Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Dennis, P. D. Orton & Hora ................. 63 Arthuriomyces peckianus (Howe) Cummins & Y. Hiratsuka .............. 68 Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar ................................... 70 Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada ........................... 77 Gymnosporangium clavipes (Cooke & Peck) Cooke & Peck .............. 79 Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schw. ................................ 84 Gymnosporangium libocedri (Henn.) F. Kern .................................. 87 Gymnosporangium tremelloides (A. Braun) ex R. Hartig ................... 89 Gymnosporangium yamadae Miyabe ex Yamada ............................ 92 Hamaspora longissima (Thümen) Körnicke .................................... 94 Helicobasidium mompa Tanaka ................................................... 96 Physopella ampelopsidis (Dietel & P. Syd.) Cumm. & Ramachar ........ 99 Capítulo 4 - Fungos Anamórficos ........................................... 105 Alternaria gaisen Nagano ........................................................ 105 Alternaria mali Roberts ........................................................... 109 Cercosporella rubi (G. Wint.) Plakidas ........................................ 112 Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert ......................... 114 Capítulo 5 - Lista de Plantas Hospedeiras / Fungos ........... 117 Referências Bibliográficas ....................................................... 164 Capítulo 1 Fungos de Expressão Quarentenária para as Fruteiras de Clima Temperado no Brasil Marta Aguiar Sabo Mendes Maria de Fátima Santos Ana Angélica Alves Felix A história do registro das doenças de fitopatologia descreve numerosos exemplos de patógenos que, quando introduzidos no país, se estabeleceram rapidamente causando graves prejuízos econômicos e sociais. Podemos citar como o caso mais recente, a introdução da Sigatoka-negra da bananeira causada pelo fungo Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, provocou perdas de até 100 % da produção, inviabilizando o seu cultivo em algumas regiões do Norte do país, onde tradicionalmente se cultiva este produto. Devido ao potencial de danos que a introdução de novas doenças pode ocasionar ao país, medidas quarentenárias devem ser adotadas pelos órgãos oficiais competentes, visando formar uma barreira capaz de permitir comércio internacional de produtos sem deixar que pragas exóticas venham provocar desastres na agricultura, com danos econômicos, sociais e ambientais. O movimento internacional de plantas na forma de sementes, tubérculos, bulbos ou estacas é uma atividade praticada em todo o mundo como meio de diversificar as culturas e a base genética de um país (Water & White, 1982). Além disto, sementes e mudas de algumas espécies de plantas são importadas em escala comercial. No período de 1989 ao mês de março de 2003, foram importadas 6.654.772 mudas de videira (SECEX/MDIC - Secretaria de Comércio Exterior/Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio. (http://aliceweb.mdic.gov.br). 8 Fungos de Expressão Quarentenária para as Fruteiras de Clima Temperado no Brasil O Brasil também importa frutas frescas como pêra, maçã, ameixa e uva (Tabela 1). A maçã ocupa o primeiro lugar em valor de exportação, seguida do melão, mamão, laranja e uva (Tabela 2). Entretanto, esta fruta ocupa o segundo lugar, depois da pêra, em valor de importação. Os Países Baixos são os principais exportadores de maçã do mundo, seguido do Reino Unido, Alemanha, Bélgica e Espanha (Tabela 3). A uva, atualmente, é a quarta principal frutífera no Brasil em valor de importação (Tabela 1). Sua produção vem aumentando aceleradamente no país, cresceu 31,7 % entre 1987 e 1992, sendo também exportada (Tabela 2). Apesar da elevada produção de uvas no Brasil, grandes volumes são importados (Tabela 4). A Turquia têm sido o principal exportador de uvas (5.269 t), seguida da Argentina (4.108 t) e Estados Unidos (693 t) (Tabela 4). Portanto, é possível que espécies e/ou raças de fungos não assinalados no Brasil possam ser introduzidas através da importação destas frutíferas. Por isso, é extremamente importante adotar medidas quarentenárias para evitar a introdução de fungos, que possam vir a causar problemas a essas culturas no país. Baseado em litaratura internacional, o presente trabalho descreve as principais espécies de fungos patogênicos às frutíferas de clima temperado com risco de introdução no país, incluindo informações sobre formas de transmissão do patógeno, ciclo de hospedeiros, distribuição geográfica, métodos mais precisos para sua detecção, identificação, controle/erradicação e danos causados em pomares. Os aspectos abordados são requisitos básicos para a realização de Análise de Risco de Pragas (ARP), necessária para o comércio de produtos, que visa a mitigação dos riscos da introdução de pragas exóticas no comércio internacional de comodities. Estas informações também servirão de subsídios aos procedimentos de quarentena, proporcionando, maior eficiência e agilidade durante as análises fitossanitárias. A descrição dos principais fungos de expressão quarentenária para fruteiras de origem de clima temperado para o Brasil é um alerta para os fitopatologistas, agrônomos extensionistas, agricultores e autoridades do governo que atuam na área de importação de vegetais, pois se introduzidos têm potencial para provocar desastres nos cultivos de fruteiras e causar danos econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Tabela 1. Importações brasileiras de frutas (US$). Fungos deExpressãoQuarentenáriaparaasFruteirasClimaTemperadono Frutas 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Ameixa 21.756.687 30.168.989 23.253.381 26.576.738 12.623.498 12.914.588 Ameixa seca 22.300.320 18.953.940 15.079.179 15.661.008 12.746.592 13.003.607 Coco 17.541.087 8.566.502 18.061.318 4.151.233
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    LEARN BY DOING: MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF A PLANT PARASITE, ORANGE RUST, GYMNOCONIA SP. (PHRAGMIDIACEAE) Marcello A. Monterrosa and Camelia Maier Department of Biology Abstract The Host: Mock Strawberry Results Microscopy is an exciting, hands-on, active learning resource for students that can inspire a lifelong interest in science. As part of the Quality Mock Strawberry (Duchesnea indica, Fig. 2) of the Rose family Enhancement Plan entitled ‘Pioneering Pathways: Learn by Doing’ at our (Rosaceae) is an introduced perennial plant consisting of trifoliate basal SEM Observations University, an ecology class project was developed for use of different forms leaves with long petioles that develop from a crown of roots. The of microscopy to study the ecological relationships between Mock petioles have appressed white hairs. Each blunt-tipped leaflet is strawberry and its parasite. Orange rust is a common disease of both wild broadly ovate or obovate, spanning about 1½" in length and 1" across. A B C D and cultivated Rosaceae. Samples of Mock strawberry leaves infected with The middle leaflet is wedge-shaped at the base. The margins of these the fungus were observed using light and electron microscopes. Microscopy leaflets are coarsely crenate-serrate, and they have conspicuous analyses revealed the presence of spores with spiky surfaces in leaf lesions. pinnate venation. The upper leaflet surfaces are medium to dark green This project helped me 1) develop scanning electron microscopy skill and 2) and hairless. Occasionally, light green to reddish purple stolons develop understand the adaptations of Orange rust for dissemination and the from the crown that are long and slender.
  • 1 Shifts in Diversification Rates and Host Jump Frequencies Shaped the Diversity of Host Range Among 1 Sclerotiniaceae Fungal Pl

    1 Shifts in Diversification Rates and Host Jump Frequencies Shaped the Diversity of Host Range Among 1 Sclerotiniaceae Fungal Pl

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/229930; this version posted December 6, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among 2 Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens 3 Olivier Navaud1, Adelin Barbacci1, Andrew Taylor2, John P. Clarkson2, Sylvain Raffaele1* 4 5 1 LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet‐Tolosan, France 6 2 Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 7 9EF, UK 8 9 * Correspondence: [email protected] 10 11 12 13 14 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/229930; this version posted December 6, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 15 Abstract 16 The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary 17 history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at 18 the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends 19 within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we 20 associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the 21 evolution of this family.
  • Diplomová Práce

    Diplomová Práce

    MENDELOVA UNIVERZITA V BRN Ě ZAHRADNICKÁ FAKULTA V LEDNICI DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE BRNO 2015 Bc. Veronika Schlesingerová Mendelova univerzita v Brn ě Zahradnická fakulta v Lednici Význam hub rodu Monilia a jejich hostitelé Vedoucí práce: Vypracovala doc. Ing. Ivana Šafránková, Ph.D. Bc. Veronika Schlesingerová Brno 2015 PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že jsem práci „Význam hub rodu Monilia a jejich hostitelé“ vypracovala samostatn ě a veškeré použité prameny a informace jsou uvedeny v seznamu použité literatury. Souhlasím, aby moje práce byla zve řejn ěna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve zn ění pozd ějších p ředpis ů a v souladu s platnou Sm ěrnicí o zve řej ňování vysokoškolských záv ěre čných prací. Jsem si v ědoma, že se na moji práci vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, a že Mendelova univerzita v Brn ě má právo na uzav ření licen ční smlouvy a užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona. Dále se zavazuji, že p řed sepsáním licen ční smlouvy o využití díla jinou osobou (subjektem) si vyžádám písemné stanovisko univerzity o tom, že p ředm ětná licen ční smlouva není v rozporu s oprávn ěnými zájmy univerzity a zavazuji se uhradit p řípadný přísp ěvek na úhradu náklad ů spojených se vznikem díla a to až do jejich skute čné výše. dne ......................................... podpis .................................... Pod ěkování: Ráda bych pod ěkovala mé vedoucí práce doc. Ing. Ivan ě Šafránkové Ph.D. za vedení diplomové práce a čas strávený p ři konzultacích. Dále bych ráda pod ěkovala manželovi a nejbližší rodin ě za morální podporu.